CIIAMPA v d l TIIE GICH BIEX DOIVG v A A ] \ » d CO XlfA LUONG NINH' l.'Tdng q u a t Moi quan he ciia Champa vdi the gidi ben ngoai tii thoi xa xifa, xem xet tren tai lieu chQ viet cua ban than no, cung da cho thay STi khac giQa cac vung, bdc va nam, giiia cac thcJi, nhiing nhan dinh khac giiia cac hoc gia, do, cuoc thao ludn soi noi nhat la xoay quanh bia Vo Canh vung nam-Nha Trang Sap xep lai, hieu diing va ro la mgt mong muon ciia bai Dieu ciing dat nhiing van de can ly giai, vi nhiJ anh hiicfng cua van hoa An Dp co nhat thie't phai co va co gi khac giiia viing va viing khac hay khong, tai sao? Cac bia chU Phan (Sanskrit) phat hien c! vung Bac mien Trung Viet Nam vao cuo'i the ky XIX, da diidc cac hoc gia hang dau ciia Phap doc va nam 1888, da mat cong trinh "ViiOng quoc cd Champa" ciia A Bergaigne Sau ft lau, mdi phat hien bia Vo Canh tai lang V6 Canh, dia diem giiia rupng, each Thanh pho' Nha Trang 6km ve phia Nam, Louis Finot nghe dia danh la, da hoi dan, viet lai cho dung bang tieng Viet "Vo dau nga, Canh dau nang" roi de'n mot s6 bia khac nam tren ruong lua va cay co b Phan Rang Sau la viec giai ma chii Cham CO ciia E.Aymonier, de nam 1891 mSt cong trinh "Nghien cHu udn iih&c Charn\ V6i cac hpc gia, chii Phan da kha quen nhiing v6i bia Vo Canh, viet chii Phan I Sanskrit van la de tai thao luan cho de'n 'OS Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam Bia Vo C a n h va v a n k h a c viing Nam Cham NhCfng hpc gia chii yeu dau tien gidi thieu, luan ban ve bia Vo Canh: A Bergaigne J.A 1888, ngiipi dau tien gidi thieu, phien am va dich mot ph^n (nhiing chd doc ro), ngiidi dUdc tran trpng "nhd" dpc, hdn 20 nam lau va triidc mpi ngUdi: ChQ Vo Canh cd xuat xfl Nam An Dp, tao them phan hieu ve Vudng quo'c Champa: - Louis Finot-Gidi thieu tiep xua't xQ.mo ta va dich, BEFEO 1915, - Majumdar R.C: Champa-History and Culture, Lahore 1927: ban rpng ve Lich sU va van hda Champa, qua gidi thieu nhieu bia, in ca phan Skr va dich; Nikalanta Sastri BE 1935: tan ddng Bergaigne: chii Vd Canh cd gd'c la Nam An; - B.C Sircar 1939: lai ban tiep ve Vo Canh; - Emile Gaspardone: J.A 1953' lien he qua sach sii chii Han - Sri Mara vdi Si( Man - Chhabra-Delhi 1965: ban them ve chii Vo Canh; - Claude Jacques, BEFEO, 1969: binh luan chii ye'u nhiing chd khiem khuyet ciia A Bergaigne Theo Bergaigne, chii Vd Canh gid'ng chii Rudradaman d Girnar va Vasisthiputra d Kanheri, the ky II CN, vay khong the' mupn hdn the ky III; nhieu ngUdi tan thanh, cung cho la chii Vo Canh gid'ng chii Nam An Itghien curu Lieh siSr s o j j g l J L - Nhung R.CMajumdar vAn giii y kiS'n rieng, chiing minh rang nd cd net khac hai van khac noi tren, ma gid'ng chQ Bac An, chii khdng phai Nam An nhu cd ngUdi tudng nghi; hdn niia, theo dng, khong chi chii Vo Canh ma "ngay ca cac dat thuc dan dau tien d Dong Dudng deu la goc Bac An Mot vai ngudi hdi: bia cd chac la in situ hay duoc lam va mang tU ndi khac den? - Kho bia 16n, nang va vdc dang, kieu each bia bi vd vat nghieng tren mat rdng, chu: khac da tinh den ca chd siit vd, nhilu chfl phai viia dpc vUa lan sd ngon tay mdi th^y dUdc, nen chac han la bia dUdc lam cl chinh ndi thay nd (L.Finot) NhQng ngUdi kl trgn day la cac hpc gia ngiidi An Dp hay ca ngoai An Dp, dUa y kie'n cua minh va thao luan xem bia Vd Canh gid'ng ky tii bia nao ciia An Do da biet tii trUdc, de tii dinh nien dai va xuat xii ciia bia Vd Canh - Dang chii y la bai viet cua Louis FinotGiam doc Vien Vien Dong ciia Phap, ngUdi "quan ly" bia Vd Canh, da mo ta bia, dia diem phat hien, phien am va dich tieng Phap, dUa theo Gaspardone, da doan rang vua Sri Mara ndi cl day ciing la Pham Su Man-vua Phii Nam, nen lang Vd Canh (Nha Trang) tii dau han la da't Phu Nam ma Champa da chiem Day la mdt Vudng trieu Phat giao, diia vao ldi van, cd tii gatagati, ham y luan hoi Co le uy tin, dia vi ciia minh ma da qua niia the ky, nhiing y kien ciia dng van dUdc nhieu ngUdi coi trpng Tuy nhien, sii the da khac, xua't hien bai ciia Jean FiliozatL'Inscription dite Vo Canh, BEFEO 1969 Bai nghien ciiu cua J^Filiozat, Giao su Cao hpc Phap coi nhU da co the ket thiic cuoc thao luan ciic ky uyen bac, keo dai hdn niia the ky cua gidi hoc gia toan the gidi, da thiic sU thuyet phuc moi ngUdi sii sau sSc, chinh xac ciia nd Ong thao luan vdi cac hoc gia An D6 va dac biet, chiing minh, bac bd cac y kie'n ciia Louis Finot Dudi day la torn tat bai viet ciia J.Filiozat: "Hdn niia, hp phu nhan viSc bat bupc dung Sanskrit lam ngon ngii chung cac quan he chung giQa cac vung An Dp vdi nudc ngoai O An Dp, vao nhiing the ky dau Cdng nguyen, Skr bat dau thay the cho Prakrit cac van ban chinh thiJc hoac di kem vdi no hay trgn lan ky tii cua nd vdi Prakrit Cac ban van trS nen lai tao Day Cling la thdi dien hien tUdng vSn hpc Phat giao ve sau (trii trUdng hdp truyen thd'ng viet hang Pali cua Theravada) da khien cho tam thdi xua't hien Phan Phat giao lai tao Edgerton nghien ciiu v^ Skr Phat giao da khong ke d§'n van khac skr lai va ngoai Phat giao, d l xua't gia thi§'t ve sii Phan hoa tie'n trien cac van ban Phat giao th^o each dan thUdng An Dp, lai tii coi la mdt nghien cQu r^t dang tin (1) Gia thiet khong that Lam mdt bai skr sai ldi lai cd the cd uy tin nao d que hUdng cua skr ma khap ndi dUdc hoc tap ngQ phap, diidc truyen day va sang lpc bcli dpi ngii cac hoc gia uyen tham? Neu thdi gian dien chuyen nay,- dng ay mong mud'n tao mot ky vong ldn hdn cho cac ban van Phat giao, dang Phan hoa chung, thi ong da de dang Phan hoa toan bd That la rat tU nhien nhan tha'y mot thdi gian ma Prakrit cang tr6 nen it kha nang dUdc th^ hien mpt ngdn ngQ chung Chi c6 skr la mpt ngdn ngii dep Trudc sii dung tieng Ba Tu, roi den tieng Anh, thi Sanskrit khong phai la ngdn ngQ cua tat ca mpi ngudi, nhUng la ngdn ngQ nhat d An Dp cua nhQng ngUdi cd hoc va'n va cd ciing mdt hinh thiic gid'ng khdp ndi, dUdc dinh hinh, truyin day theo truyen tho'ng Ngay ca mud'n diing kieu dan da, thi cung khong cd Ilia chpn nao khac, mdi c^n cd su thong Champa vert the gioi Bien Bong hieu ndi vdi ndi khac trgn mien da't Indo-Aryen NhUng sU sCf dung dan da.nhiing hinh thUc quen thudc cua ldp thudng dan an cung phai pha trpn vdi Sanskrit co dien ngon ngQ cua nhQng ngUdi khdng hi tach rdi khdi viec SL( dung no Trong cac ban van lai tao ma tinh cha't van chUdng thudng dUdc ghi nhan, ho trinh bay van chUdng bang chQ lai thdng dung chii khdng phai thii van chUdng tii tao thie'u uy tin can c6, khong tUdng xUng vdi ngon tQ dUdc dung thuc cac quan he chung, cung khdng phai ngdn ngQ co dien dUdc giang day (J xQ sd Drauida, ben ngoai truyen tho'ng van khac Prakrit, bat dau vdi van khac cua Asoka d Maisur keo dai de'n sU thay the Prakrit ciia Sanskrit bdi chinh quyen vua Pallava, cac van khac cd nha't deu dUdc viet bang chQ TamouL Sanskrit khdng thay xua't hien, cung khdng c6 ca cac ban van chUdng Ciing cd mpt loai Sanskrit lai tamoul hay Sanskrit Malayalam, gpi la Manippiravallam, nhUng day la thQ tieng Idng ky thuat, chu ye'u cua ngudi Vaisnaua muon, dUdc cac si nhan nam vQng ca hai ngon ngQ va ca nhQng khong cd kha nSng so sanh cac chQ lai tao d nhiing the' ky dau Cong nguyen Ta't ca nhQng dieu cd the giai thich dUdc Neu Sanskrit lai tao la ke't qua ciia mpt sU bie'n Phan hda ciia Prakrit thudng diing bdi sU hd trd ciia ciia mot ngdn ngQ chung toan An Dp, thi cac mdi quan he chung tren toan viing lanh thd, han la Sanskrit khong the xua't hien d viing Dravida, ndi khdng cd Prakrit thdng thudng, hdn nQa cung cdn d ca nudc ngoai, ndi khdng he c6 mpt ngdn ngQ An Dp nao Dong Dudng va Indonesia, ndi ma anh hudng An Dp dUdc du nhap bdi nhQng ngUdi An thupc cac viing miln khac nhau, ndi cac ngdn ngQ Drauidian cung nhU Indo-Aryen Ngon ngQ nha't chung cho cac ngUdi An h i n la Sanskrit Hg da sii dung rpng rai Sanskrit chQ khdng dung mdt thQ tieng nao khac NhQng vung An hda cung khdng, ma da viet tieng An trUdc du nhap mupn viec sii dung Pali ChQ Vo Canh cho chiing ta mgt vi du ve ve sii trinh bay chi bdng Sanskrit vdi sii chi dinh co nguon gdc tamoul Ve ban chat cua nd, nghien ciiu van khac cdn cho thay nd khdng mang tinh cha't Phat giao ma L Finot da xac dinh, ma nhieu ngUdi da nhan Chung tdi dUa h day ban dgc lai ma phai vQa dgc vQa lan dd sd net khac tren mat da xii xi; B a n p h i e n a m ddng 1-5, 6-15; Bdn dich: Ddng 6: long tQ bi vdi cac sinh linh Ddng 7: dUdc dUng lap vi thang lai ddu tien (a) Ddng 8: Tuan sang Trang trdn lenh thie't trieu ciia vi vua Uu tii nha't Ddng 9: ciing vdi cac giao si, han the, mgi ngudi da ha'p thu mudn ldi vang nggc ciia DQc vua Gia dinh vd dong vua Sri Mara (b) 10 bdi sU td diem bdi chdng trai la nilm vui ciia gia dinh ngUdi gdi cua chdu ngi DUc vua Sri Mara dUpc lenh tao nen than tgc (c) 11 d giQa chi du dem lai dieu thidn cho sinh linh, bdi dilu td't nh^t giQa hai Karin (2) sU phu du cua thg' gian 12 nhQng ngudi ngii tren ngdi bau bdi Udc nguyen san se ciia cai cho con, cho anh em, cho ddi sau 13 mpi thQ cd la bac, ca vang, thQ cd la vat sdng cung vdi thQ cd la vat cha't kho 14 mgi thU dd tram ban cho, vui long va hQu ich, cai la ta lam Ca cac vi vua sau cung the Rghien curu Lieh sit soj^gOlJ 15 chQng thiic va ciing bdi can than cua ta, virasya (Tie'p): khdng the dpc rd va chac chd giQa dong 14 va 15 va quang sau L.Finot tin rang bia chQa diing cam hUng ve Phat giao d chQ gatagati (di va trd lai the gian) ham y ludn hoi, prajanam karuna (diic tii bi vdi sinh linh), ban ciia cai cho ke khac la pham hanh dac hiet-tii bi - Khai niem ludn hdi khdng phai ciia rieng Phat giao ma da cd tii thdi Veda la khai niem can ban Samsara cua Vedic Dharma - Cam thu Phat giao ma ten la Sri Mara la dieu khdng the dUdc Thanh gatagatim vd'n xua't hien Ramayana vua dUdc dat cung biet la ngQ lokasya va thudc ve Nhu the, khdng cd luan diem nao ciia L.Finot de'n cdn cd the dQng dupc - Ngoai ra, ngon ngQ Tamoul cho phep hieu ten ciia vua la Srimara TQ Mara(nghia la cdi chet) xua't hien nhieu ten vua bang Sanskrit, nhUng khong dUng rieng ma ket hdp vdi para paramara, tUdng dUdng parantaka - "ngudi dem lai cdi chet cho quan thii Hdn nQa, Maran Tamoul lai la vUdng hieu cua cac vua Pandya xQ Maturai, dUdc chuyen am Phan Srimara ChQ Phan khdng the phan biet hai chQ r ciia Tamoul, khdng the phien MaRan the nao khac la mara Tudc hieu cua cae vua Pandya da dUdc dung van chUdng Tamoul (xem PuRanaRu 55.6,21;57,3) vao dau CN, dUdng thdi ciia Vd Canh, Vudng trieu lich sii ciia Pandya ve sau, the ky VI-X cd tdi bd'n MaRavarman va mdt Srimara SriVallabha theo ten Sanskrit Bia Vd Canh cho chiing ta tha'y truyen thd'ng Hindu, chQ khdng phai Phat giao tU Nam An Do du nhap vao bd bien phia Ddng cua Ddng Duong vao nhQng the ky dau Cdng nguyen ma van bia gdi lai mpt vUdng qud'c cua Ddng Dudng, ky niem ve truyen thong Pandya (d) Chu thicJi cila tdc gid 1-F.Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, ToungPaoLXm, p.l47 2-Thiet trieu 15 Am lich khong c6 nghia la ll Phat giao; Xem Kalyan Kumar Sarkar-Mahayana Buddhism in Funan (Smo-Indian Studies, V, 1955) 3-Ban tay, cai voi voi (kara) va thue (kara) la bang doi v6i nha vua, Bergaigne giai thich nha vua manh hdn, cao ca hdn voi; thUc khong han the Day la mpt kieu chdi chQ: voi va nha vua gidng khong phai chi la Karin ma cdn la nhQng bac bo' thi hao phong, cung cap rong Voi cho nu6c quy tren thai dUdng (thS hien sQc manh), goi la mada, cung goi la dana, nha vua thi ban thudng rpng (dana) O day, gia tri ciia vat ciing dang chQng td nha vua la Uu tii hdn giQa hai Karin Chu tiiich ciia ngiidi dich a- Bia dUng lap d den thd xay gach gan lang Vo Canh, ngoai Thanh pho' Nha Trang, each 6km ve phia Nam (nay chi d&'u vet phe tich, cdn bia da dUdc chuyen ve Bao tang L Finot, la Bao tang Lich sQ Quo'c gia Ha Noi b- Bia Vo Canh da cho thS'y nggn nguon ciia ddng vua phUdng Nam, xuS't phat tii mien Nam An Dp, m ngUdi Tamoul xii Pandya vUdt bien khdi, tiing gdn vdi bien khdi, di den Vd Canh, den Nam Cham, chinh la dong vua huyen tich dau t\en-Visitra sagara-Bien khc/i-huyen dieu cua Nam Cham, la ddng doi vua Sri Mara xii Pandya, toe ndi ngon ngQ Tamoul An, la chau noi ciia ddng vua, la thdng ldi c- Nhung ngUdi thira ke miu hg ciia ddng vua khong phai ong chau ndi ma la gdi dng ta Va niem vui tron ven c6 dudc la bdi Champa v6i Ihe gicri Bien Bong chang trai, \h co ta da tim kiem dUdc chdng, chang dUdc "nhan lam than tdc", md ddu dong doi mdu he mdi {Matrilingesvari Kautharesvan) the hien bdng Bhagavati Kautharesuari-viXa la nfl thdn Bien, viia la vd Siva, thdn Toi cao, gdn vdi truyen thd'ng bien khdi Chang trai cd the la ngUdi Nam A ban dia hay ciing c6 the la ngUdi Nam Ddo Malayo Raglaic da gap tQ ngoai bien Dieu quan la ho gdn bo vdi viia tiep ddng vua Nam An tQ bien khdi, viia md dau toe mdi tren viing Nam Cham ciia toe Cau (Pinang vayun IKramukavamsa), la niem vui Satyauarman Den day, ngUdi ta cung tha'y can the hien ban sac ciia minh hang viec xay ndi thd ciing cho tUdng xQng, nhUng phai gan vdi bien, nam tren bd bien la niii Po Nagar Viec phat hien bia Vd Canh va mdt so' bia sdm d vung nam, da khien E.Aymonier nham, xep thQ tii cac vua Champa, da xep sdm nha't, 1-la Sri Mara rdi mdi de'n 2Bhadravarman d Chd Dinh (khoang the ky IV) Bat dau xay den tren Po Nagar, cd le khoang the ky VIH, chic chan da cd sU tiep xuc, thao luan giQa ba viing bac, giQa va d- Con chau dong vua Sri Mara xii Pandya nam, co sQc ep cua nhu cau mud'n la'y c6 the da e3p ben Vo Canh khoang the ky II, hda lai viing da't ciia nudc Lam Ap xUa bi nha nhap vdi dan ban dia, truyen ba ton giao Hindu, Tuy chiem va phdng thii chong hai tac Java chQ Phan, phat tri^n kinh te xa h6i, trdng lua va luc tac Chenla, liic da hinh vk trdng trdu, cau d^ ddn th^ ky III, lap bia Vo qud'c gia, cd ten ggi chinh thUc Canh Ti&'p sau do, ho phat trien rong ve phia Champapura-Paramesvara (bia My ScJn 3nam, da't Phan Rang, Phan Thiet nay, I&p C,79, nam 657 CE nhflng bia khac, goi ten bang nhflng dia danh Vung nam phuc tung, cdng nhan qud'c dan da nay: nSm 721, goi la chU Yang gia Nagara Campa (xem bia Po Nagar 1), Tikuh (nghia chuot thieng), cung goi la Dd tiep nhan thd than toi cao nhdt Id Siva, trdng, ke vi^c vua dUng lai ngoi den bi chay, nhung lai thd hidn dudi hinh thQc nam 723 viet bia "Ddm co trdu (Giai Lamau) ke Bhagavati, Id NU thdn Bien, cung la vd cua chuyen dUng lai ngoi ddn tren nen nha cii cdn co Siva, dUng dau ddng mau he (Bhagavati bia Dd chi (Batau Tablah), nhflng d thdi gian Matrilingesvari), md mdu he dong Siva muon hdn, cac sU kien muon hdn Nhflng bia linga (Bhagavati-Lingesvari), an ngii tai dfldc tim tha'y giiia ruong lua, dam cd dai, Kauthara (Bhagavati Kautharesvari)-Ludi ve sau dUdc chinh Iy viet lai, Sanskrit va Cham hdi, cung la ten rieng ggi niii Po NagarCO, he thd'ng hoa cac sfl kien, khde ehinh thQc Nha Trang, danh vi Qi/o'e uuang (Po tren tru cQa den Po Nagar, mot sd cdn dfldc Nagar), cung la Quo'c mdu (Po Ina Nagar) trinh bay chinh thiic niia tren mpt so' bia My the hien "bdn sdc Bien" (xem bia Po Nagar Sdn (xem Phu luc van h\a-Vii0ng quoc Champa, 5), sU cd' y thd hien tdng hdp, hda nhap that 2005) Iy thii, ra't thong tue, ma co the, ngUdi ta Mgt phan cua nhiing sii kien d6 dUdc ghi chua tQng gap mgt trUdng hdp nao tUdng tii lai tren tru c i a den Po Nagar cho bilt the' TQ day, md dau mgt ldp cU dan ddng vua cua dan vung nam xua't phat tQ mdi, mpt ddng tpc mdi, tii ggi la dong toe vayun (Phan: bien ca, nen tdn sQng, coi vua dau tien-thuy Cau /Pinang td cua minh la Biin cd (Sagara) dieu ky Kramukavamsa), md dau va phat trien (Visitra) mk hien than la vua Satyauarman khong ngOng d viing Nam va ciing la tgc vua nhan hda nhUng la huyen tich, cdn gdc cua ca Champa Thdi hien dai da tQng ngUdi that la Indravarman, em ut cua vinh danh cd anh hiing Pinang Tak Rghien cmi Lieh sii- sd 9.2Q1J: Cu! d a n b a n dia v e n bien Viet Nam Qua su kien bia Vo Canh va cac van khac viing Nam da cho th^y ngiidi Bien (Orang laut) til ngoai bidn vao da't lien khdng phai di vao chd khong ngUdi, hoang vu, ma da co dan ban dia, cd cdn dUdc dan dudng bdi Ngiidi tren Riing (Raglai) vk Ngiibi miin Nui (MnongIBnam) Ndu nghi rang cac bai mg vo chi gan vdi dan di bien, ngiicfi bien (Orang laut), la dan khdi diiu ciia lich sii vung ven bien thi hda ngudi Malayo de'n bd Bien Ddng tii khoang ntia dau thien ky I TCN la di den chd hoang vu, khong ngudi? Mdt thdi gian dai, dieu da bi coi nhe, nhieu ngUdi khdng de y de'n sU pha trdn van hda cua dSn ban dia vdn da dat trinh dp phat tridn kha vdi dan bien nhap cu Nhilu ngUdi da chi tha'y da'u tich Van hda Sa Huynh, ma khdng thd tim thay van hda Champa tren mat ldp Van hda Sa Huynh, cd thd suy diin dieu dilu khac, nhUng khdng that chac la van hda Champa Tii cac hpc gia Phap phat hien Vdn hoa Sa Huynh (1935) va tQ dd de'n nay, da CO tdi ca chuc bai md vd, phat Id d§ dd'n gan nghin vd md, vdi loai gom Iam vo kha dac trung, dl nhan biet, dUdng nhu gdn vdi tuc hda tang ngUdi chet, vdi ra't nhieu vat chdn ThUc la rat khdng day dii neu bd qua theo, it nhieu cd bieu hien la diing va dd trang sQc ciia nhQng dan di bien, dan ngoai hay coi nhe thUc te d viing bdc mien bidn vao NgUdi ta nghi den mdt each tU Trung, tii Quang Binh den Hai Van, ndi nhien va cd 1^ la chu nhan cua Van hda Sa ngUdi Ka Tu sinh sd'ng tQ lau b§n canh Hu^nh la ngUdi Cham, ndi ngdn ngU ngUdi Pa Co, Vdn Kieu Td Oi, Pa Di tap Malayo-Polynesia, cung vdi dan Malayo trung tren da't huyen A Ludi, Hue; vung sdng tren vung q u i n dao ngoai Bien Ddng, giiia, tii Quang Nam, Quang Ngai tham chi xa hdn nQa, tren Thai Binh la ngUdi Ha Re da sinh sdng tQ thdi da Dudng Hg da den bd Bidn Ddng, mien Ngiidi K'Tu dung nhd gual bang gd, kha Trung Viet Nam nay, sinh cd lap hoanh trang va dep, cd nghe san ban, tim nghiep rdi lap nen nUdc Champa tao nen vang Tren dinh Trudng Sdn, da'u a'n cU dan dan Champa, van hoa Champa, tieng cd ban dia da cd tii 18.000 nam, rdi ngUdi Chamic Mdt thdi gian dai, mdi quan tam Banahr, Sedang cho den nay, noi liln va thich thii chii yd'u la tim kiem di chi Van vung nam la dia ban ciia ngUdi Mnong, Ma hda Sa Huynh Ngudi K'Hor cdn ggi la ngUdi Cho Sre cac nha khao co hgc khai quat cac di (ngudi lam rugng) NgUdi H'Re cdn gpi la chi md vd, thudng chu y tim va tin rang Chom iie-ngUdi sdng Re, danh ca, trdng liia phai tha'y da'u tich van hda Champa lien ven song Re huyen Ba Td-Quang Ngai, cd ldp tren cua Van hda Sa Huynh Kdt bd trd'ng va bg cdng chiSng, cd n g h i d§t, qua cho de'n cung khdng thiic dUdc nhU Iam gdm, diing nha san, tuc lam nha md va y mong muon, vi sU xao trdn da't di chi lam ll Sapu • (ll ddm trau), cdn dao Istp Nam 1928, nha khao cd hgc ngUdi Phap nghiep (Cii Iao Re), di bien, danh ca J.Y.Clayes khai quat long Tra Ndi each khac, ngUdi Ma Dao vac la cdng KiSu va dinh ninh day chinh la di chi cd, cU vdi nhflng dan ban dia d6, tUdng tac van chiia dung di tich Champa Ket qua hda vdi hg, lam dan ban dia mdi d de'n viin cdn gay nhilu dieu ban cai (1) ven bien mien Trung ViSt Nam Champa vert fhe gioi Bien Song Trong mgt so' bai viet gan day, chiing tdi cd y nhan manh da'u a'n van hda ban dia Nam A hay Proto Mdn cd trUdc; cac nha nhan chung hpc Phap goi la ngUdi Nguyen Bong Duang {Proto Indochinois) d ldp dudi Idp mp vd, Van hda Sa Huynh hoac dan xen cung thdi gian cpng cU, the hien cac di chi khao co hpc ven bien, tQ Lang Vac (Nghe An), Cdn Rang (Hue), Gd Que (Quang Ngai), Xdm c (Ly Sdn, Quang Ngai), ca Yaly (Kontum) cho den Hda Diem (Khanh Hda), Can Gid (huyen ven bien Thanh phd' Hd Chi Minh) Long Thanhmot di chi Van hda Tien Sa Huynh khoang the ky VIII-VII TCN, da tim tha'y mgt bd linga-yoni rat gid'ng thUc, bang da't nung, chac cua dan Nam A ban dia trdng lua nudc, la mieng da't md cho ngUdi Nam Dao keo vao ddng, iam Vdn hoa Sa Huynh (Quang Ngai) tQ the ky V TCN Mdt qud'c gia Champa mdi xua't hien tren cO sd da'u tranh chd'ng ngoai xam dd hp, cdn phai dua tren cd sd phat trien kinh te-xa hdi tren nen ndng nghiep trdng lua nUdc, lam thii cdng-nghe det, lam gdm, ciia ca dan ban dia va dan nhap cU, nghe due ddng cua dan Nam A va ren sat ciia ca dan ban dia hay nhap cU, vdi tinh than nang dpng, muon lien ket rgng ven bie'n, ciia song di phat trien kinh te va cd sQc manh hdp quan Mgt dja diem kha ro, kha ly thii la Hoa Diim (Khanh Hda) Ndi day da cd cudc dao khao cd, khoang nam 2000), da phat lg mgt dia diem cU trii, cd dd'ng rac bep vd dc bien rpng tdi ma'y chuc m^, day/cao hdn Im, cd dpi xe sdi bang xUdng sd'ng ca bi§n, xuyen-vdng tay bang vo dc bien cd mp chdn nguyen theo tu the nam ngin va hai mg cai tang, xep gpn ndi va d ldp tren cdn phat hien khoang 20 md v6-chum hda tang Ve tang " Qc va tap quan sinh hoat cd thd thay ro I a'n van hda Nam A ban dia vdi Nam Dao tfl bien vao, hda trdn, canh ma'y vd ndi eai tang eho tha'y kidu dang loai gd'm cQng mdu hdng va hoa van la, chUa tQng gap cac di chi Van hda Sa Huynh Cd le, ldn dau tien, ed the tha'y day, gd'm mdi xua't hien la gom Champa sdm Hoa Diem, ndi go'm dung cai tang cd hoa van bang trdn khac vach va ndi gd'm cd van, hinh ddi vu phai chang chinh la gd'm Champa sdm? (2) VUdng qud'c Champa hinh va phat trien vdi sQ du nhap bd Bien Ddng Viet Nam cua nhflng nhdm ngudi ndi ngdn ngQ Malayo-Polynesia tQ bien vao cU tru Neu khdng cd sU cdng cU hda thuan, tiiOng tdc vdn hoa Nam A vd Nam Ddo thi cung khdng the tao nen cgng ddng ddn cii on dinh viing chdc tren bd Bien Ddng nay, cd the tiep nhan van hda mdi, de vUdn len trinh xa hdi cao hdn Vung bac-nUdc Lam Ap cu-da tQng bi chinh quyen Han cai tri, song ngudi Nam A-Proto Mdn (K'Tu, H'Re, ) va ca Nam Dao cgng cU dang sd'ng theo cac bg lac trdng lua, danh ca, khdng tiep nhan van hda Han vdi che dp quan lai chuyen quyen va tdn giao nha't than, da ndi len chd'ng lai, gianh quyen tU chu Trong budc dudng dau tien di ien d mien Trung va ca miln Nam Viet Nam, ngiidi An Do da cd tdc dung thuc ddy mdt each hoa binh, tii nguyen vd manh me Neu thieu sii thuc day va dan dudng nay, budc di dau tien, cd le dan cu vln cdn sd'ng lang le, le te nhU nhQng ngUdi nong dan, Iam rupng, danh ca, iam nghi thii cdng tram lang, rieng re Tiep xuc vdi mdt n i n van hda eao hdn, mgt to chQc cao hdn la nhu cau bQc thiet, khdng the thieu ciia cQ dan ban dia, tren budc dudng pha'n da'u xay diing mgt xa hdi thd'ng nha't rdng hdn va to chQc cao hdn 10 Stf t i e p xiic vM ngufc^i An Do va v a n h o a An Do An Dp tQ xa xQa la mgt tap hdp qud'c gia - dan tdc, vdn cd mpt nen van hda lau ddi, phat trien cao, mdt n i n van minh cd xUa, dge dao NgUdi An Do cung cd mot nin kinh te tien t6-thUdng mai va nghe di bien tQ ra't xa xUa Rghien eiju Lieh siir s o j ^ g g ^ lien ma ggi la lap da't thiic dan (colony) Ddng Nam A? Ngudi Malayo-Polynesia di ddn bd bien Dong Nam A d at khoang gifla thien ky I TCN va da dan dan dn dinh vdng niia sau thien ky I TCN Den cudi thien ky I TCN, chae ring ngudi Md Ddo (Malayo-Polynesia) hay Nam Dan hai bd Tdy vd Dong Ghates, mdi ben Ddo (Austronesian) da nhap cU, dung hdp bd dai hdn nghin km, sdm gidi nghi di bien, van hda vdi ngUdi Nam A ban dia, dn dinh da VUdt An Do DUdng budn ban vdi chau ddi sd'ng va edn dinh ca bai chdn ngudi chet Phi va the gidi Dia Trung Hai, vdi ngUdi vd md den nay, tao cdng ddng ndi ngdn ngfl Chamic, gan 100.000 ngUdi va Arap va nha't la sdm vUdt vinh Bengal giao nhdm noi ngdn ngfl Malayo-Polynesia, cdng tidp, budn ban vdi vung quan dao Ddng khoang hdn 800.000 ngUdi, rdi hg tiep tuc Nam A d Bien Ddng (3) di bien, danh ca, giao tiep vdi ngUdi Nam Mien Bdc An Dp sdm hinh "uitng Dao d eac dao ngoai Bien Ddng, trao ddi san liiu vUc Ganga", vdi nhQng trung tam kinh vat, dd dung va dd trang sflc ngpc vdi dan tl-van hda, nhflng qud'c gia cd kha phat cd dao Dai Loan (Austronesian Formosan, trien, nhU Kosala, Magadha, Anga vdi khoang 20.000 ngUdi) (6) Ngudi Malayonhieu thi co, phdn thinh tQ dau Cdng Chamic cd the da trao ddi nghe lam gdm nguyen, da dUdc cac ban van cd nhU Purana, vdi dan Kalanay-Lapita h Ddng Philippines ke ca eac thu tich Phat giao ndi den, nhU (7) Mpt bo phan ngUdi Chamic chuyen den Baranasi, sdng d ddo Hdi Nam, bie'n dao Rajagriha, Kausambi, Savathi, Ayodhya, Mathura, Taxila, Pataliputra kinh "da't thiic dan" ciia ngudi Cham (8) Tai lieu cua Magadha, Campa-kinh dd cua Angas, chinh quyin hidn cho biet rat it vd d lUu Ganga, chi each ciia bien 30km (R dan cQ Hai Nam, cung tha'y dUdc cac dan Tripathi, 1982) (4), va Sharma (5) tdc it ngUdi d day cd tpc Li, Midu, ChUdng, Mien Nam An Dd cung hinh chiem 20%, edn 80% la Han tdng sd nhflng hai cang, thUdng mai dUdng bien tfl hdn trieu dan C6 hai lang d ngoai dau Cdng nguyen, tac pham Bia Ly cua Thanh pho' Sanya, phia nam Dao, la lang Ptolemei (nam 81 Cn) da ke nUdc Chola d Dudng Lan va Hdi Tan, vdi sd' dan khoang Nam An, cd thi da't liln va hai 10.000 ngudi, it hdn so' ciia Benedict, tai Heu ciia chinh cang Tac pham Astadhyayi ciia Panini va gpi la ngUdi Utsuls Ramayana ciia Valmiki deu ke vl su giau quyin dia phUdng cung gpi la ngudi Cham cd ciia kinh dd nUdc Pandya - Katyana (the gpi ten la "Hdi", ndi vdi ngon ngfl Tsat, titc Chamic Tuy nhien, hg cung da ky IV TCN da dUdc coi la phdn thinh) lap dUde phd xa ddng due, md nhQng hang Phat trien sdm nhu the, nhUng vi quan, hieu an, cd ban mdn phd, treo bien la den dau Cdng Nguyen mdi tha'y ro da'u a'n Viet-sup, hang nam v l Phan Rang dU II sU cd mat cua ngUdi An Dp d vung Bien Kate, nen cac hang Hang Khdng thudng Ddng? Phai chang khdng de gi ngUdi tQ quang cao dudng bay quoc te Hdi KhauphUdng xa la cQ tQ nhien md mam vao da't Thdp Cham Vdi cac boat ddng nhu the liln hay nha't la dua ngUdi vao chidm dat Champa voi the giai Bien Bong ngudi Cham-Chamic thuc sU lam chu Bien Ddng cho den dao Mindoro, phia tay Philippines Tai Heu Trung Qud'c gpi la dao Ddn Do Ld mk thdi trUdc, cac vua chiia Trung Hoa eoi la phu thudc Champa, nen vao trieu kien dupc coi la thudc phai bd Champa, ma khong ddng y cho Ddn Do Lo vao rieng quen biet nhieu ngudi, nhilu nhdm ngUdi An Do, cd cac thUdng lai, thd thu cdng, cac giao si Ba La Mdn, nhflng ngfldi ed van hda, biet td chfle, thuan thi mdi den giup Su phat trien tie'p tuc ciia dan ven bd Bien Ddng bat ddu cd sQ cdng tac, phd'i hpp cua ngUdi An Dd, ciia van hda An Dp Ngudi Malayo-Chamic da de'n bd bien tQ trUdc Cdng nguyen, cdn cd the, ngudi Malayo-Raglai de'n tfl dau Cdng nguyen NgUdi Chamic da dat cd sd tQ sdm, cung da cd diing bia tQ sdm, tfl the ky III NgUdi Raglai sau mpt chut, nen phuc tung, theo: "Bay gid dan xQ Panduranga tdn ngai (Harivarman) len tri vi npi vi ldi ich va hanh van ciia Nagara Campa, nhu tQ thdi xa xUa ngai tri vi nudc (bia Po Nagar 1)" Ngay nay, d Ninh Thuan, ll Kate, ngUdi Cham chua'n bi ndi dung, dpi ddn nhan le phuc ngUdi Raglai mang den thi bat dau lam le Tap tuc tQ bao gid, cQ the ma iam, nhung da cho thay md'i quan he than tdc cua hai nhdm cu dan ndi tieng Malayo (VTV 2, ngdy 19-2-2011) Da'u an van hda nUdc ngoai xua't hien d Ddng Nam A sdm nhat la d cdng thi Oc Eo thugc nitdc Phii Nam, nhung chUa phai d van bia, ma d hien vat, nhQng dau, nhan bac khac chU Brahmi, Pallavah (gdc Parthia), xem sQ md dau khdng phai xua't phat tfl chinh An Dp Cac hpc gia An Dp, hau nhu tat ca, ke cac da't thUc dan eiia An Dp ban dau, khang dinh cd Champa, Cambd't, nhUng khdng nhac tdi Phu Nam, Cd le the? NgUdi nudc ngoai dau tien cd anh hudng den Phu Nam ed the la ngiidi Scythes, cung ggi la Indo-Scythians goc Trung Ddng, nd'i tieng tai nang, xong xao, tao bao Mpt sd' dd trang sflc nhu nhan, mat giay chuyen bang bac, vat gd'm cd hinh ngUdi dpi mu chdp kieu ngUdi Scythes, vai ngUdi cd mui cao kieu ngUdi Au, mgt den ddng Ba Tfl, huy chUdng vang the ky II ciia La Ma, cd le chinh ngfldi Scythes mang de'n, vai chuc ddng tien bac cd khac hinh vua chiia mae ao dai, ddi mu cao, ten cac dng vua bang chQ Hi Lap, gpi la tiln Indo-Greck Hien khdng cd tai lieu nao cho biet ve sU di cU cua ngUdi Cham de'n dao Hai Nam, nhflng chac la cd, tQ da hinh vung quan cU Phan Rang, ndi da ed bia Giai Lamau, Giai Klong Anoek nien dai the ky VII-VIII, ea Vd Canh, bia khdi dau, the ky III, da hinh trung tam tin ngUdng le nghi-iang Chakling, ndi hanh I§ Kate tfl sdm, la din rdi thap Po Rome, de da di mpt bg phan, tim them ndi cU tru d dao Hai Nam, cd the vao the ky XI-XII, thdi da xay xung dot Panduranga-Vijaya-Cambdt, bao lau rdi van nhd ve que cu, hang nam ru ve iam I§ d Thap Cham On dinh rdi, mud'n thdng nha't dan cU, lap nUdc, can phai cd van hda, cd to chQc Di thuyen dong duoi tren Bien Ddng, hp Tii niidc Phu Nam Ke v l viec lap qude, sach cd Trung Hoa, tQ Tdn thii den Luang thii, diu ke lai sU tich "Vua nUdc dd (Phfl Nam) vd'n la ngudi gai ten la Lieu Diep ma mgt ngfldi nudc ngoai ten la Hon Hgi hay Hdn Dien (dpc lan), dUdc than bao mdng, di den chmh phuc, cudi nang lam vd, cung cai tri nUdc chau truyen cho nhau" Khdng cd da'u vet An Do Dilu tudng la huyen tich, ke truyen ly ky, nhung lai dUdc xac nhan Rghien eiju Lieh sit, so 9.201* bdi mdt ta'm bia khac la cua Champa, nien diem 657 CN-bia My Sdn (C.79) cua vua Prakasadharma Bia (cau XV-XVII) ke cha cua dng la Jagadharma phai di den Bhavapura" (Thuy Chan Lap) d dd, 'Kaundinya, bd mdng cua nhung ngudi Ba La Mdn da cudi gdi cua vua cdc Naga de hoan tat li nghi, ten la Sarvani sinh tfl ddng gid'ng Soma, rdi cd con, chinh la Prakasadharma, se ve lam vua Champa Nghe qua hdi rac rd'i bdi gap ma'y cai ten la, nhung sU that cflng ddn gian, khdng de'n ndi khd hieu Tren luu vUc sdng Ganga Bac An Dp vd'n cd mdt bd lac sinh sd'ng,lam nghd chan nudi gia siic, dUdc coi la thien chien-ham chien, tu ggi tdn la tdc Rdn (Naga), cd cdn gpi la Quy bd Mang Xd (Cobra Women) theo nghia tdn trpng; xUa da tflng dUdc ndi tdi, cd vai trd tfl Mahabharata, tQ TCN Khoang dau CN, mdt tdc du muc, sd'ng tfl chau Au de'n Trung Ddng, dUdc gpi ten la ngUdi Scythes, md mot nhanh tU coi la ddng doi Mat Trdng, cdn xdng xao, tao bao khong kem gi Naga, den sd'ng d vung nam Himalaya tiep thu, hda trgn van hda An Dp, tu ggi theo tieng Phan la Chandra nghia la Trdng, vd Soma-nii gidi Trdng ngudi Han ggi Id Nguyet thi Xii RanNagaland hinh thdnh tii ddu CN vdi sii tham gia eua ngudi Scythes An hda, ddng Trdng-Soma, vUdn len dfldi ddi vua Nagabhata I, U Kaundinya chac la ngudi Scythes An hoa lai cd vd la Soma-con gai cua vua Naga Dd la ngi dung ciia ta'm bia ndi tren Dudi thdi vua Huviska da cd mdt sd' van khac de lai, d Mathura, Sanchi, vao cac nam 24, 28, 41, 60, da cd due tiln hac, ddng, diic chan dung vua Huviska, nfl thdn Nanaya, dfldc khen la ra't dep Tfl dd, hp xdng xao bien, tham gia phat trien van hda, nghe thu cdng, thUdng mai, lap nudc Phu Nam XQ Rdn- Nagaland v l n phat trien den mpt bang hign dai cua An Do; Thdng ddc Tdng thdng chi dinh, thdi han nam, vSn cdn hinh Ran trang tri, nghe thuat, cdn de lai da'u a'n ve sau Rdn Naga de lai da'u a'n kha dam tap tuc, truyen dan gian, nghe thuat, van hda Khdme Cung vdi cac hinh rdn trang tri eau, mai nha, huyen tich lap nUdc, bao gid cung cd truydn thii linh Prah Thong la'y vd rdn va nay, dam eUdi, cd dau mac ao gi, cung phai cd vat sau dai, gia dudi rdn ma chQ re nang vat di theo Tuy nhien, truydn rdn lai kha md nhat mpi Imh vUc van hda, ddi sd'ng ciia vUdng qud'c Phu Nam va ngUdi Bnam Nam A ban dia la cu dan chinh eiia Phfl Nam Huyin tich Phu Nam cd lidn quan gi vdi Champa va bia My Sdn? Cd Me de ong vua thfl 10, vua xua't sac ciia vfldng trilu thQ nha't Gangaraja eiia Champa la Sarvani "tuyet vdi sinh tfl ddng gid'ng Soma" Nhfl the, dng vua thfl ba cua nUdc Bhavapura/Chenla la Isanavarman, la'y vd ddng Soma-Kaundinya-tgc Naga, la re ddng Soma-Naga cua Phu Nam ma viec truyen ngdi phai theo m&u hS, ddng me, tao nen md'i quan he chieu phflc tap Kaundinya-Soma da md dudng di bien, vl phUdng Ddng, dSn theo cac thUdng lai, thd thu cong ca ngfldi Scythes, Naga va An Do, nhQng giao si truyen ba dao Phat va dao Hindu ma chinh hp dang theo, dinh cU tren ben dfldi thuyen d Oc Eo, nhQng nghe si tac tugng Ph^t va than Hindu de thd, thu hut san vat Bidn Ddng de ban, la'y tiln bac Indo-Greck, ca ma'y chu khach thudng ban gUdng ddng thdi Han Khdng dflng lai d Thaton (Myanmar) hay U Thong (ciia sdng Chao Praya-Thai Lan), ma dudng nhU nhflng ngudi Scythes mud'n ket ndi ca Trung Ddng-xfl sd ciia Champa v6i the giai Bioi Bdng hg vdi Bien Ddng-phUdng Ddng Cho nen hg thang dudng di bien, tu lai d ciia bien Di chi khao cd hpc d Gang thi c Eo cd Ifldng dd trang sQc bang nggc, vang, bac, cd so' da'u va manh thiec "cap chi" cua cac thUdng lai giau, cd so' tien bang bac due hinh cac vua Kadphises, Huviska in ten bang chfl Hi Lap, cd lUdng tUdng Phat va Visnu theo trt^fng phdi Phii Nam, dep va nhilu hdn ba't ky ndi nao tren the gidi thdi ay, trd c^a ngo noi Dia Trung Hai va Trung Dong vdi Bien Ddng 6c Eo trd thdnh bieu tuang cua de che bien ddu tien d Ddng Nam A, VUdt ca tam mflc qudc gia, vung, vUdt hdn nhQng trung tam hanh chinh, chinh tri, ton giao nhu Nagara-pura (Angkor Borei), Phnom Da Tfl day, the ky I-II mdi md dUdng bien Ddng-Tay, tfl Arakan-bd ddng Bengal, Thaton (Myanmar) ma tQ lau, ngUdi An Dp ggi la Suvarnabhumi (Da't Vang), qua Vinh Thai Lan den Oe Eo-Bien Ddng Cung tfl day, v l sau mdi dan den viec tim dudng qua eo Sunda ddn quan dao Indonesia Phai chang vi the ma d Oc Eo phat hien dfldc trang sflc, lUdng vang bac, vat lien ket thUdng mai, ddng tiln bac, ngi te, ngoai te, ca tfldng than, Phat, nhieu ve lUdng, da dang ve the loai, vUdt cao hdn mdt ndi budn ban, trao ddi, ma trd mdt cang thi qudc te, ndi quan cfl ciia thUdng nhan, ngoai kieu nhung van bia thi lai cham, va it, chi 3-4 bia, nien dai the ky V, ma chi la nhflng tam sU ngi bg, khdng phai la bo' cao toan dan cua t r i l u dinh, nhu nhflng bia khac tittig tha'y B e n C h a m p a Ndi ngfldi An Do eung de'n sdm la Champa, cd Ie khoang the ky II-III CN Ngfldi di xua't phat tQ Campa, kinh dd nUdc Anga, d phia ddng Magadha, each c^a sdng Ganga vinh Bengal chflng 30km Hg 13 de'n, vao sdng Thu Bdn, lap vung cfl tru d Go Cdm, Trd Kieu, budn ban, thu hut ca thUdng lai ban hang An va Trung Qud'c, rdi vfldt deo Hai Van lan da't phia nam ciia chinh quyin dd hd Han, Luc Trilu, la ndi vd'n hp sinh sd'ng tfl trfldc, xay dflng kinh dd tren bd sdng Lau, gpi ten theo ten vua la Kandarpapura, gan vdi sdng, tfl Thu Bdn den song Bd, O Lau va sdng HUdng gan Hue, bdi hg tu eoi la ddn song nUdc, gan vdi song Ganga, dat ten nude mdi md la Champa-doi ten kinh dd que hUdng cua hg, nUde Anga (5) TrUdc day, G Maspero coi la hg dat ten nUdc theo ten loai hoa Lan Champaka Linnae, nhUng chi la sfl suy doan khdng cd can cQ nao Vua dau tien ciia hg ggi la vua Hang Ha (Gangaraja) Ong dung dat cd sd xong thi han la giao eho eon chau cai quan rdi trd ve que quan, chac nhd que, chUa dUt bd dUdc? Bia My Son (C.79): A.1- "Dflc vua ten la Gangaraja cd pham hanh va long qua cam Vudng quyen (da cd d que) khd ma rdi bo nhin thay sdng Hang Ha la mgt niem vui ldn", the rdi ngudi di tfl day (trd lai) sdng Hang Ha Mpt so' van khdc chfl Phan (Sanskrit) da dUdc phat hien, deu cd ten vua Bhadravarman, cd the la tdn vua sdm ciia ddng Gangaraja hay mgt ddng nao khac (chQ Hdn Cut-Quang Nam (C.105), chd Dinh-Phu Yen (C.41), Mi Sdn (C.78) Tfl dang va ndi dung cac van khac nay, nha't la bia C.78 cho phep doan nien dai the ky IV Ra't cd the cac "co van" An Dp da den bd bien vung Bdc miln Trung Viet Nam tfl the ky III, tham gia lap va xay dung Champa cung vdi dan ban dia Mot so diem quan cfl ddng due cd nien dai the ky III cung da ndi len dieu (Gd Cdm, Con Rdng, Trd Kieu ) TQ day ma cd cac thi dau tien, kien true ddu tien, nhU Mi Sdn, cum kien true gan pha Tam Giang Rghien ciiru Ljeh sir, sd g j g l ^ nhu My Khanh, Van Trach Hda, den thap kinh Kandarpapura (nay da sup dd) Ben tren da ke, E.Aymonier da nhdm ke cac vua Champa-1- Sri Mara, de'n 2Bhadravarman d Chd Dinh, ma chUa rd cd de'n van khdc cd ten ong vua nay, ea d My Sdn eung vdi pham vi va trinh dp phat trien sau rpng hdn Bia Vo Canh (C.40): Cung dUdc doan dinh nien dai the ky III, gan cflng thdi bia Mi Sdn (C.78), nhung tinh hudng lai rdt khac, chua cd cd sd tdn giao va xa hdi bdng My Sdn Vo Canh mdt nhdm di bien ngudi Tamoul d xii Pandya, cUc nam ban dao An Do, ngflde chieu len bde vinh Bengal Bien Ddng va cd the da tiep xuc vdi manh md'i nao dd ngudi Malayo-Raglai cap ben bd Nha Trang Luc d vflng hac, ngfldi An mdi den Mi Son, cdn dang ngdn ngang Hg hda ddng vdi dan ban dia, lam an, sinh sd'ng Cac giao si An Dp day dan ban dia ndi tieng, hpc chfl Phan va truyen tdn giao, Siva gido vflng bac cd van khdc ngan cung vdi bia "tuyen ngdn" neu cd the gpi nhfl the, hdi mudn, nam 657, tuyen bd'trieu vua dau tien, bat ddu tQ Gangaraja, cho den tuyen ngdn lap nUdc, dat ten la ChampapuraParamesuara (kinh Champa-ton thd Siva) O vflng nam cflng cd chQng a'y, 3-4 van khac dai hdn mdt chut va quan nha't chinh la bia "tuyen ngdn" bia Vo Canh Vd Canh vfla cho biet gd'e ngudn la vua phUdng nam, nfldc Pandya, vfla khdng dinh truyen thd'ng mhi he, md dau tfl chinh nhdm NgUdi An Dp vung bdc thi nha'n manh truyin thd'ng song nUdc Ganga, cdn ngUdi An-Pandya mien nam lai tfl hao ngdi ca truyen thd'ng Bien cd dieu ky (Visitra Sagara), quyet dinh lap khu thd cung trdn bd bien, thd Quo'c vUang (Po Nagar), nhUng the hien bdng Quo'c mdu - mdu he Kauthara (Po Ina Nagar Kautharesuari Matrilingesuari dfldi hinh tfldng Nii thdn Bien (Bhagavati Matrilingesvari) Mien Nam cd tam bia dflng dat gan dan, trfl bia Po Sah (C.22), diu cd hinh thQc dan da, cdng bd nhflng vide gan gui thiet thflc Po Nagar bdt dau dUdc xay dUng tren dinh nui cd the tfl dau the ky IX, ghi ehien tich dau tien la hai lan danh ngfldi Tau (tQc la chinh quyin dd hd ciia nha Han va Luc Trilu d phia Bdc sdng Gianh), dUng lap lai den mieu va tUdng than da bi quan Java vao eUdp ddt pha Lue nay, d vung bdc, ten nUdc Champa da dupc dinh chinh thflc (nam 657), than chii tdi cao la Siva-Bhadresvara (ghep ten vua Bhadravarman vdi Isuara Siua da dfldc tdn thd, cac bia mien Nam cung tuyen bd' phuc tung Nagara Campa, nhQng nha'n manh chd khac ciia rieng minh la "bdn sdc Bien", tdn kinh mau he, nhflng mau he khdng khac cai chung, la ddng nha't vdi Siva vi la nQ than Bien cung la vd SivaBhagavati Matrilingesvari (mdu he lingaSiva) Didu da dfldc xac nhan tren bia Mi Sdn (My Sdn XII-CSO) ddi vua Harivarman nam 1080 Mpt da't nUde, mgt ehinh quyin cang phat trien cd quy cu tren ca vung Anh hudng van hda An Do cung gia tang tren hai dao, nhflng mudn sau mpt chut: Mpt van khac viet Sanskrit d dao Borneo ke mdt dng vua la Mulavarman da cho lam thiiy Idi, tudi rugng, nam 450 CN Mgt tac gia xUng ten la Purnavarman ke d nude Taruma d Bandung, Tay Java, ca eha va dng ngi dang chflng kien lam ll Ba La Mdn nhflng nhan vat, sU kidn chua dinh hinh, rd rang, chUa eho tha'y khung khd xa hpi, qude gia va'mfle van hda de dudc hieu vl van h d a v a xa hdi vung hai dao, ehi rd la van hda An Do da the hien d nhflng ndi vao giQa the ky V Champa vai the gioi Bien Bdng Thao luan Su dung hop vd tuang tdc vdn hoa Nam Dao - Nam A tao nen nen tang cdng ddng dan cu ven bien ed the coi la ye'u td quye't dinh cua $U phdt trien? neu the thi vai trd cila sfl tac dong ben ngoai cua An Dp de'n dau? Sd ket luan cac hgc gia thudng dung tQ (lap) ddt thiic ddn (Colony), dl hi hieu la di khai hoang, lap chinh quyin cai tri Nhung ngudi An Dp du nhap van hda mdt each hda binh, khdng ap dat, ep bugc Day chQ va truyen ba tdn giao da thdn (Hindu) thi khdng ep bugc TQ hoc chQ nude ngcai, dan ban dia cdn sang tao chQ viet cua minhchQ Cham ed va kim, viet bia va viet sach, truyen, ghi chep thien van dia Iy, thdi tiet, khe udc, thue ma Nhd du nhap van hda An Dp ma cd the tap hdp dan cU, td chflc nha nudc, xay dung va phat tridn van hda Truyen ba van hoa, xay diing qud'c gia tam dn, nha sang lap ngfldi An Dp deu di, de lai cho hoang gia ngfldi ban dia, cd le chi luu gifl la ndi qua lai, budn ban va anh hudng van hda, tdn giao lau dai Hdn la cdn phai the? Ta't ca nhflng ndi da biet, deu nhu the - dong Bien cd dieu ky", dong "Hdng Hd Id niem vui ldn" va ca d Phu Nam, Kaundinya da de'n rdi cdn di nhflng ndi dau NhUng trudc dd, ndu khdng co sfl dung hdp, tUOng tac van hda cua cae nhdm dan ban dia ven bien thi cung khong lam dUdc viec ^ Chinh hp cung cd nhu cau phat trien, cuJig dang mud'n vUdn len CQ xem Phu Nam Champa vdi cae vung khac ngoai hai dao thi dii rd Dan hai dao chu yeu la Proto Malayo-Polynesia, phat trien cham hdn va yeu hdn Tham chi, nhu cau thdng nha't vung Champa cung la nhu cau eiia van hda Ngay giQa cac vung cd Hen he vdi nhau, viing Nam-Po Nagar va Bdc- My Sdn, xem cd ve vflng Nam phuc tung vung Bac, chap nhan nhQng gi da dUdc dat tfl Gangaraja, khdng phai la quan he cao, tha'p, tren, dudi, ma thflc cha't la sfl phue tung ndi van hda An Do den trudc, ndi truyen ba van hda gde, tdn giao gd'c la dao Hindu, chQ va van hda Sankrit, la van de cua thdi dai Sfl tie'p xuc van hda d day khdng phai la sQ tiep xuc ehinh thflc "bang cdng ham", "hiep dinh", giQa chinh phu vdi chinh phii, cung khdng gid'ng nhau, cung lue giQa cac vung Cd le ca hai phia eung cd nhu cau, quen biet, qua manh md'i trung gian eua dan di bien nao dd, rdi tie'p xuc, cung hdp tac, tha'y ieh ldi, phu hdp thi xuc tien Ngay ca trudng hdp nfldc Phu Nam, be ngoai luc ddu cd ve la sU chinh phuc, nhUng ca doan thuyin nghenh chien, chi mdi ban mdt mui ten, da hang phuc, rdi lai lam le cfldi Nfl hoang lai khda than chQ khdng mac giap phuc, c6 le chUa he nghe ndi tdi toe Naga, nhung lai nhan la Soma ciia tdc Naga, cudi chang trai Kaundinya de trd thfla ke chinh thflc ngdi vua, lam vua-chua tQ dd Phu Nam vQa cd phan chinh ban dia Bnam, Vnam, vfla cd phdn ket hdp tfl ben ngoai, ke thfla ca ddng Soma-Naga Su ket hdp lap nen ddng mdi-ddn^ BnamKirivamsa, dong NgUdi mien Nui Kirivong Hp Kaundinya cung kha xdng xao di bien, hoat ddng d vung bien, da cd hai lan den nude Phu Nam va hdn mdt lan tim de'n dao Borneo Nudc Phu Nam eung in dam anh hudng van hda An Dd, nhUng gian tiep, thdng qua ngUdl Naga-An-Scythya, chinh hg cung tha'm dUdm van hda An Dp (Xem tie'p trang 23) Churc quan Eat L6 l^oa xich bang giao dfla di eai tri cac dan tpc khac, ThcJi gian nay, Mong Co dUa nhieu ngUcli Hoi giao tdi lam quan 22 (19), (20) Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyen: Kham dinh Viet si thong gidm citdng muc, s&A, tr 489, 494, cai tri hoac cSm gifl binh quyin d cac dia phUdng (22) Ha Van Tan, Pham Thi Tam: Cuoc khdng vung Van Nam Thang nam 1258 va thang chien chong xam litac Nguyen Mong the ky XIII, nam 1261, Nap Lat Dinh da gifl vai tro sfl gia Nxb, Khoa hoc xa hpi Ha Noi, 1972, tr, 94 mang chieu thfl cua Nguyen The To sang Dai Viet (15) Vao thcfi diem nSm 1258, Nguyen The To v l n chua chinh thflc xUng Dai han (16) Theo Khdm dinh (24) Chflc quan trpng thdn dam nhan trpng trach tran gifl vflng bien (25), (29) Nguyin si Trung Hoa thfl cue xuat ViSt su: thong gidm ctictng muc thi Ian thfl hai la vao thang nam 1261 ban, Bae Kinh, 1976, quyen 209 "An Nam truyen" (26), (27) Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyin: Khdm dinh Viet su: thong gidm ciicfng miic, sdd, tr 502- (17), (21), (23), (30) Lg Tic: An Nam chi luac, sdd, tr 74, 73, 73, 76 503, 497 (28) Nguyen (18) Tran Trong Kim: Viet Nam sA Imc, Nxb Tdng hop Thanh H6 Chi Minh, 2005, tr 122 sii ghi sfl kien nam 1275 nhUng Bai Viet sU ky todn thU lai de cAp tfii sfl kien vao nam 1276 CIIAMl'A V l TIIE GI«iI BIEN DOIVG VA AN DO c XlJA (Tiep theo trang 15) CHU THICH (1) J.Y Clayes - Fouilles a Tra Kiiu BEFEO XXVIIl Cung xem Romila Thapar • A History of India (2) Ludng Ninh - Hda Diem, Xom Con Sa Huynh Tap chiKhdo cohoc, so 2-2001 Ocean,A of People and the Sea, Delhi-NewYork, 1993 (4) Rama - Penguin 1984 (6) Hsiao Chun Hung et al Ancient jades (3) Kenneth Mc Pherson-TAe Indian History Formation In Ancient India, MacMillan 1982 of Prehistoric Exchange map in SEA, PNAS, Dec.ll, 2007 (7) Benedict P.K.- A ChamColony on the Island Shankar Tripathi History Ancient India T.l, 2, 3, Delhi 1942 (5) R S Sharma - Material Culture of of Hainan Havard JAS 1941 (8) Peter Bellwood, James J.Fox et al - The &Social Austronesians - ANU Press, 2006