CflC THiraNG C^NG VUNG NGHl - TINH Vfl GIflO THCraNG KHd VCTC THE KY XI-XIV NGUYEN VAN K I M ' S au phue hiing diipc ngn dfic l^p dan tfic vdo the ky X, vdi B\^ X&C l^p quyi'n lUc cua vufdng tri^u LJ (1009-1225) va trieu Trfin (1226-1400), Dai Vidt da mau chdng viidn len thdnh mdt qudc gia cUdng thinh d khu vuc Ddng Nam A Nam vi tri trpng y^u h§ thdng giao lUu, thUdng mai Dfing A, chi'nh quyd'n Th&ng Long da chu dpng du nhap vko nhi^u hoat dpng cua he tho'ng giao thUdng khu v\fc Cung vdi ndng nghiep, thti cong nghi$p va cac ngSnh khai thdc, thUdng nghiep da sdm dUdc coi la n g i n h kinh tl^ quan trpng, hdp sdc manh qudc gia Trong budi ddu tham gia vdo hd thSng giao thUdng chSu A, vdi vai trd dieu phoi cua kinh Thang Long, cdng vdi cac Bgc dich triidng, ehp dUdng biln trai dpc vdng bien gidi phia Bac va trung tam kinh tl' doi ngoai cl vung biin dao Ddng B4C (ma trpng tam \k thUdng cang Van Don) (1), cac cang ven biln Bac Trung Bd utng ddng vai trd quan trpng viec ndi ket cac hoat dpng giao thUdng khu vUc Dong A Hoat ddng cua cac thUdng cang, tuyS^n giao thUdng tren vdng da't nky da thuc day mdi giao lUu kinh t^, khai thdc tidm ndng giiia cdc khdng gian kinh t^, giiia biln va luc dia, giQa Dai Vidt vdi Champa, Ai Lao, Chan Lap ciing nhU mfit s6 qufi'c gia khac khu vyc Vdi D^i Viet, vdng Nghi An - Ha Tinh dupc coi \k phen dau, dia ban chil'n lUdc h§ thdng bao v$ da't nUdc vk Kinh dd Thdng Long, Dya t r i n nhulng nguon tU Ii$u nUdc, qudc te kl't hdp vdi vi^c khai thac c^c k^t qua nghiin cCfu khao c^ hpc vd khao sat thiic te, bai viSt cd gang phac dUng leti didn mao, lam ro vai trd, tfim quan trpng cua cac thUdng cang Nghe - Tinh hd thdng giao thUdng khu viic Bai vil^t cung se tap trung phan tich nguydn nh§n, dpng lUc dfin d^n sg hUng thinh cua v^ng Nghe - T^nh ddng thdi trinh bay mdt sd nh^n thdc mdi vg ckc thUdng cang Bac Trung Bfi, ca'u true ciing nhu cac mdi bang giao, giao lUu kinh te gifla vung Ngh§ - 'Hnh, mdt trung tam kinh tl" doi ngoEii quan trpng b phUdng Nam cua nUdc ta, vdi cac qudc gia khu vUc t h ^ k y XI-XIV (2) Vi thS" va suT htAig khdi cua mpt vung kinh t& Sau khang chil'n chd'ng Minh (14071427) th^ng ldi, vdi tfim nhin cua mot nha van hda dong thdi la nha chil'n lUdc qudn stt, tii Kinh dd Thfing Long, Nguyen Trai (1380-1442) da nghi suy vg vi thg, vai trd cua Thfing Long ttt trfi'n vfi cac viing bien vien Trong tU chien liJpc cua dng, vdng Ngh§ - H n h "la p h i n dau thii ba ci phUdng • PGS.TS Tnidng Dai hpc KHXH&NV - Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Rghian eOru J^jcn su no i^.^w.,B Nam" (3) Doi theo nhQng bi^n thiin cua lich stt, tfic gia Dt/ dia chi vigt: "Ngh§ An xQa la b§ Hodi Hoan, sau d^i lfim qu^n Nhat Nam, lai gpi lfi Hoan Chau; thdi Dinh vfi thdi L l la tr^i, thdi L^ d6i gpi lfi Ngh$ An Ddng vfi bfic gidp Hai Nam, Thanh Hda, t i y va nam giap Thu$n Hda, Ai Lao Cd Id phu, 25 thupc huy^n, chfiu, 479 xa" (4) Theo dd, td Hoan chfiu thdi Dinh, Le dgn chfiu Nghg An thoi Lf Thfii Tdng (1030), 16 Diln Chfiu, trfi'n Nghd An thdi Trfin, thiia tuyin Nghd An thdi L l sd (1428-1527) Vdng dfi't dd da bao gdm dia gidi cd ban cua hai tinh Nghg An vfi Hfi Tinh Dd lfi mdt vdng dfi't c^, cd chigu sfiu vfin hda, lfi ndi hdi giao giQa Van hda Ddng Son vdi Van hda Sa Hu^nh, Chfimpa vfi tQ the ky X trd di, la giQa vfin hda Dai Vidt vdi cac nen vfin hda khfic khu vUc (5) Vfio thdi Ly - Trfin (1009-1400), mfic dQ cd nhGng bign ddng ve khdng gian lanh thd nhUng Dign Chau - Hoan Chfiu (Ngh$ An) ludn la mien biin vign, trpng tra'n phUOng Nam cua quo'c gia Dai Vidt (6) Trong thg doi diin, ddi thoai hang xuydn vdi cac qudc gia lang gigng khu vUc Nghi - Tinh Id dgi dien, ddng thdi Id tuyen ddu, dia ban chien lugc viec bdo vi an ninh; thii't lap, md rdng quan he vdi the gidi bin ngodi Vdi vi thg dd, nhigu thdi diem lich stt, Nghd - 'Hnh da phai dUdng dfiu trUc tiep vdi cac thg luc phUdng Bfic de chg mud'n lien ke't vdi Chfimpa, Chfin Lap de tao ngn fip lUc chfnh tri, qufin sU tU phia nara Dai Vilt Trong khoang the ky, Nghg "Hnh vQa lfi dia bfin tfch hpp nhieu mau thufin khu vuc vQa lfi ndi hdi tu nhQng nhan to'phfit triin mdi Vi thg, chinh quygn Thfing Long ludn danh sii quan tfim dfic bidt dd'i vdi vung dfi't nfiy Trong thg di l§n cua mot dan tdc tii cudng, Dai Viet chu trUdng Qng doi khoan hda vdi phUdng B^c nhiing ludn tU khfing djnh minh lfi m^t qud'c gia cUdng thinh cl phUdng Nam Trai qua n h i l u thg ky, cdng vdi vi^c khdng ngQng hoan thi§n bd mfiy chfnh trj, cung cd sQc manh cua chinh t h i qufin chu, h u n diic tinh thfin dfin tpc vfi J thUc van hda, tfing cUdng sQc m^nh kinh tg, chfnh quyin Thang Long da khdng ngQng md rdng tfim anh hudng dOi vdi, cfic qudc gia lang giing khu viic Chu trUdng dd dupc dfit hd'i canh phUdng Bfic cfic trilu dai nhU Tong (960-1279), Mdng Nguyin (1206-1368) d i u lfi cfic d l c h l ldn, Vdi phUdng Nam, cfic qud'c gia nhU Champa, Chan Lap, Ai Lao.,, cung dang d vfio thdi k^ cudrig thinh D l phfit triin, cfic qud'c gia nfiy cung mudn md rpng pham vi anh hudng, t h i i t Ifip cfic t u y i n thUdng mai, khai thfic tfii nguyen khu vttc, Nhu cfiu vl lanh thd, tfii nguyen cua cfic d l c h l vdng (regional empire) cung nhU de chg tilu vung (sub-regional empire) lfi rSft ldn (7) Vi thg', viec xac lap pham vi anh hudng, tign tdi lfim chu, khai thac cac ngudn ldi kinh t l tren mpt cUdng vUc lanh thd ngdy cfing rpng ldn lfi mdt nhQng muc tieu chu dao cua chinh quyen Thfing Long Dieu cd t h i thfi'y dupc la, xu thg xung dot va hdp tac ludn di§n tign xen cai moi quan hg giQa cfic qudc gia khu viic Vile xtt \f thfinh cdng hay khdng thfinh cdng cfic moi xung ddt, hpp tac dd la mdt nhQng nhfin td quan trpng, khfing dinh vi thg cua moi quo'c gia bSi canh chi'nh tri khu viic thdi bfi'y gid, Trgn phUdng di$n kinh te doi ngoai, Nghg - T^nh lfi ndi hdi lUu ciia cac tuyen giao thUdng tren dfi't liln va tren biln Thdi Ly • Trdn, ddng chdy kinh ti'cua Nghi Tinh khdng chi tii bac xud'ng md cbn cd tii phia nam lin, tii trin nui xud'ng vd tit bien v^ Sau nha Dudng (618-907) chinh thdc thigt lap, cClng vdi "Con dUdng to lua e6e thtfcfng cing yung Rgh6-Tinh tren da't h i n " (Mainland silk road), "Con dudng td lua t r i n biln" (Maritime silk road), khong chi dUpc md rpng mfi cdn cd nhilu sii khdi Vdi "Con dudng td lua tren bien", hoat ddng cua cfic thUdng nhfin khu vUc cfing mang tfnh qudc tg, Nhilu thuyin budn tQ cfic tinh phfa nam Trung Qudc nhu Quang Chfiu (Canton), Phue Kig'n (Fukien), Hai Nam (Hainan),., da tnic tiep den budn bfin vdi cfic thUdng cang viing biln Ddng Bfic, Bfic Trung Bd cua nUdc ta dl rdi tQ dd, theo dudng biln, nguIn hfing lai tigp tuc dupc lufin chuyen den Chfimpa, cfic qudc gia hai dao phUdng Nam hay theo cfic tuyen sdng, giao Id lin vung thUdng ngudn, den Ai Lao, Chan Lap Trong dd, vdi cfic qudc gia khu vUc, viec t h i i t lap mang lUdi giao thUdng t r i n dfi^t lien lai cd nhigu diln tien phdc tap Lfi mpt nhQng 16i thofit bien cua mang lUdi kinh tg Trung Hoa luc dia, sau gifinh dUdc ddc Ifip, chinh quyen Thfing Long mudn md rpng t h i m h i thdng giao thuong cua minh vfio sfiu cfic vung npi dia nhu mien tfiy Nghe An va tim dudng sang cao nguyen Korat (8) Tuy nhien, cac qud'c gia d phia Tay Nam vung Ddng Nam A bfin dao nhu Chfimpa, Chfin L^p, Ai Lao cung nuoi tham vpng md nhQng dudng tign v l phia Ddng ddng thdi khai thdng tuyin giao thuong tren biln d l k i t ndi tnic tigp vdi thi trUdng Trung Qudc, Vi thd, sudt thd ky, giQa cac qudc gia khu vUc da dien nhidu cudc xung ddt, chign tranh quy md ldn Tuy chiu nhilu td'n thfi't nhUng den khoang thg ky XII-XIII "Ngudi Khmer da tao dUng dupc mdt mang lUdi ndi dia bao gdm cao nguygn Korat, nhQng cao nguyen tren dfi't Campuchia, vQng ndi d vfi Trung Lfio, vdng phfa bfic ban dao Malacca, Dfiy lfi nhQng trung tam san xug^t lfim thd san Sau dd hfing hda dUdc t^p trung ve Angkor Tonlesap trd mdt cang quan trpng, Mang lUdi nfiy dUdc hinh thfinh vfio ntta dfiu thg ky XIII vfi ngn tang cua nd lfi nhQng cU dfin ndi tieng Khmer vdi tdn gifio hon hpp giQa An Dd gifio vfi Ph^t giao Dai thQa" (9) Phfin tfch moi lidn h$ gifla cfic trung tfim kinh td khu vUc Ddng Nam A ban dao, nhfi nghign cQu ngUdi My K.R Hall dfi rfi't cd IJ cho r4ng, D^i Vi$t da chu d^ng thigt Ifip tuygn budn bfin "xuyin luc dia" thdng qua cac cang vdng Nghd - t i n h lln Nam Lfio vfi vQng dfi't truydn thdng cua Lyc Chan Lap Dua vfio ngudn tU liiu khai thfic dUdc cl Phum Mien, K.R.Hall cho r^ng, vfio cudi thg ky X, tQ Ngh$ An, thUdng nhfin Dai Viet da qua Hfi Trai d day Khai TrUdng (mfi An Nam chi nguyin gpi lfi nui Khai Mdn - cd the lfi ctia khfiu Cfiu Treo hidn nay) theo dUdng sdng Mekong xudng Bfin That dl di vfio Kinh Angkor cua Chfin Lap Cfic ho^t dpng giao thUdng dd da bao dam ngudn cung cfi'p hfing hda cho Chan Lap va vQng chau thd Mekong Dilu dd cung cd nghla rfing, vi thd kinh te, chinh tri cOia Champa bi de dpa nghiem trpng (10) Trong boi canh dd, Champa vQa t h / b i l n minh nhU mpt cUdng qudc khu vUc, vQa mudn dUa vfio uy liic cua Trung Hoa d l kh^ng dinh vi thg, tim kigm cfic lpi ich chfnh tri, kinh te vQa theo dudi mdt chu trUOng ddi ngoai nhieu mfit vdi cfic nudc lfing gieng Ddng Nam A (11) Hilu rd tfim quan trpng cua Nghd "nnh, sudt thg ky XI-XII, nhfi Ly da td chdc nhigu cudc hfinh binh vfio Dien Chfiu, Hoan Chau d l tr^n fip cfic cupc noi dfiy, xac Ifip quygn lyc cua chfnh quyin trung Udng (12) Thang nam 1036, vua Ly Thfii Tdng (cq: 1028-1054) da cho dUng hfinh cung Hoan Chau nhfin dd doi t i n lfi chfiu Nghe An (13) Thfing chap nfim 1101, vua L;^ Nhfin Tdng (cq: 1072-1128) lai tiep tuc Rghien curu Ii|eh stf so iz.aUiii nfing Hoan Chfiu l&n thfinh phu Ngh$ An (14) Thttc td, hilm cd vClng ddt nfio mfi nhQng ngudi dQng dfiu chfnh quyin trung Udng l^i dfinh nhilu si^ quan tfim ddn nhU v8iy Trong sudt thdi Lf vfi thdi Trfin, trilu dinh Thfing Long dfi ctt nhilu qu^ t^c cao cfi'p, vo tudng tfii danh din tn;tc tilp cai quan, bao dam an ninh vdng Hoan, Diln (15) NhQng ngUdi cd cdng vi§c xfiy dyng, phfit triin vQng bien viln phUdng Nam, l$p dupc cdng tfch vi§c ngfin ch$n sy xfim Ifi'n cua Chfimpa, Chfin Lap diu dupc ban thudng ldn (16), Cfic vua hf, Trfin cung nhilu Ifin thfin v l kinh dinh vQng dfi't nfiy nQa, ndu nhU Ngh$ - Tinh lfi dilm hdi nhfip thidt y l u cua Chfin Lap khu viic Biln Ddng (d§c bi$t lfi mjgn Bfic Lfio vfi Thai Lan ngfiy nay), thi thUdng nhfin Trung Qudc ddn Ngh$ - "Hnh budn bfin khdng chi vdi D^i Vi§t mfi cdn vdi ca Chfimpa vfi Chfin L^p Gia djnh nfiy ndu lfi chfnh xfic B6 gdp phfin giai thfch vi cfic vua Khmer dfi ctt phfii bd sang D^i Vi^t thuiing xuyin hdn (19 Ifin) dd chi dgn nha Tdng Ifin" (18), La vQng dfiTt giau tai nguyin, chUa cd nhilu 81^ khai pha, vi§c tfip trung cfic thuyin budn Trung Hoa d i n Nghd • Hnh cung la nhfin td cudn hiit cfic dofin thUdng Trdn phUdng di$n kinh t l , sau dii thuyin, thUdng nhfin Ddng Nam A, Tfiy Hoan Chfiu thfinh chfiu Nghd An, nfim Nam A ddn tu v l cfic thUdng cang Diln 1037, tQc 28 nfim sau trilu Lf dUpc Chfiu, Hoan Chfiu Cung cfin phai ndi them thidt lap, vua Ly Thfii Tdng da "Xudng rfing, vi nhilu nguydn nhfin, sU dich chieu cho chfiu Nghd An dUng cac kho d chuyin trung tfim chfnh tri tQ cd dd Hoa Lu chfiu nhU Tu Thfinh, Lpi Nhfin, Vinh (968-1009), mdt vQng kinh tg thinh dat cua budi dfiu ti^ chu, ve Thfing Long da dfin dgn Phong, ta't ca 50 sd" (17) Khao cCtu Viet s^ vile tfip trung cfic nguon liic cua ddt nUdc Iliac, An Nam chi liidc, Dgi Viit su" ky todn vg trung tam chfiu tho sdng Hdng Dd thu, chung ta thfi'y, khdng cd dia phUdng khdng phai lfi sU chuyen dich gian ddn, ddn nfio mfi chfnh quyIn trung Udng l^i cho tuydn mfi la sU thay ddi can ban v l quy mo di^tng nhilu kho chQa hfing hda va t h u l ddn va tinh ehfi't, Trong mdt tdm thd mdi nhu vfiy Dilu dang chii f lfi, phai den nam Thdng Long khdng chi ldm chu mat trung sau, tUc nfim 1038 nhfi vua mdi cho dUng tdm ndng nghiip ldn nhat md nguon lUc Kho ngU d Kinh dd Thang Long Mac du kinh te, tdi chinh cua dat ntidc cdn Viet SI? liige vfi Todn thii ludn ghi lai nhflng nhiiu hogt ddng kink te' khdc, cd thdng tin vg vile phat hien dUpc kim loai ngogi thuang dem lgi (19) Ndi each khac, quj, mo vfing, md bac, ngpc tran chfiu