THUOI^G MAI THE GlCtt TRlJdC THE R Y XVI: MAY VA1\ DE TIEP CAJ\ HOANG ANH TUAN" " Dii cdc chuyen di cua ngicdi chau Au qua Hao Vong Giac va xuyen Dai Tdy Di/ffng diia den thay doi mang tinh cdch mang lick sii the gidi, nhUng he qud co tinh todn dien lau mdi xuat hien Hdng hdi chdu Au phdt trien manh thdi trung dai nhitng chua trpl vU(it hdng hdi chdu A ua lau mdi dat den tdm thong tri nhiC chau Au thdi Cdch mang Cong nghiep Hdng hdi chdu Au the ky XVI manh hUn rdt nhieu so vdi nhOng the ky trUdc nhUng chUa dat den tdm thdng tri the gidi " (1) Quan diem ciia Philip Curtain la mot so' nhQng phat bieu mang tinh dai dien cua gidi sd hpc the gidi danh gia lai vi tri vai tro va tiTdng quan lUc lUdng cua cac trung tam kinh te - thUtJng mai Tay Au va phUdng Dong den di6n cac dai phat kien dia ly ciia ngUdi Tay Ban Nha va Bo Dao Nha cuoi the ky XV Trong ph^n 16n nda dau cua the ky XX, gidi hoc gia chau Au cd khuynh hUdng de cao mot each thai qua y nghia td cac chuyen tham hiem cua cac dan tdc Iberia cung nhU nh&'n manh den "hieu dng tdc thi" den trat tu the gidi cac the ky XVI-XVIII (2) Phe phan cac quan diem sd hoc thuc dan vdn mang nang thuyet "Au chau chii nghia" (Eurocentrism; de cao siic manh va dong gdp ciia cac the lUc thifOng mai - hang hai Bo Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Anh, Phap den cac xa hoi phUdng Dong thdi ky can dai), hang loat eac nghien cdu mang tinh phan bien da ddi nda cudi the ky XX (3) Theo dd, gidi sd hoc cang thong nhat cao ve su ton tai eac trung tam san xuat va budn ban hdp nhCtng tieu vung kinh te - thUdng mai, dUdc Hen ket bdi nhdng mang lUdi lien hoan, gop phan hinh mot he thd'ng thUOng mai chat che mot he thong th§' gidi tien can dai (4) Bai vifi't gidi thieu mot each khai lUdc he thd'ng thUdng mai the gidi den trUdc nam 1.500 nham lam ed sd cho cac phan tich ve thUdng mai toan cau giai doan 1500 - 1800 d nhiing chuyen de sau Da trung tdm • PHiic the mang Hoat dong trao doi hang hda diSn td rat sdm lich sii nhan loai Dac biet, ke td cac nen van minh co xua bUdc vao giai doan phat trien cUc thinh (khoang 5.000 nam each nay), hoat dong trao doi mang tinh • PGS.TS Khoa Lich sd - Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN lien vung gida cac trung tam van minh diln cang manh me Ket qua nghien cdu khao co hoc cho thay cae san pham kim loai cua vung ban dao Sinai dUde tim thay nhilu di tich khao cd' hoc d vung lifu vUc song Nile ciia Van minh Ai Cap, da quy mien T&y luc dia tieu An diidc ngudi Ludng Ha thu mua ehe tae trang sdc Td giQa thien nien ky thd nhat trUdc Cong nguyen, quy mo cua hoat ddng trao doi cang md rong tren cd sd tich liiy kien thde dia ly, ky thuat van chuyen, nhu cau tieu dung tai cac dai de che Nhu mot he qua, cac tuyen buon ban lien vung, xuyen vung, lien luc dia cang md rong, thuc day t^n suat va quy mo hoat dong trao doi San vat phUdng Dong dap dng nhu cau tieu dung ciia cae nhom cif dan quanh khu vUc Dia Trung Hai thUdng pham phUdng Tay (ke ca tien La Ma) theo chan thUdng Iai di sang chau A Khoang Cong nguyen, thUdng pham An Do (hat chuoi thiiy tinh, trang sde ma nao cua vung Arikamedu) khdng cdn xa la vdi ngUdi tieu dung Ddng Nam A (5) Cac thadng nhan A Rap ket noi vung sUdn dong Phi Chau luc dia vdi vinh Ba Tu va luc dia tieu An; thUdng nhan An Do dong thuyen tid'p can eo bien Kra (ban dao Ma Lai) de budn ban vdi Phu Nam; thuong nhan Malayu nang dong cac tuyen buon ban lien dao Dac bi§t, td khoang the ky VII trd ve sau, vdi viec thUdng nhan A Rap va An Do tran sang cac vung bien ciia mien Ddng A, mdt tuyen hai thUdng rong tdn trai dai td sudn Dong Phi chau luc dia qua An Do Duong sang vung sUdn Tay Thai Binh DUdng da dUdc ket nd'j hen hoan, trd tuyen hai thuong sdi dong bac nhat the gidi khoang 1.000 nam tiep theo (6) ThUdng mai, dac biet la hai thUdng, phUdng Dong cd vi tri quan trong sU phat trien chung ciia thUdng mai the gidi giai doan tien can dai Su tru phu ciia cac thUdng pham khien phUdng Ddng luon la "mien dat hda" mit ngudi phudng Tay Klidng cUdng dieu ndi rling, cho den trUdc thdi diem ngUdi Tay Au cdng vdi eae dai phat kien dia ly va tim cac dudng sang cae mien Dong va Tay An, thUdng mai va sU phon vinh cua cac cang thi Dia Trung Hai phu thuoc rat nhieu vao cac ngudn hang va thUdng pham phUdng Dong, Cac "trung tam" va "mang ludi" thUdng mai the gidi gop ph^n trao doi thUdng pham giiia cac khu vUc va chau luc, dong thdi dUa mdt lUdng Idn thUdng pham phUdng Ddng, nhat la hUOng lieu va td lua sang tieu thu d cac khu vdc mien Bae Dia Trung Hai - ndi qua trinh chuyen bien kinh te - xa hoi dang dien manh me td sau the ky X, dUa den nhu cau nhay vot ve hang tieu dung phuong Ddng khoang nda thien nien ky tiep theo (7) Tuy nhien, sud't mot thdi gian dai, sU hinh va phat trien cua cac mang ludi thUdng mai the gidi trUdc nSm 1500 ciing nhu hd qua trUc tie'p cua chung den he thd'ng thUdng mai the gidi giai doan can dai sd ky (1500 • 1800) thUdng khong dUdc nhin nhan, danh gia mot each chan xac va khach quan Dudi anh hudng cua cac nghien cdu mang nang thuyet la'y chau Au lam trung tSm {Eurocentrism), khdng it cac quan diem de cao qua mde vi tri, vai tro cua trung tam thUdng mai Dia Trung Hai (hay Tay Au noi chung) khi, bat luan v6 tinh hay hdu y, thap vi tri cua cac trung tam va cac tuyen thUdng mai khac nSm tren cac tuyen hang hai ndi Ddng A vdi sudn ddng chau Phi (Ddng Bae A - Ddng Nam A, Malacca • An Do; An Do • Vinh Ba Tu - Hong Hai) eung nhU cac tuyen thUdng mai dat lien ket ndi cac khu vUc tii sUdn dong Dia Trung Hai qua Trung A sang Trung Quo'c, qua ban dao A Rap sang An Ihifgng mai the gidi teitdc the hf XVI Do, xuyen Bac Phi xud'ng cac cang va trung tam thudng mai d ca sudn Dong va sUdn Tay Phi chau luc dia (8) Dac biet, eae the ky XH-XIV, cac trung tam kinh te • thuong mai chinh yeu dUde ket ndi chat che qua eac mang ludi trao doi Hen hoan nhu se dUdc gidi thieu nhiing phan tiep theo Tdy Au: Thii cong nghiep Plunder, hpi chasdm-panh Phdp vd cdc cdng thi Y Tay Au - Dia Trung Hai dUdc gidi nghien Cliu thiia nhan la trung tam thUdng mai sdi ddng, tUdng ddi Hen tue khoang thien nien ky, tU thdi Hi • La eo dai den khoang the' ky XVII sau Cong nguyen • Dai Tay Dudng trd khu vUc thUdng mai hang hai sdi dong ciia the gidi phUdng TSy TU thdi co dai, Dia Trung Hai da ddng vai trd cLfa ngd thUdng mai ke't ndi van minh Tay Au vdi the gidi phUdng Dong qua cac c\ia ngd CSn Dong, Ai Cap, Hong Hai va sudn Tay luc dia den Mach nguon thUdng mai Dia Trung Hai dUdc tri lien tuc ba't luan sU sup do' cua de' chd' Tay La Ma vao the ky V sau Cdng nguyen Trong thdi ky hinh eae quo'c gia Tay Au sau dd, Dia Trung Hai la trung tam kinh te sdi dong cua khu vUc Cac thi-nha nUde lan lUdt dUdc hinh tren ban dao Y, nd'i tieng nhu Venice, Genoa, Milan, Florence Day la nhiing the lUc thUdng mai ndi bat ciia the gidi Dia Trung Hai khoang mot thien nien ky sau de' ehe Tay La Ma sup (9) Tuy nhien, du thinh dat, cae thinha nUdc tren ban dao Y mdi chi la mot bo phan quan trong ket cau kinh te thUdng mai cua khu vUc Tay Au the' ky X XV Tii khoang the' ky XII trd di, khu vUc trai dai tu: mien Bac Tay Au xud'ng Dia Trung Hai bat dau hinh mot sd' trung tam nang dong cd quan he tUdng tac lin het siic chat che, gdp ph^n tao nen sU thinh cua tieu viing kinh te - thUdng mai Tay Au - Dia Trung Hai Viing thii cdng nghiep Flander (mien Tay Bac nUdc Bi nay) tiep giap Bien Bac-bi tan pha nang ne cac ddt eudp bdc quy md cua cUdp bien Viking Tuy nhien, tii khoang the ky XIII, hang loat cac trung tam kinh te va thUdng mai troi day d Flander, tieu bieu la eac Thanh thi Ghent va Bruges Ghent, cd quy md tUdng dUdng Paris liic dd, nhanh chdng trd trung tam thu cdng nghiep vai sdi cha't lUdng cao cua Tay Au thu hiit khoang 30-50% cU dan cua thi tham gia san xua't Trong dd, nhd an ngU vi tri giao thUdng thuan Idi ket nd'i cac thi trUdng khu VUC quan (Anh, Ha Lan, DUc, cac nude Bac Au ), Bruges nhanh chong trd "trung tam buon ban the gidi", thu hut cac nguon thUdng pha'm va nguyen lieu den d^ trao doi tren quy md Idn Vi tri kinh te (Ghent) va thUdng mai (Bruges) ciia Flander ehi suy giam vao niia eudi thd' ky XIV dai dich "Hac tii" tan pha Tay Au Vao giiia the ky XV, Flander cd da'u hieu hdi phuc nhUng khdng the lay lai vi the nhU d cac the ky trudc bien ddng cua khu vUc ciing nhu sU trdi day ciia Antwerp d khu vUc mien Blc (10) Viing Hoi chd sam-panh Phap nam xen giiia khu vue kinh te thu cdng nghiepthUdng mai Flander d man Bac va cac cang thi Y d mien Nam Fernand Braudel cho rang nhQng hoi ehd sam-panh (luan phien td' chiic ky mdi nam tai cac pho' nhu Troyes, Lagny, Provins, Paris ) khdng chi la sdi day Hen ket dac biet cac trung tam kinh te' - thUdng mai yeu ciia Tay Au ma cdn la lUc ha'p dan eae nhdm thUdng nhan tii eac vung lan can nhu Flander, Flemish, Hanse de'n cac trung tam thude Y, Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha, DUc, Anh, Hi Lap, Syria tu hoi vdi dii loai hang hda dia phUdng hoac nhap khau (dac biet la vai trd kinh doanh tien t$ va ngan hang eiia thUdng nhan Y) (11) e Cac thi-nha nUdc va dpi ngij cau giao thUdng vdi Can Ddng va Hong Hai thUdng nhan Y cd vai trd dac biet quan va tiep tue vi tri kinh te'-thUdng mai khdng chi vdi khu vUc thUdng mai Dia manh den cudi the ky XVI Genoa Trung Hai ma ca vdi sU phat trien tong suy tan bdi sU suy thoai ciia viing Hlc Hai the ciia tieu viing thUOng mai Tay Au trUdc ciing nhu siic ep tii ngUdi Iberia dang trdi the ky XV Tuy nhien, cho den trUde day chie'm hnh Dai Tay DUdng Nhu vay, khoang cac the ky XIIdidn cac ddt Thap tu chinh (cudi the' ky XI den dau the ky XIV), cac thi ciia Y XIV, tieu viing kinh te-thUdng mai TSy Au van la viing "ngoai vi" ngheo (chii diing ciia - Dia Trung Hai la sU hdp cua P Braudel) ndi chuyen cung ca'p go, mi, vai, trung tam Flander, Phap va Y Cac trung mudi, nd le (ngoai trii Venice tri mdi tam tren phat trien ddc lap ve ed ca'u kinh lien h§ dac biet vdi the gidi phUdng Ddng te nhUng cd mdi Hen hd rang budc chat che thdng qua moi lien he dac biet vdi de' che vdi giiia cung ca'p nguydn lidu, nhan Byzantium) (12) Sau gianh thang ldi cdng vdi san xua't va tieu thu - xuat khau, euoe dUdng dau vdi ngudi Hoi giao va dd thUdng nhan Y cd vai trd ddc bigt gianh dUdc nhiing quyen chinh tri tijc dd' che quan trong linh vUc dau tU tai chinh Ddng La Ma niia cudi the' ky XI, vao cac trung tam tren ciing nhu ket ndi vdi thUdng mai cf Genoa vUdn len trd the lUc thUdng cac tieu viing kinh te mai d ban dao Y, budn ban manh v6i eac phUdng Ddng Can Dong: Constantinope, Levant vd edng dong Hoi giao d ban dao Iberia va bac Phi Ciing vdi Genoa, Venice ciing cd vi the Alexandria Tii thdi ed' dai, Can Ddng da la ndi tap thUdng kinh te dang ke sau dUdc Byzantium Uu dai dac quye'n thUdng mai trung ciia nhieu nIn van minh, nhieu trung vao nam 1082 Dae biet, ke tU sau cac ddt tam kinh te va thUdng mai nd'i tieng nSm Thap tu ehinh, Veniece va Genoa trdi day trdng pham vi cua "Dudng vdng cung mau manh me phat trien quan he vdi eac md" (the Fertile Crescent) Vao khoang viing da't phia ddng Dia Trung Hai trUdc - sau Cdng nguyen, cUa ngo Can Ddng (Constantinope, Hae Hai, Can Ddng ) la ndi hoi tu eiia nhieu doan thUdng nhan, Robert Lopez cho rang vao khoang the ky nhieu nguon thUdng ph^m den tU nhieu XIII, "lue hap dan thUdng mai chau Au da khu vUc (La Ma, Armenia, Media, Syria, Ba dich chuyen ve tii dai thi Y (Venice, Tu, Ai Cap ) Vdi su banh trUdng manh Genoa, Milan va Florence), ndi ddi ngii me ciia de' che Hoi giao sang phia Tay thUdng nhan manh khdng chi khong cac the ky VII - X, phan Idn khu vUc Can ehe cac neo dudng thUdng mai den nhUng Ddng va mien Blc chau Phi bi ngUdi Hoi viing trd phu va giau cd ciia chau Au ma cdn cai tri, dd ed vung chie'n lUdc thUdng cd the VUdn tdi nhiing dia diem d chau A va mai d sUdn ddng Dia Trung Hai Su trii chau Phi - ndi ngUdi Hoi giao dang danh ma't phu, vi tri dac dia ciia khu vUc Can Dong dan vai trd chi phdl thUdng mai" (13) Tuy khien cac the lUc phong kien Tay Au trung nhien, tham hoa "Hac ttf" va ddt "Dai suy dai khao khat chinh phat de chiem giii thoai" eudi the ky XIV cung tan pha manh vung da't c^a ngd budn ban vdi An Do va me eac thi-nha nudc Y Dau the ky the gidi phUdng Ddng • nhiing ddt Thap tU XV, so' tU dai thi tren ban dao chinh dien tii cuoi the ky XI den d^u the Y, chi cd Venice hoi sinh nhd giii dUdc nhip ky XIV phan anh thuc te dd (14) Bat luan cac cude xung dot dUdi lan sdng Thap tu chinh, hoat ddng thUdng mai viing Can Dong van dien sdi ddng, ddng vai trd quan trong vide ket ndi Ddng • Tay Theo Janet Abu-Lughod, vung trung tam Can Ddng thdi ky ndi len trung tam kinh te va thuong mai Idn, gdm cac tuyen dUdng mien Bac, mien Trung va mien Nam (15) Nam tren giao diem Tay Bac ciia hai chau luc A Au, nhieu the ky, Constantinope noi tieng la trung tam thUdng mai lien chau luc, ndi tap ket cac hang hda tii Trung Quo'c di qua mien Trung A Sang the ky XIII, vdi sU hien dien ciia the lUc Mdng Co d tuye'n thUdng mai mien Blc (Trung Quoc - Trung A - Dia Trung Hai), Constantinope trd nen dac biet quan khdng chi d khu vuc Dia Trung Hai va Hie Hai ma cdn ddi vdi ca tuye'n thuong mai Ddng Tay qua mien Trung A Tuyen thUdng mai mien Blc dUdi su bao trd ciia ngUdi Mdng Co' ciing chinh la nhip cdu van hda, tdn giao giUa Tay Au va Trung Qud'c (cae phai doan Thien chiia giao ciia Vaticant, cac nha du hanh va thUdng nhan Venice, Genoa nhu Marco Polo da sang Bac Kinh) Tuy nhien, tU khoang giiia the ky XIV, tuyen thUdng mai mien Bac dan suy tan nhid^u nguyen nhan khae nhau: dai dich Hac tii, chien dieh thd'ng nha't Trung A ciia Tarmelane vd hinh chung tan pha eac trung tam kinh te va thUdng mai nd'i tieng nhU Damacus, Samarkand (16) Mien trung tam Levant ndi tieng vdi nhiing viing kinh te va cac tuye'n thUdng mai tU Dia Trung Hai qua mien trung tam Can Ddng de ket ndi vdi cac cang thi ndi tieng vung Vinh Ba Tu (Oman, Siraf, Hormuz, Qais) de tU dd vUdn An Do DUdng va mien Vien Ddng Trong sudt thdi CO trung dai, tuye'n thUdng mai Ddng - Tay qua mien trung Levant dUdc danh gia la eo on dinh cao nhd dieu kien giao thdng tUdng ddi thuan ldi va su nang ddng cua cdng dong thUdng nhan A Rap Dudi thdi ky Thap tu chinh, ngUdi Tay Au ciing chi khd'ng che' dUdc mot so' trung tam d viing bd bien Dia Trung Hai; eac trung tam kinh te' va tuye'n thUdng mai ndi dia vung trung tam Can Ddng van ngUdi ban dia dieu tiet Viee ngUdi Mdng Cd tan pha Baghdad (thanh pho' dUOc vi la "thanh thi the gidi") giiia the' ky XIII khien cho hoat ddng giao thUdng giiia Tay Au va An Dp DUdng bi suy giam Them vao dd, ke tU Ai Cap danh bai luc lUdng Thap tu chinh (1291) va khdng che' vung sudn ddng Dia Trung Hai, vai trd thUdng mai ciia viing trung tam Can Ddng ciing bi kiem soat chat che hdn, md dudng cho sU hUng thinh ciia viing Hdng Hai (17) Nam tren vi tri tie'p giap ciia viing ddng bac chau Phi vdi ban dao A Rapi Alexandria an ngii cac tuye'n thUdng mai Ddng - Tay qua khu vUc Hdng Hai nhieu the' ky Trong ky nguyen Thap tU chinh ciia ngUdi Tay Au, ngUdi Ai Cap van gifl dUdc sU ddc lap chinh tri va quyen dieu tiet thUdng mai d viing Hdng Hai nhd viec tri lUc lUdng quan sU hiing manh Pierre Chanu cho rang, tii the ky XII trd di, Ai Cap cd the dUdc vi nhu "tien ddn" cua he thd'ng the' gidi nhd khd'ng che dUdc tuye'n thUdng mai tii Ddng Nam A, An Dd, Vinh Ba Tu den Hdng Hai de tU dd sang Tay Au (va ngUdc lai) (18) Sau Arce - can cii eudi cung cua quan Thap tU chinh d Syria bi ngUdi Ai Cap tai chiem nam 1291, ngUdi Tay Au bi day khdi viing Levant, ddn trii chii ye'u tren cac dao thuoc Dia Trung Hai (Crete va Cyprus) Theo dd, ngUdi Tay Au bi mat vi tri thUdng mai vdi phUdng Ddng va chi cd the tri hoat ddng trao ddi thdng qua tuye'n thUdng mai chu yeu: qua Hic Hai d mien Ddng Blc (vd'n dang bi suy giam manh eac boat ddng quan sU va lanh thd ciia ngUdi Mdng Co) va qua Hdng Hai d mid^n Ddng Nam (do ngUdi Ai Cap nim giii) Trong bdi canh cac tuyen thUdng mai Can Ddng cang tupt khdi tam did'u tiet cua minh, ngudi Y tai cac thi thUdng mai noi tieng nhU Genoa va Venice mdt mat tri quan hd vdi Cairo de tie'p tuc nhap hang phUdng Ddng, mot mat nd lUc tim kie'm dudng bien sang An Dp nhung khdng cdng (19) Vi vay, tiX cudi thd' ky XIII den ngudi Bd Dao Nha cdng viec di sang Dong An qua dUdng Hao Vpng Giac, Alexandria - Cairo la yet hdu thUdng mai ciia the' gidi Tay Au vdi phUdng Ddng qua viing Hdng Hai An Dp Duang: Tit vinh Ba Tu den vinh Bac Bp Trong sd cac trung tam buon ban Idn thdi cd'-trung dai, tieu he thd'ng An Dp Dudng cd khdng gian dia-thudng mai trai dai nhat Gat sang mdt ben quan niem diachinh tri hien dai, ngudi ta dd dang nhan th^y tinh thd'ng nha't ciia cac trung tam thudc tilu he thd'ng An Dp Dudng dUdc lien ke't ch^t che qua ye'u to' "gid mua" - vd'n chi phdi mdt phd dia ly rdng tU sUdn Tay Vinh Ba Tu den man Blc cua Vinh Blc Bd Che dp gid mua ddng nha't vdi mua Ddng Blc va Tay Nam khien cho hoat ddng giao thUdng duoc cac nhdm thUdng nhan s i p xep het siic linh hoat de cd the ke't ndi eac trung tam thUdng mai khac thdng qua cae tuyd'n budn ban cd' dinh Nhd dd, tii khoang sau Cdng nguyen da cd mot he tho'ng cac tuyen thUdng mai tU Vinh Ba Tu den luc dia tieu An (ngUdi A Rap dieu phdi), tu An Dp den ban dao Ma Lai (ngudi An didu phdi), tU ban dao Ma Lai qua Bien Ddng len Trung Qude (cac nhdm ngUdi Ddng A dieu phdi) (20) TU sau thd ky VII, vd ed ban, tuyen thUdng mai tU Hdng Hai den Trung Qud'c vSn diln tUdng tu, cd chang la viee cac nhdm thUdng nhSn cd the tham gia vao cac tuyen thUdng mai dai hdn nhd tidn bd ve ky thuat di bien ciing nhu tri thiic hang hai mot gia tang Khac vdi tinh canh tranh cao tai cac tuyen thUdng mai quanh Dia Trung Hai va Can Ddng, dac diem chi phdl tai cac tuyen thUdng mai An Dp DUdng la cac nhdm thUdng nhan chinh (A Rap, An Dp, Ddng Nam A, Trung Qud'c) deu cd xu the cpng sinh de ciing khai thac mot each "hda binh" cac tuye'n thUdng mai (21) Tuy nhien, tii khoang giiia thd ky XIII, mot loat eac bien ddng chinh tri va kinh t§' khid'n cho cac cac trung tam va mang lUdi thUdng mai tieu vung An Dp DUdng dUng trudc nhiing bien ddi Trong ban dao A Rap bi tan pha bdi su tham nhap eua ngudi Mdng Cd tii giiia the ky XIII, viing mien Ddng luc dia ti^u An cCing trai qua nhiing rdi loan chinh tri va kinh te (de' che Delhi d mien Blc bi tan pha sud't giai doan niia cudi the ky XIV; nha nude An Do giao Vijayanagar d phUdng Nam mang dae tinh chii nghia phong kien quan sU tap trung vao ndng nghiep va xa rdi thUdng mai) Ldn dau tien lich sii cac tuye'n thUdng mai An Dd Dudng, ngUdi Hdi giao A Rap va ngUdi Hdi giao thudc sudn Tay luc dia tieu An (Malabar, Gujarat) chidm linh va chi phdl boat ddng thUdng mai ciia viing sudn ddng luc dia tieu An (vung Vinh Bengal va bd bien Coromandel) Su thu dpng cua An Dp cac the ky XIII - XIV khien luc dia tieu An - ba't luan vi tri dia-thUdng mai mang tinh chie'n lUdc tao mpt "khoang trd'ng" quyen lUc khdng ehi tai cac khu vUc thUdng mai d mien ven bien Nam An ma cdn tai cae khu vUc Dong Nam A hai dao - ndi thUdng nhan An tiing cd anh hudng tuyet ddi Trong mdt vai thap nien dau ciia the ky XV, ngUdi Trung Qud'c phan nao tham nhap vao "khoang trd'ng quyen luc" dd (7 lan xua't dUdng ciia Trinh Hoa va sU khuyech trUdng hai thUdng cua trieu Minh tan sUdn Tay An Do DUdng) Tuy nhidn, vdi sU "riit lui" gdn nhu hoan toan eiia ngudi Trung Qud'c khdi mang ludi hai thudng Ddng A til sau nam 1435, cd the ndi r i n g cac mang ludi thUdng mai tii mien Nam An Dp sang khu vUc Bidn Ddng cd ban hi bd ngd Thay vi su cpng sinh cua the lue hai thudng nhan (Hdi, An, Ma, Hoa) tUng tdn tai ca hdn nghin nam trUdc^dd, cac tuye'n thUdng mai tren khu vUc An Dp Dudng cd ban ehi cdn ngudi Hdi giao (va mpt chiing mUc nao la ngudi Ma Lai - Da Dao) dieu tiet Su sa Slit ciia tieu he thdng thUdng mai An Dp DUdng niia cudi the ky XV tao cd sd thuan Igi de ngUdi Bd Dao Nha (sau la ngUdi Ha Lan, Anh, Phap ) dd dang tham nhap va tUng budc khd'ng che nen thUdng mai phUdng Ddng tii thd ky XVI trd ve sau (22) Abu-Lughod cho r i n g "khi ngudi chau Au tien vao khoang trd'ng quyen lUc the ky XVI, he thd'ng the gidi "cCi" cua the ky XIII trd phdi thai cua mdt he thd'ng "can dai" - vd'n van cdn dinh hinh the gidi dUdng dai - dii vdi mdt tidm lUc dang suy thoai" (23) May vd'n de tie'p can TU gdc nhin lich sii, he thd'ng thUdng mai thd gidi tii khoang trUdc - sau Cdng nguyen den dau the ky XVI dUdc hinh va phat trien kha on dinh, dd Trung A va An Dp DUdng ndi len vdi vai trd ket ndi d i u cdu thUdng mai Tay (La Ma va cac qud'c gia Tay Au trung dai) va Ddng (Trung Hoa va cac nen van minh ve tinh) Song song vdi eon dudng td lua da't Hen tU nhiing the ky dau Cdng nguyen, dUdng td lua tren bien ciing cang trd nen nhdn nhip tU khoang the ky VII ve sau, dUa den sU hUng thinh cua nhieu trung tam thUdng mai Idn d Dia Trung Hai, Hac Hai, Hdng Hai, An Dp DUdng, Bien Ddng (24) Su hien dien ciia ca hai mang ludi thUdng mai da't lien (Trung A) va trdn bien (An Dp Dudng) ket ndi cac trung tam kinh te thUdng mai the gidi cac the ky XIII va ntta ddu the ky XIV cho phep nghi den mdt he thd'ng thUdng mai thd gidi lien hoan ciia thdi tien can dai (25) Tuy nhien, tU giOa the ky XIV, he thd'ng thuong mai the gidi cd nhiing bien ddng manh Viec ngUdi Mdng Cd banh trudng va kidm soat viing Trung A khien cho ciia ngd thUdng mai Ddng - Tay qua da't lien dan chuydn dich tii khu vUc mie'n Blc (Constantinope) xud'ng mien Trung (Levant) va mien Nam (Alexandria-Cairo qua Hdng Hai) cac tuye'n thUdng mai qua ban dao A Rap va mie'n Blc An Do ciing bi gian doan, nha't la ngudi Mdng Co nd lUc thd'ng nha't lanh thd va chinh tri mien Trung A niia eudi the ky XTV Hien thUc lich sii dd khien trieu Minh d Trung Qud'c khdng the banh trudng thUOng mai ve hudng tay nen ddn siic cho cac hoat dpng xam Ian Dai Viet va banh trUdng hang hai xud'ng cde viing bien Ddng Nam A va An Dd DUdng nhiing thap nien dau ciia the ky XV That bai d Dai Viet (1428), tinh hinh kinh te am dam (sup dd eiia he thd'ng tien gia'y, lam phat cao) va nhiing mdi de dpa lanh thd tU phUdng Blc cung vdi nan cudp bien dua den viec trieu Minh ddng eiia dat, nudc de giai quyet cac va'n de npi tai Cd y kien cho r i n g thUdng mai Trung Qud'c dat den dp cUc thinh vao thdi Nguyen hai mien Nam (cang thi xud'ng An Dp Dudng) va Bac (budn ban qua sa mac Trung A) dUdc hoan toan thd'ng nha't "Mpt ca hai tuyen dudng ndi he thd'ng the gidi dUde khai md thi Trung Qude hUng thinh; chiing bi gian doan thi Trung Qud'c suy thoai va, cung vdi Trung Qud'c, phin cdn lai ciia he thd'ng the' gidi ciing bi anh hudng" (26) Trong bdi canh sU suy thoai ciia Trung A va Trung Qud'c cung nhu hien thUc viing mien nam An Dp xa rdi 10 trpng tdm hai thUdng n^a cudi the ky XV, Hdng Hai trd tuye'n thUdng mai quan trpng nha't ket ndi hai the' gidi Tay Ddng cho den trUdc ngudi Bd Dao Nha tien sang mien Ddng An cudi the ky XV dau the ky XVI Tren phUdng dien tinh "he thd'ng" eiia thUdng mai the gidi trudc the ky XVI, "da trung tam" la luan thuyet dUde gidi nghien Cliu ddng thuan Tuy nhien, thupe tinh "da trung tam" ciing dUdc hieu theo nhi§"u gdc dd ly thuyet khae nhau, dd xu hudng cpng sinh (khdng quy dinh lln ca san xua't va trao doi) tren cd sd cua canh tranh va hpi nhap dUde eac the lUc thUdng mai lUa chpn Trong Immanuel Wallerstein nhd'n manh den tinh thii bae ciia cac he thd'ng san xua't khae nhU tU bdn (Tay Blc chau Auj, bdn phong kien (Trung va Nam chau Au) va tien tii bdn (cac viing khac) (27), AbuLughod chiing minh sU tdn tai ddng thdi cua nhieu vung trung tam, ban ngoai vi va ngoai vi d nhieu ndi tren the gidi cac the ky trudc ngUdi phUdng Tay banh trUdng the gidi: viing trung tam A Rap - Ba Tu; viing trung tam dieu phdi eua de che Mdng Co (nha't la Mong Co hdp lien vdi Trung Qude the ky XIII); vung trung tam kinh te-thUdng mai Tay Au; chua ke den cac dd ehe thU ca'p nhu Hdi quoc Delhi hay cac xa hdi thuong nghiep mien Nam An va Ddng Nam A (28) TU thudc tinh "he thdng" va "da trung tam" ke tren, khdng kho de khai quat nhiing ca'p dp phat trien tUdng ddi tUdng ddng giiia mpt sd tieu vung kinh te thUdng mai ddng tdn tai giai doan trUdc 1500 Nhiing nghien cUu so sanh cho tha'y, cac the ky XII-XIV, nen thii cdng nghiep vai sdi d Kanchipuram (thu phu ciia vUdng qud'c Pallavas d mien Ddng An Dp) khdng khac gi nganh vai sdi d xU Flander (Bi); ddi thUdng thuyen hoat ddng h Trung Hghien ciru Lich silir so 11.2014 Qud'c va qud'c gia-thanh thi Venice (Y) deu cd phan ddng gdp ciia gidi cam quyen va de dang dUdc trung dung cho eae hoat ddng quan phUdng tii thUdng mai chinh thiie den trieu cd'ng, bang giao, tuan tieu; viec quan ly hoat ddng ngoai thUdng, nha't la tai cac khu viic budn ban trpng ye'u, ludn dUdc td chUc theo mot md thUc vi md tUdng doi ddng dang NhU vay, xet tren binh dien rdng Idn hdn, ed the nghi den "mpt nhdm cac he thd'ng kinh te ciing tdn tai the ky XIII - tu "can" tU ban tu nhan (du duoc trd giiip bdi cac the luc nha nUdc) den 'can' san xua't nha nudc (du duoc hd trd die lUc bdi tang Idp thUdng nhan tU dd)" (29) TU quan diem van ddng va phat trien lich sii, he thd'ng thUdng mai thd gidi trU6c nam 1500 ciing can duoc nhin nhan mpt each khach quan xem xet sU phat trie'n ciia cac trung tam kinh te - thUdng mai ngoai Tay Au Nhieu phat minh ve ky thuat hang hai, ky nghe kinh doanh, phat kie'n dia ly diln niia dau thien nien ky thU hai tai cac trung tam kinh te va thUdng mai phUdng Ddng Chang han, thUdng nhan Y chi biet den tin phieu giao dieh vao the ky XIV, tif hang the ky trUdc dd, cac nha buon A Rap tai cac trung tam thUdng mai Baghdad, Fustat, Cairo da sii dung suftajas (tin phieu thUdng mai) (30) Tren phUdng dien ky thuat di bien, nhUng cai tien tren tau buon caravel cua chau Au ra't dang ghi nhan, nhien, chiing vdn thua xa cac dpi tau budn eua thUdng nhan A Rdp hay cac ham dpi ciia Do ddc Trinh Hda diu the ky XV, Philip Curtain khdng ngan ngai cho r i n g phai den phat minh tau hdi nUdc nhd cupc each mang cdng nghiep, ngUdi chau Au mdi CO the la'n ludt cac dan tdc phUdng Ddng (31) TUdng tu, cac phat kien dia ly cua ngudi Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha cudi the ky XVI thuc su lam thay ddi dien mao hg thd'ng the gidi Tuy nhien, khdng khd de nhan r i n g nhiing ngUdi Iberia khdng phai la nhUng ngudi dau tien kham pha chau My hay Hao Vpng Giae Tii nhieu the ky trudc dd, thUdng nhan A Rap da nhieu lan vugt qua cUc Nam chau Phi va bp len lue dia ehau My (tUdng tu nhU ngudi Viking den Blc My trUdc dd) Dieu khac biet can ban cac phat kie'n dia ly la thai dp cua eac dan toe dUdc dat cac bdi eanh lich sii cu the TrUdc nam 1500, ngUdi Hdi giao da khd'ng che hoan toan ngudn hang qua sUdn Ddng Dia Trung Hai nen hp khdng cdn thiet phai phat trien tuye'n dUdng vdng qua Hao Vpng Giac Trai lai, ngUdi Iberia (tUdng tu nhu ngudi Genoa cudi the ky XIII) khao khat md canh ciia sang phUdng Ddng de bUt pha khdi sU ddc quyen chi phdl eiia ngUdi Hdi giao Abu-Lughod hoan tdan cd ly khuyen cao "khdng the cd mpt each giai thich ddn gian va ap dat ve sU hUng khdi eiia chau Au sau nay, Cac giai thich tap trung vao cac khia canh dac biet ciia xa hpi chau Au nhu ky thuat, van hda, tam ly, tham chi la kinh te deu khdng diy dii bdi chting thudng cd xu thd gat bo di nhUng thay ddi mang tinh nen canh cua eae hd thd'ng tien nhiem" (32) Cudi ciing, nen kinh te - thUdng mai the gidi trUdc nam 1500 bi chi phdl manh bdi cac va'n dd mang tinh toan cau, cd the nhac den khia canh sinh thai va dich hdnh .Tren phUdng dien sinh thai nhan van, mpt dai tuye'n hau a'm ndng hd trd cho nen kinh te lien luc dia Au - A khoang giai doan 950 - 1200 (dac bidt d khu vUc chau Au thdi ky 1150-1300), trUdc nhiet dp sut giam manh cac the ky XIV-XVI va day vung lien luc dia vao thdi ky "tieu bang ha" eac the ky XVII ve sau (33) Theo do, tU khoang ddu thd ky XIV, nhiet dp sut giam manh tai nhidu viing khac tren the gidi khien miia vu bi thu ngan, sau bdnh gia tang nen san lUdng ndng nghiep sut giam tram trpng Chang han, sU bien ddng thdi tiet dua den nhiing mua mUa trien mien va he qua la nhUng tran ddi quy md Idn d chau Au cac nam 1315, 1316 O phUdng Ddng, mien Trung nguyen va mien Bac Trung Qud'c (tUdng tu nhU d Blc My) ciing hUng chiu nhiing mua ddng gia ret khien lUdng lUdng thue sut giam nghiem trpng (34) Bien ddng sinh thai cd le khdng ngau nhien trimg lap vdi cac ehu ky hUng thinh va suy thoai ciia sU phat trien kinh te' va mdt khia eanh hep hdn la nen thUdng mai the' gidi thdi ky Tudng tu nhu va'n de sinh thai, dich benh cung trd han thii bieu ciia nen thUdng mai the gidi tien can dai Lich sii nhan loai da trai qua nhiing tham hoa tan khd'c va dai dich "Hlc tii" (eai chdt den) dupc coi la su tan pha khiing khiep ddi vdi biic tranh lich sii nhan loai the ky XIV, dd nhUng gam mau ciia mang hpa tiet ve nen thUdng mai the gidi da hi bien di manh sau tham hpa dich hach ndi tren, Bi lay lan tU mien Nam Trung Qud'c k h i p mien Can Ddng va Tay Au thdng qua cac neo dudng thUdng mai Ddng - Tay va vd ngUa chinh phat cua ngUdi Mdng Co, dai dieh "Hie tii" triet cdc trung tam kinh te thUdng mai noi tie'ng liic (Flander, Paris, Constantinope, Venice, Genoa, Florence, Cairo ); dan so' sut giam hdn 50% d nhieu ndi chi sau mdt vai nam dai dich hoanh hanh (35) Khdng khd de nhan tha'y cau triic thuong mai thd gidi hi khuc xa dang ke sau nhflng bien ddng mang tinh he thd'ng toan cau ndi tren: thien tai va dich benh khien ngudn nhan lUc suy giam, nen kinh te san xua't bi dinh tre keo theo nen thUdng mai dinh ddn, thang dU giam va hau qua tat yeu la su suy tan va sup ciia nhieu trung Hghien CUTJ Ljch si^ so 11.2014 12 tam thUdng mai (Flander, Constantinope, Genoa, Levant, Baghdad, Samarkand, Damacus) Trong sU bien dpng mang tinh hd tho'ng dd, nhiing nhan td' mdi (Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha) da hinh de vUa ke thUa, vUa tiing budc pha vd hd thdng thd gidi cii (Venice, Cairo) Va, ba't luan hp cd ddn thuan la nhiing "ke nha giau mdi ndi"(36) trdn cd sd ciia mpt hd thd'ng thd gidi da dUdc van hanh tii hang nghin nSm trudc, nhUng ngUdi Iberia (cung nhu cac cdng ddng ngUdi Tay Au khac ve sau) vin thUc sU la nhiing nhan td' mdi cho mot he thdng thUdng mai thd gidi can dai se dUde xac lap tUng budc cac the ky XVI-XVIII CHU THICH (*) Cam On GS.TS Luise Schorn-Schiuette (Alexander von Humboldt Suftung Goethe Asiatic Trade, [Indonesian 1620-1740, Universitat Frankfurt am Main) hS trd hoan Social chuyenluan Steengaard (The Asian (**), Nghien cUu duac tai tra boi Quy phdt trien Khoa hpc va Cdng (NAFOSTED) de tdi md so nghe Quo'c gia r/3.2-2011.02 (1), Philip D, Curtain, Cross-Cultural Trade in and Seventeenth (Reorient: 1983); Century: The East India (Asian Press, 1984) p 136 qua mQi Hao Vong cung nhU nhieu fa^ng chiing History, Meilink-Roelofsz Influence Van Leur Trade Revolution of the Caravan 1500 (2) Janet L, Abu-Lughod cho r3ng tif thdi Economic and the Decline World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University- trung dai cac thiiy thii A Rap da biet ro dUOng 1958); Trade and Society: Essays in Asian Trade in the Indonesian and about Global Companies Trade, and 1973); European Archipelago between 1630, 1962); Gunder Economy Niels of the Frank in the Asian Age, 1998);.,, (4), Theo Abu-Lughod (Before European Hegemoney), den khoang the ky XIII, he thong the cho tha'y luc dia chau My da mot so' l l n dUdc thuy gidi A-Phi-Au la sU hdp t h a n h cua nhom tieu he thu va thadng nhan vung Can Dong viidt Dgi Tay thong tren cd s5 t r u n g t a m kinh te - thUdng mai Dudng ghe tham Tuy nhiSn, vi thijdng nhan vung trai dai tir Dong sang Tay c a n Dong khong can dg'n cac tuyen thUdng mai (5) Xem, chang han; Himanshu Prabha Ray, long vong nen khong phat trie'n gi them, bcfi "Early Maritime Contacts between ho da nam tay quyen dieu phoi tuyS'n ducing Southeast Asian", Journal qua su6n dong Dia Trung Hai ngln hdn r a i Studies, Vol XX, No 1, 1999 pp 42-54 South and of Southeast Asian nhieu , NgUdi Tay Au dong gop quan (6) Trong so ra't nhieu chuyen luan va chuyen tim va khai thac cac tuyen diidng qua Dai Tay khao vi&'t ve va'n de nay, co t h i xem tii: Nandana Dudng va Hao Vong Giac Mac dii vay, "cac chuyen Chutiwongs et al Ancient bien mang tinh quyet dinh doi v6i thUdng mai the Contacts in Southeast gidi can dai khong nSm d ch6 ngubi Bo Dao Nha the National Culture Commission, 1996); Kenneth Trade and Cultural Asia (Bangkok: The Office of gianh dildc "Cuu the gidi" ma d cho ngUdi Tay Ban R Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development m Nha sat nhap dUdc 'Tan The gi6i" Xem: Janet L Early Abu-Lughod, Before European Hawaii Press 1985), Hegemoney The World System A.D 1250-1350 (New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p 363 (3) Trong so r a i nhig'u tac gia cua trUcJng phai Southeast Asia (Honolulu: University of (7) Da CO nhieu cuoc tranh luan nhilu chuyen khao ve vi tri, vai tro ciia phUdng Dong doi v6i sU phat trien cua thUdng mai Tay Au trung dai "xet Igi", ngoai Philip Curtain va Janet L, Abu- Trong so' cac tac pham dang l a u S, c6 t h i xem' Lughod CO the ke den Kristof Glamann {Dutch- Frank, Reorient va Kirti Narayan Chaudhuri, Asia before Europe: Economy Indian Ocean from and Civilisation the Rise of Islam of the to 1750 khien hp khong can tham gia Hoi chd ma co the ngoi tai cho thiic hifin giao dich qua trung gian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), (12), Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the (8) Trong so ra't nhieu cac cong trinh thao luSn World (New York: Harper&Row, 1984), p 107, ve va'n de nay, co the xem cuo'n chuyen khao ciia Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemoney Theo (13), Robert Revolution of S, Lopez, the Middle The Commercial 950-1350 Ages quan dig'm ciia Abu-Lughod he thong the gi6i A- (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1976), p Phi-Au den the ky XHI n i m nhom tieu he 99- tho'ng chinh dUdc kg't noi bdi trung tam hen hoan (14) Jonathan Shepard, "Cross-purposes: trai dai tii Dong sang Tay: tieu vung hoi chd sam- Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade," in panh va thii cong nghiep Flanders; cac thi- Jonathan Phillips (eds) The First Crusade quoc gia thUdng mai Genoa Venice; mien trung va and Impact (Manchester University Press, 1997), bac Cgn Dong; vung thUdng mai Dong-Tay qua pp 107-129 ban dao A Rap, tuye'n thUdng mai Hong Hai (dong (16), Xem them tii: David Origins Jacob, bac chau Phi); vung Dong Phi qua vinh Ba Tu den Constantinope: City on the Golden Horn (American Tay An Do; viing Dong An Do qua vinh Bengal den Heritage Publishing Co , Inc., 1969), Malacca; tuyen thifdng mai Malacca qua Bien Dong len Dong Bac A (17) Xem them til: Solomon Goitein, "From Aden to India: Specimens of the Correspondence of Nhieu quan diem va luan giai chuyen India Traders of the Twelfth Century", Journal of luan chiu a n h hudng sau s i c tii quan diem the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol tdng the ciia Abu-Lughod va mot chiing mUc XXII, pp, 43-66 nao la quan diem ciia Philip D Curtain va Gunder Frank (18), Pierre Chanu, European Expansion Later (9), Gino Luzzatto, An Economic Italia from the Fall of the Roman History of Middle Ages (North Holland in the Publishing Company 1979) p 58, Empire to the (19) Tai heu ghi lai rSng, vao nam 1291, anh (London, 1961), pp em thUdng nhan Genoa la Ugolino va Vadino 137-167 (chapter 8: "The Waning of the Middle Vivaldi da cho dong thuyen men theo bb bien sUdn Ages") tay chau Phi de tim dUdng sang An Dp Chuyen Beginning of the 16"' Century (10), (15), (23), (25), (26), (32) Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemoney, pp 78-98, 70, 313, tham hiem khong cong va n6 lUc ciia ngiidi y cung cd ban gac iai cho den ngUdi Bo Dao Nha cong vao cuoi the ky XV Xem them til: 347, 358, 353-363 (11) Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the Eugene Hugh Byrne, Genoese Shipping World (New York: Harper&Row, 1984), H- H I Twelfth Abu-Lughod (Before European Medieval Academy of America, 1930) Hegemoney, p 70) and Thirteenth Centuries in tlie (Cambridge; cho r a n g nhiing nguyen n h a n chinh sau day co the (20) Trong so ra't nhieu nhCing cong trinh tieu da tac dong den quy mo ciia cac Hpi chd Sam-panh: bis'u ve hai thUOng chau A thSi k^ s6m, co the xem tac dong chinh tri den hoat dpng thUdng mai; sU cong trinh ciia Hall, Maritime thong nha't vdi Phap: thadng nhan Y phat trien Development Trade and State in Early Southeast Asia Co the xem thUdng mai Dai Tay DUdng nh6 ky thuat hang them hai tien bp hdn; Dai dich "Hac tii" tan pha chau Noburu, "Hoat dong thUdng mai ciia An Dp cl Dong mpt so' bai viet tieng Viet: Karashima Au: Y cang it le thupe vao viing Flander nhd Nam A thdi cd trung dat" Tap chi Nghien cu'u Lich c6 nen thii cdng nghiep phat trien nhanh; thay ddi SI?, 3-1995, t i 67-81; Hoang Anh Tuan, "Cu Lao phUdng thiic kinh doanh ciia thKdng nhan Y Cham va hoat dpng thUdng mai bien Dong thdi 14 Vuong quo'c Champa", Mpt chang dUdng nghien (27), cHu lich sii, Nxb Chinh tri Quo'c gia Ha Npi, 2000, World-System tr 123-134, the Origins of the European (21), Ashin das Gupta, Malabar Trade, 1740-1800 (Cambridge: in Asian Cambridge Immanuel Sixteenth Century) The Modern Agriculture and World-Economy in the (New York-London Academic Press, 1974) (28), University Press, 1967), p (22) Das Gupta cho rang ngiitfi Bo Dao Nha Wallerstein, (Vol 1: Capitalist (29) Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemoney pp 355, 364-365 Xem them tii' Frank ra't quan nhUng khong phai b6i hp bao lilc Perlin, ma bSi ho khac biet Ho mang sang phUOng Dong Category, Sign and Identity; Unbroken mot mo thiic kinh doanh mdi, rat khac biet so v6i Myth and Knowledge from 1500 (United Kingdom: nen mau dich chau A liic Dii ngUcJi Bo Dao Variorum, 1994) phan phoi phd bien chau A, ho v i n co mot sU Jewish khac biet dang ke Nhieu thUdng nhan A Rap Portrayed liic ke't toi ngUdi Bo Dao Nha la cudp bien chii (1967), pp 243-245 Communities of by the Documents the A Xin xem chi tiet tii- Das Gupta, Malabar in Asian Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p 284 ('The Global Environmental History (34) Brian Fagan, The Little Opening "f Southeast Asia, Hunterer eds., Economic Press, 1992), pp, 4-5 Interaction in Southeast Prehistory and Asia Ethnography, Social Perspective University Ice Age: How Books, 2000), pp 48-49; John K Fairbank, China: A New History and (Chichester: Climate Made History 1300-850 (New York: Basic Trading Pattern through the Centuries", in Karl Exchange Trade in World (33) Anthony N, Penna, The Human Footprint: thadng mai r5't phiic hpp cac vung bien chau A Whitmore World as of the Cairo Geniza History, p 136, tiing biific diing len mot he tho'ng ciiSng bach (24), Ve da6ng td lua tren biln, John K, Society The Arab (31) Curtain, Cross-Cultural khong phai thadng nhan Nhan dinh ciia ngiidi A Trade, pp, 8-9, Commodity, Their Production as (30) S,D Goitein, A Mediteranean Nha khong the thay ddi he thd'ng san xuat va Rap dUdc chiing minh ngUdi Bo Dao Nha Lanbdscape (Harvard- Harvard University from (35), Chang han, vao nam 1331 dich hach of tan pha mien Dong Bac Trung Quo'c, 90% dan s6 Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, td vong; hai nam sau dan so vung lUu DVdng No, 13, 1977, pp, 139-153) viet- "Vai dinh cao hang Tii va Hoai Giang giam khoang 400,000 ngdbi vi thinh ciia de che La Ma d phiiOng Tay, de che Han dai dich Nam 1347, dai dich "Hac td" tran d&'n d phadng D6ng va sU phat triln thadng mai ciia Ai c a p (c6 le tir vung Hac Hal, theo thuyen buon An Do, tuyen thadng mai quoc te tii van h a n h ngUdi Y tham nhap vao), tan pha Cairo va cac thong qua mpt so cac tuye'n ke't noi, qua Dong Nam vilng lan can.,, khien cho khoang 200.000 ngacfi A len Trung Quoc Xuat phat tH Dia Trung Hai, (40% dan so' Cairo liic do) chet vong vai nam tuye'n dUdng vUdn den sUdn tay ti^u luc dia An C6 the xem them tir: Fehpe Fernandez-Armesto, Dp, vong qua sufin dong de vUdt qua Vinh Bengal Civilizations: Culture, di sang ban dao Ma Lai Tam quan trpng ve Transformation of Nature Ambition and the (New York- Simon & thadng mai ciia Dong Nam A th&i ky dUdc the Schuster, 2001); William H McNeill, Plagues and hien ci vi the ke't noi hai d^u ciia tuyen hang hai Peoples (New York: Doubleday, 1976) quoc te den Trung Quo'c" (36) Chii diing ciia Abu-Lughod,