English Sentence Analysis English Sentence Analysis An Introductory Course Marjolijn Verspoor and Kim Sauter University of Groningen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984 Design by Françoise Berserik Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Verspoor, Marjolijn English sentence analysis : an introductory course / Marjolijn Verspoor and Kim Sauter p cm English language Sentences English language-Syntax I Sauter, Kim II Title pe 1441.v47 2000 428.2 dc21 00-034227 isbn 978 90 272 2566 (Eur.) / 978 5519 661 (us) (alk paper) © 2000 – John Benjamins B.V 12 11 10 09 08 07 10 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, micro¼lm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher John Benjamins Publishing Company · P.O Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Installing the Practice Program The Practice Program CD-Rom runs on Windows 95/98/2000/NT/XP/Vista (and Windows 3.1, see CD-Rom for instructions) To start using the Practice Program, you must install it on your hard disk as follows: Click SETUP.EXE from the CD Rom-drive (usually Drive D) Click on Next on the page with the English Sentence Analysis logo Click on Next on the Welcome screen Read the licence agreement carefully; select I acccept the terms in the license agreement and click on Next Click on Next on the Support screen On the next screen, accept the folder in which the program is installed (The Practice Program is installed by default in the folder C:\HOLOGRAM.) warning If you must change the default directory avoid a long ¼le name, such as C:\PROGRAM FILES\HOLOGRAM It won’t work The program is now installed and has automatically added two icons to the Windows Start menu starting up Click Start on the Windows Start menu on the left-hand bottom of your screen Then point to Programs º Hologram º English Sentence Analysis Installing the Practice Program Enter your name to identify yourself to the Practice Program Your name can be no longer than 20 characters (If your teacher wants you to report results, be sure to use a name your instructor recognizes.) 10 Click Yes on the question Are you a new user? Keep using the same name every time you enter the program as the program saves your results under that name (If you want, though, you can enter a new name and start doing the exercises all over You can enter up to three di¬erent names.) hardware specifications Processor Intel 80486/66 MHz or better (Pentium 100 MHz or better recommended) Mb internal memory (16 Mb or more recommended) 20 Mb free disk space Graphic card with 16 colors or more Screen resolution of 800 600 pixels or more restrictions on use You are granted a limited, non-exclusive and non-transferable licence to use this CD-Rom on a single workstation You may print out selected data or copy it to a computer disk exclusively for your own personal use You may only copy the software in accordance with the installation procedures supplied (above), and you may not alter the software in any way By using this CD-Rom you accept the terms and conditions of the Licence Agreement no liability for consequential damages In no event shall the Copyright owner or its suppliers be liable for any damage whatsoever arising out of the use of or inability to use this product In any case, the Copyright owner’s entire liability under any provision of this agreement shall be limited to the amount actually paid by you for the software support For comments and queries, write to customer.services@benjamins.nl Make sure you put ESA in the subject line Website: http://www.benjamins.com/jbp/esa Installing the Practice Program Table of contents List of tables 12 Acknowledgements Introduction 13 14 Chapter Sentences: Communicative functions and typical patterns 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Introduction 16 Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentence patterns Participants, process, attributes, and setting 18 Subject, predicator, object, attribute, and adverbial 21 Typical sentence patterns 23 The running pattern (intransitive verbs) The being pattern (copula verbs) The doing/seeing pattern (monotransitive verbs) The giving/buying pattern (ditransitive verbs) The making/considering pattern (complex-transitive verbs) Same verb, di¬erent patterns English word order 30 Summary 31 Table of contents 24 25 28 26 26 27 16 Chapter Sentences: Simple, compound and complex 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Introduction 33 Sentences versus clauses Sentence types 35 34 Simple sentences 35 Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences 36 37 42 Phrases 44 Summary 45 Chapter Verbs I 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Introduction 46 Simple versus complex verb phrases 47 Lexical versus auxiliary verbs 48 Finite versus non-¼nite verb forms 48 Finite verb forms Non-¼nite verb forms Auxiliary verbs 49 50 53 Progressive be + present participle Perfect have + past participle Modals + (to) in¼nitives Passive be + past participle Do for questions, negation and emphasis Ordering of auxiliary verbs 54 54 55 57 One form, several senses: be, have and Summary 61 Table of contents 57 58 60 Chapter Verbs I I 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Introduction 64 Sub-types of lexical verbs Intransitive verbs Copula verbs Transitive verbs 65 65 65 Sub-types of transitive verbs Monotransitive verbs Ditransitive verbs Complex-transitive verbs 67 67 67 67 Direct object forms 69 Passive constructions 72 Ditransitive verbs and passive constructions Complex-transitive verbs and passive constructions Non-¼nite clauses and passive constructions Past participles as adjectives 73 73 74 77 Identifying type of lexical verbs in complex sentences Multi-word verbs 80 Summary 83 Chapter Word classes 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 64 Introduction 86 Nouns 88 Verbs 91 Adjectives 92 Adverbs 92 Pronouns 95 Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Table of contents 96 96 78 exercise 54 There is only one simple sentence Which one is it? (a) I don’t think so Analyze sentence (b) I don’t think I really saw all this, by ¼lling in the blanks There are two ýnite verbs, namely and saw, so we can conclude we have at least two clauses To see if we have a compound or complex sentence we have to ¼nd coordinators and subordinators There is no coordinate conjunction or correlative conjunction, but the word that is understood after the verb think The understood that is here a subordinator ; therefore, we know this clause is a dependent one, and the sentence is a complex one The dependent clause functions as direct object of the sentence I S:NP / P:VP (n’t A:AdvP) think P(cont) [I S:NP / really A:AdvP / saw P:VP / all this DO:NP] DO:FC Analyze sentence (c) Perhaps I saw my father carrying him and the other men following along, and the dogs, but I would not have been allowed to get close enough to see something like mud in his nostril by ¼lling in the blanks There are several clauses, some ¼nite and some non-¼nite For main clauses, the verb must always be ¼nite The ¼nite verbs in this sentence are saw and would There are quite a few non¼nite verbs like carrying and following, but we will ignore those for the time being as they are always part of a non-¼nite clause For now, we want to see if we have to with one ore more independent sentence parts To so, we have to ¼nd coordinators There are three of them They are and, and and but Only one of these, but, connects two independent sentence parts We can conclude we have a compound sentence and we have to analyze it as two separate sentences Part 1: Perhaps I saw my father carrying him and the other men following along, and the dogs The subject is I and the predicator is saw The next questions is ‘what’ did I see Actually, I saw three things: my father carrying him, the other men following him, and the dogs So this sentence has three direct objects The one sentence constituent we have not named yet is perhaps, which functions as adverbial 231 Key to the exercises Let’s look further at the direct objects Two of them are non-¼nite clauses, each of which can be analyzed at Level In the ¼rst non-¼nite clause, the subject is my father, realized by a noun phrase, the predicator is carrying, realized by a verb phrase, and the direct object is him, realized by a noun phrase The second non-¼nite clause has as it’s the other men, realized by a noun phrase, and the predicator is following along, which happens to be a phrasal verb The third direct object is realized by a noun phrase We have now ¼nished the analysis at clause levels of Part of this sentence Put the function and realization above each sentence and clause constituent in the next schema Level 1: Perhaps A:AdvP / I S:NP / saw P:VP / my father carrying him DO1:NFC /(and) / the other men following along, DO2:NFC / (and) / the dogs DO3:NP Level 2: my father S:NP / carrying P:VP / him DO:NP ; the other men S:NP / following along P:VP Part 2: but I would not have been allowed to get close enough to see something like mud in his nostril This sentence part has quite a few verbs, but there is only one ¼nite one, which is would We may safely assume that this sentence event though we are likely to ¼nd one or more non-¼nite clauses …… There are two ways we can answer this, both of which are correct: would have been allowed or would have been allowed to get, depending on whether we regard to be allowed as an auxiliary verb or a lexical verb For example, in a sentence like ‘I allowed John to go’ the verb allow is clearly a lexical verb, but in its very frequently used passive counterpart, He is allowed to go the whole phrase is allowed to could be substituted with the modal auxiliary may and therefore to be allowed to can be regarded as a semi-modal … Close enough to see something like mud in his nostril answers the question ‘where is he allowed to get.’ Therefore, we may conclude that this part functions as adverbial The main word (head) in this adverbial is close, which is an adverb, so the adverbial is realized as an adverb phrase But, close is followed by enough to see something like mud in his nostril The main part of this post modi¼er is the word enough, so the post modi¼er is realized by an adverb phrase The adverb enough is in turn post-modi¼ed by to see something like mud in his nostril, which is a non-¼nite clause In this clause, we have the verb phrase to see and a direct object something like mud in his nostril Finally, there is one word left in the sentence, namely but, which is a coordinate conjunction and does not have a function in the clause 232 Key to the exercises but / I S:NP / would P:VP / not A:AdvP / have been allowed to get (P cont.) / [close (enough (( to see P:VP / something like mud in his nostril DO:NFC) Post-mod:NFC) A:AdvP) A:AdvP] Analyze the two following sentences at sentence and clause levels, ¼rst into sentence constituents and then each dependent clause into clause constituents a b I S:NP / must have heard P:VP / someone talking about that DO:NP / and / imagined P:VP / that I saw it DO:FC someone S:NP / talking about P :VP / that DO:NP that / I S:NP / saw P:VP / it DO:NP I S:NP / see P:VP / his face unaltered except for the mud — Steve Gauley’s familiar, sharp-honed sneaky looking face — DO:NP / and / it S:NP / wouldn’t have been P:VP / like that SA:PP; / it S:NP / would have been bloated* P:VP / and / changed P:VP / and / perhaps A:AdvP / muddied P:VP / all over A:AdvP / after so many hours in the water A:PP * It could be argued that bloated, changed and muddied function as SA We opted for regarding it as part of the VP, because the phrase after so many nouns in the water highlights a ‘process’ rather than a ‘state’ 233 Key to the exercises Users’ Guide to the Practice Program Follow the Installation Instructions on pages and When you click on English Sentence Analysis, you will see the Menu Screen – Click on the Chapter Bar Program prepares a set of exercises for you 234 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program and the Practice After you have clicked on the Chapter Bar, you will see an exercise screen like the following: 10 11 12 13 14 note Check if the answer is correct or incorrect Provide correct answer Set of special symbols Go to Menu Screen 10 Theory module Go back to ¼rst exercise 11 Exit Go back one exercise 12 Instructions Go forward one exercise 13 Go to feedback Go to last exercise visited 14 Score bar Help menu If your screen is not complete, as the above, reset your screen resolution to 800 or higher (see Windows Help) 235 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program 600 Before you start answering the questions, you are advised to read what the Chapter is about in the Theory Module (see page 237) How to answer the exercise questions – – Read the instructions for the exercise Answer the question For multiple choice, click the appropriate more than one correct answer for one correct answer or for For drag and drop, click on the appropriate answer from the list on the right and hold down the left mouse button A pencil icon will pop up When the pencil is marked with a prohibition sign, drag it to the appropriate gap When the prohibition sign disappears, release the mouse button For ¼ll in the blank, click on the gap and type your answer To change your answer, click the gap again Use the delete and backspace buttons on your keyboard to erase words or letters and type a changed answer If there are more gaps in one exercise, press Enter on your keyboard to move to the next gap – Check whether your answer(s) is/are correct – Your answer is correct; click – Your answer is incorrect; click – for feedback or go to the next question for feedback Read the feedback (which appears on a screen like the following) If you need more detail, click on one of the underlined words to go to the Theory Module 236 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program – Answer the question again In most cases, you will get points if your second attempt is correct! – – If your answer is still incorrect, click for the target answer and feedback Repeat this procedure to complete a set of exercises (about 25 in total) – Exit the program at any time Your results are saved Using the Theory Module Two ways to get to the Theory Module: – Enter the Theory Module from an exercise page to get information about the exercise topic If you enter from the Chapter menu (see page 234), you get a general ideo of the contents of the Theory Module – Click on the underlined word in the Feedback Screen 237 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program You will see a Theory page like this 10 11 Main structure of the Theory Module Browse through pages Chapter titles Search for a speci¼c item Section titles Get overview of pages visited 10 Close Theory Module Go back to last page visited 11 Click on underlined word for more Browse through pages 238 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program Help detail Keeping track of your scores You can keep track of your scores while working on an exercise or by looking at the Chapter Menu At the bottom of the Exercise Screen you will see the Score Screen The top bar shows how many points you can earn with a question or exercise Remember that if your ¼rst answer is incorrect, you can still earn points with a correct second try! The second bar shows the current score in the unit of exercises you are working on The bottom bar shows how many questions you have already answered The number at the bottom right shows how many questions there are in the set you are working on To get a “pass” you must score at least 80% on each sub-topic in a set If you score below 80% on any of the sub-topics, a new set of questions will appear, focusing only on those topics you have not mastered yet Note that your overall score may be over 80% even if you have not received 80% on each separate topic If your score is still below 80% on the second try, another adapted set will be presented If you still score below 80% after about four runs of new exercises, the exercises are recycled, focusing again on your problem area(s) only Remember that the Practice Program saves your results, so you can quit at any time and when you open it again, you can start from where you left o¬ You can also keep track of your scores by looking at the Menu Screen (see page 234) by looking at the icons on the left of the Chapter Bar: you have not done any exercises in this unit, 239 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program you have not completed all exercises in this unit, you have done all the exercises, but your score on some topics is below 80%, and you have successfully completed all exercises in this unit For more detailed information about your progress in a chapter, click on one of these icons and a screen with “Set information” will pop up (see Help menu for more detail) The small rectangle with colored bars on the right side of the Chapter Bar is another score indicator A green top bar indicates that your score on any of the topics is 80% or higher; a yellow bar indicates your overall score is 80% or higher, but your score on at least one of the topics is below 80%, and a red bar indicates your overall score is below 80% The lower blue bar indicates the percentage of the exercises in this unit you have done Reporting to your tutor On paper To report your progress and scores, you can print out the Chapter Menu by clicking the Printer button at the bottom right of the Chapter Menu (see page 234) Your name will occur at the bottom right hand of the paper On disk – Open the Windows Explorer (Windows 95\98\NT) or File Manager (Windows 3.x) – Open the folder C:\Hologram\Modules\Results (If you have installed the Practice Program in a di¬erent folder, browse to this folder and open the subfolder \Modules\Results.) 240 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program – In this folder you will ¼nd the following nine ¼les: AVERAGE.DB and AVERAGE.PX SETS.DB , SETS.MB and SETS.PX ESA.DB , ESA.PX , ESA.XG0 and ESA.YG0 – Copy all and only these ¼les on disk Check the disk for viruses before handing it to your tutor The ¼les should ¼t on one 1.44 Mb disk If not, compress the ¼les by using a compression program like WinZip By email Copy the ¼les as above and compress them with WinZip or another compressions program (It is easier to attach one compressed ¼le instead of the separate ¼les.) Attach the compressed ¼le to the e-mail message and send it to your tutor For new information and FAQs go to http://www.benjamins.com/jbp/esa 241 Users’ Guide to the Practice Program Index -ed form 50 -ing form 50, 91, 156, 159 A a few 99 a great deal of 99 a great many 99 a lot of 99 abstract nouns 89 active sentence 57 active voice 57 actor 72 adjective 77, 183 adjective clause subordinator 105 adjective clauses 39, 152 adjective phrase 119, 120, 137, 183 adjectives 92 adverb 92, 94 adverb clause subordinator 106 adverb clauses 152 adverb in multi-word verb 81 adverb phrase 119, 139 adverbial 22, 30, 162 adverbials 46 agent 72 242 Index appear 25 articles 100, 114 assume 27 attribute 19, 22 aux 136 auxiliary verb 48 B base form 51 basic verb forms 51 be 25, 54, 60, 62 become 25 being pattern 25 believe 75 benefactive object 26 C call 27 can 55, 62 cardinal numerals 99 central modals 56 certify 27 classifying genitive 123 clause 34, 151 cleft constructions 177 closed word class 88 come 62 common nouns 89 communicative function 18 comparative form 92 complement 23 complement of preposition 141 complex sentence 37, 181 complex transitive verb 27, 73, 172 complex transitive verbs 67 complex verb phrase 47 compound object 101 compound sentence 36, 101, 181 compound subject 101 compound-complex sentence 42, 181 concerning 141 concrete nouns 89 conjunction 101 conjunctive adverb 37, 93, 102, 117 connectors 101, 115 consider 27 constituent 23, 46 construction 171 conventionalized passive construction 77, 173 coordinate conjunctions 36, 101 coordinator 36, 101, 180 copula verbs 25, 65 correlative conjunctions 36, 101 could 55, 62 count nouns 89 crown 27 ellipsis in relative clauses 133 exclamatory 17 existential constructions 176 extraposed constructions 161, 173 extraposed object 161 extraposed subject 161 extraposition 161 D dare 56, 62 declarative 17 declare 27 deem 27 demonstrative pronouns 97 dependent clause 35, 37, 152, 170 dependent pronoun 95 determiners 95, 100, 120, 122, 182 direct object 22 direct quotation 155 direct quotation as direct object 155 discontinuous modi¼er of adjectives 137 discontinuous modi¼er of adverb 139 ditransitive verbs 26, 67, 73, 172 57, 60, 62 doing/seeing pattern 26 drive 27 E each other 98 elect 27 ellipsis 174 243 Index F feel 25, 158 ¼nite adverb clause 162 ¼nite clause 69 ¼nite dependent clause 170 ¼nite noun clause 154 ¼nite verb 49, 151, 180, 189 ¼nite verb forms 49 force 71 function 21, 46, 87, 118 functions of phrases 143 I idiomatic noun preposition verbs 81 imperative 17 inde¼nite pronouns 98 independent clause 35, 151 independent pronoun 95 indirect object 22, 26 indirect quotation 155 indirect quotation as direct object 155 interjections 112 interrogative 17 interrogative adverb 93 interrogative pronoun 97, 155 intransitive verb 24, 65 irregular verb 51 it’s/its 96 K keep on 62 G get 62 giving/buying pattern 26 go 62 grammatical form 18 grow 25 L let 158 lexical verb 48, 64 look 25 M H have 54, 60, 62, 158 head 118, 182 hear 158 help 158 helping verbs 48 how(ever) 155 main clause 35, 151, 170 main verb 48 make 25, 27, 28, 158 making/considering pattern 27 many a 99 marginal modal 56 mass nouns 89 may 55, 62 might 55, 62 modal auxiliary 55 modals 55 modify 92 monotransitive verbs 26, 67 multi-word verbs 80 multi-word prepositions 109 must 55, 62 N name 27 need 56, 62 non-canonical constructions 171 non-¼nite clauses 74, 91, 156 non-restrictive post-modi¼ers 126 non-count nouns 89 non-¼nite adverb clause 163 non-¼nite clause 69, 153 non-¼nite dependent clause 170 non-¼nite noun clause 156 non-¼nite verb 50 notice 158 noun clause 152, 154 noun clause subordinator 104 noun phrase 119 nouns 88 number 50 numeral 98, 99, 114 O object attribute 46 objects 46 observe 158 one another 98 244 Index open word class 88, 113 order 71 ordering of auxiliary verbs 58 ordinal numerals 99 ought to 56, 62 P parallel structures 102 participants 19 passive auxiliary 72 passive be 57, 59 passive constructions 72, 172 passive sentence 57, 172 passive voice 57 past participle 50, 77 past tense 50 patient 72 perfect have 54, 59 person 50 personal pronouns 96 phrasal prepositional verbs 81 phrasal verbs 81 phrase 44, 70, 86, 118, 152, 170 phrase constituents 119 plain in¼nitive 50, 158 possessive pronouns 96 post-modi¼ers of nouns 120, 125, 184 post-modi¼er 184 predicate 23 pre predicator 22, 23 premodi¼er 183 premodi¼ers of nouns 120, 183 preposition in multi-word verb 81 prepositional phrase 119, 141 prepositional verbs 81 prepositions 109 present participle 50 present tense 50 process 19 progressive be 54, 59 pronoun 95, 114 proper nouns 89 prototypical sentence patterns 24 prove 25, 27 pseudo-cleft construction 178 punctuating compound structures 165 punctuating dependent structures 166 punctuating sentence/clause constituents 166 punctuation of post-modi¼ers 167 Q quanti¼ers 98 R realization 46, 87 realizations 118 reciprocal pronouns 98 re½exive pronouns 98 regard 27 regular verb 51 relative adverb 93, 105 relative clause subordinator 105 relative clauses 39, 105, 152 relative pronouns 96, 105, 129 remain 25 restrictive post-modi¼ers 126 running pattern 24 S see 75, 158 seem 25 semi-colon 37 semi-modals 56, 76 sentence 33, 34, 151, 170 sentence adverbs 93 sentence constituents 31 setting 19, 20 shall 55, 62 should 55, 62 simple sentence 35, 181 simple verb phrase 47 smell 25 so 99 sound 25 specifying genitive 123, 182 specifying modi¼er 126 start 62 statement 155 subject 22, 46 subject attribute 25, 46 subjunctive may, might etc 55 subjunctive mood 55 subordinate clause 35 subordinating conjunction 105, 106 subordinators 36, 97, 104, 152, 180 supposed to 75 245 Index T W taste 25 tell 71 temporary object 161, 174 temporary subject 161 tensed verb 49 that 96, 152, 154 there 176, 177 to be 75 to be able to 56, 62 to be allowed to 56, 62, 75 to be believed to 62 to be forced to 62 to have to 56, 62 to in¼nitive 50, 156, 158 to seem to 62 to want to 56, 62 transitive verb 65, 172 transitive verbs and passive sentences 72 turn 25 what(ever) 155 when(ever) 155 where(ever) 155 which 96 which clause as adverbial 162 which(ever) 155 who 96 who(ever) 155 whom 96 whose 96, 130 wh-question 155 will 55, 62 wipe 27 word class 86, 113 word order 30 would 55, 62 U used to 56, 62 V varieties 16 verb phrase 46, 119 verb phrases 135 verbs 91 Y yes/no question 155