7 USE MODAL VERBS EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO She could memorize numbers They were able to drink a lot EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: CAN/ MAY/ MIGHT/ COULD It may rain later They might go out tonight Could you buy the main course? EXPRESSING CERTAINTY: CAN’T / MUST They can’t go on Friday Nobody’s home EXPRESSING OBLIGATION/ABSENCE OF IT MUST / HAVE TO / NEEDN’T I must the washing up / You needn’t mop the floor / They have to be there at USE WILL / WOULD: REQUESTS AND OFFERS GIVING OR ASKING ADVICE / PROBABILITY: SHOULD / OUGHT TO You ought to help old people / Should she leave the keys? GIVING OR ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAY / CAN / COULD (may is more polite) 7.1 REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING 1) You ought to buy a new shirt 2) Possibly she isn’t Bob’s uncle 3) It would be good if a went on a word course 4) It’s compulsory to carry an ID card 5) He was able to read when he was two 6) Do you want a coke? 7) You are not allowed to have a bicycle 8) Is it necessary for me to pay my fee now? 9) They managed to win the last match 10) It isn’t necessary for them to wait 11) Smoking is forbidden in restaurants 12) Maybe she is his girlfriend 13) If you want my advice, go to the doctor 14) It’s impossible that her fridge has broken down again 15) Perhaps he forgot to bring the present 1) You _ a new shirt 2) He Bob’s uncle 3) I really on a word course 4) You _ carry an ID card 5) He when he was two 6) like a coke? 7) You a bicycle 8) Do I _ my fee now? 9) They _ win the last match 10) They wait if you don’t want to 11) You in restaurants 12) She his girlfriend 13) You _ to the doctor 14) Her fridge _ broken down again 15) He forgotten to bring the present 8 ACTIVE – PASSIVE / PASSIVE - ACTIVE PASSIVE VOICE is used when we FOCUS ON THE ACTION and it’s not ACTIVEimportant PASSIVE or we don’t know WHO or WHAT is performing the action • The OBJECT of AS - SUBJECT of the passive sentences (PS) • VERBS PS: TO BE (same tense of the AS) + PAST • • PARTICIPLE (3rd column) of the AS WRITE- IS/ARE WRITTEN WROTE – WAS / WERE WRITTEN SUBJECT of AS becomes the OBJECT of PS or is dropped In PS the action comes first and the ACTOR is added at the end introduced with the preposition “BY” Mary wrote a letter A letter was written by Mary They write letter everyday Letters are written everyday In active sentences (AS): SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT • The OBJECT of PS – SUBJECT of AC • VERB PS: Put the past participle in the tense of the verb TO BE – this is the Verb of the AS • The SUBJECT of PS becomes the OBJECT of the AC The car is driven buy Mark Mark drives the car PASSIVE TENSE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE Present Simple I write emails Emails are written P Continous I am writing emails Emails are being Past Simple I wrote emails Emails were written Past Continous I was writing emails written Emails were being written 8.1 WRITE SENTENCES IN THE PASSIVE (PRESENT TENSE AND PAST TENSE) 1) DOOR / OPEN - _ 2) BOOK / READ - _ 3) CAR / REPAIR - _ 1) Mary buys a bed - _ 8.2 REWRITE THE SENTENCE IN PASSIVE VOICE 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) He opened the door - _ The mechanic repairs cars - John eats bananas - They don’t wear pink jackets - _ We stopped the bus - _ The thief stole my neclace - The team didn’t win the match - 9) Marcus learned Roman’s History 10) The fireman rescued a cat - _ 8.3 REWRITE THE SENTENCE IN ACTIVE VOICE 1) Coffee is sold there _ 2) The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell - 3) My suitcase was packed by Mom - 4) These cars are produced in Germany - _ 5) That building was built in 1985 - 6) The house was painted - 7) The cake was eaten by the students - _ 8) A special dish is being prepared - _ 9) English is taught by Susan - 10) The oranges are grown in Valencia - 8.4 REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING 1) SOMEONE TOOK A LOT OF PICTURES AT THE PARTY _ 2) OUR TELEVISION WAS FIXED YESTERDAY 3) THEY BROADCAST THE NEWS IN CHANNEL _ 4) THEY GAVE UP THE SEARCH AFTER FOUR HOURS _ 5) THE POLICE ARRESTED THE THIEFS _ 6) THE FANS EXPECT REAL MADRID WILL GET TO THE FINAL 7) THEY ASKED REBECA TO TRAVEL - 8) EUROPE IS VISITED BY A LOT OF PEOPLE EVERY YEAR 9) ITALIAN FOOD IS SERVED IN GINO _ 10) EVERY SATURDAY EVENING, JAZZ IS PLAYED IN THE PUB CONDITIONAL – FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONAL CONDITIONALS OR IF CLAUSES: Describe the RESULT of something that might happen (in I:the presentSIMPLE or future) might have happened but didn’t in WOULD the past CONDITIONAL IF PRESENT , WILL or + INFIN CONDITIONAL II: IF PAST SIMPLE, + INFIN To talk about things that may happen in the FUTURE (it has possibilities to happen) If you come, we will go to the cinema We will go to the cinema if you come To talk about things in the future that isn’t very probable to happen If I met the Queen , I would say hello To talk about something in the present that is not true If I were you, I wouldn’t go there 9.1 REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING 1) WHY DON’T YOU BORROW THE BOOK FROM YOUR TEACHER? If I were you, I the book from your teacher 2) YOU WON’T GO TO THE CINEMA UNLESS YOU DO YOUR HOMEWORK You will go to _ you your homework 3) MY FRIENDS DON’T PLAY WITH ME BECAUSE I ALWAYTS CHEAT My friends me if I didn’t cheat 4) WHY DON’T YOU LEARN A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT? If I were you, _ a musical instrument 5) IF YOUR COUSIN DOESN’T COME BEFORE EIGHT, SHE WILL MISS THE BUS Unless your cousin _, he will miss the bus 6) IF THE TRAIN ISN’T LATE, I’LL BE THERE BY NINE I’ll be there by nine late 7) IN MY OPINION YOU SHOULD JOIN YOUR FRIENDS If I were you, I _ 8) SCRATCH MY BACK AND I’LL SCRATCH YOURS If you scratch my back, _ 9) JAMES CAN’T BUY A NEW CAR BECAUSE HE DOESN’T HAVE ENOUGH MONEY James could buy a new car if _ 10) WHY DON’T YOU LEARN ANOTHER LANGUAGE? If , I would learn another language 11) IF YOU DON’T PRACTICE GYMNASTICS EVERYDAY, YOU WON’T IMPROVE You won’t improve unless everyday 12) I’D LIKE TO BUY A BIGGER HOUSE BUT I HAVEN’T GOT ENOUGH MONEY If I had more moeny, I _ 10 RELATIVE CLAUSES We use RELATIVE CLAUSES to JOIN two sentences or to give more information about something by combining them with a RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOUN USE EXAMPLE who SUBJECT (SP) or OBJECT PRONOUN (OP) for people SP or OP for ANIMALS and THINGS POSSESSION for people, animals and things OP for people (Non defining) I told you about the boy who lives is American Do you see the duck which is lying on the grass? Whose pencil is it? which whose whom that SP or OP for people, animals and things (Defining) DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE: Gives detailed information about which noun we are talking about I know the doctor who lives next door (if we don’t specify “who lives next door” we don’t know who I mean • Are often used in DEFINITIONS (A teacher is someone who teaches) • We can drop OP: The doctor (who) I saw yesterday is very good He was invited to the birthday party whom he saved at school I like the pictures that have many buildings NON DEFINING CLAUSE: Gives information that we don’t need to understand the sentence My neighbour, who is handsome, has a red bike (who is handsome is information I don’t need) • Non defining clauses are put in COMMAS • Who / which may not be replaced with THAT • We have to use OP: My neighbour, who is handsome, has a red bike 10.1 COMPLETE THE SENTENES USING RELATIVE CLAUSE WHO /WHICH /WHOSE 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) HENRY IS A PERSON LIVES IN MANCHESTER THIS IS THE BOOK WAS LOST LAST MONTH AN APPLE IS A FRUIT _ IS RED OR YELLOW THE BOY _ BROTHER IS IN MY MATH CLASS WAS IN THE SOCCER TEAM A DJ IS SOMEONE _ PLAYS MUSIC IN A DISCO A SINGER IS SOMEONE SINGS PROFESSIONALLY SHE CAME WITH A FRIEND IS VERY FUNNY THE WOMAN, BAG I HAD, WAS SICK I MADE THE MEAT WITH THE RECIPE _ MY GRANDMA GAVE ME HE HAD TO DELIVER A LETTER TO A PERSON _ NAME WAS IN THE ENVELOPE 10.2 REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE SO THAT BOTH HAVE THE SAME MEANING 1) SHE WORKED FOR A COMPANY (THE COMPANY HAS A RED BUILDING) She worked for a company 2) HE WORKED FOR A MAN THE MAN WAS AN ARCHITECT He worked for a man _ 3) I CALLED THE DOCTOR THE DOCTOR LIVED NEAR MY HOUSE I called the doctor 4) CANCUN IS A FABULOUS PLACE WE SPENT OUR LAST HOLIDAY THERE Cancun, , is a fabulous place 5) CANCUN IS IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA I LEARNED TO DIVE THERE Cancun, , is in the Caribbean Sea 6) MY PARENTS CALLED MY SISTER SHE LIVES IN BOSTON My parents called my sister _ 7) THEY’VE SOLD THE DRESS I WANTED TO BUY IT They’ve sold the dress 8) THIS IS DAVID HIS JOB IS VERY DANGEROUS This is David _ dangerous 9) WE’VE LOST THE KEYS THE KEY OPEN THE PUB We’ve lost the keys _ 10) MY GODFATHER HAS GOT A BROTHER HIS NAME IS TOMAS My godfather’s got a brother _ 11 1) REWRITE THE SECOND SENTENCE BOTHBYHAVE THE SAME MEANING I WAS GIVEN A TEDDY BEAR FOR SO MY THAT BIRTHDAY MY UNCLE (ACTIVE PASSIVE – CONDITIONAL – MODAL VERBSfor AND My/ uncle _ my RELATIVE birthday CLAUSE) 2) THE MUSEUM IS FREE You pay to visit it 3) YOLANDA IS SMILING IN THE PICTURE SHE IS MY WORKMATE Yolanda, , is smiling in the picture 4) IF THE SUIT DOESN’T ARRIVE, I WON’T BE ABLE TO GO TO THE WEDDING _, I won’t be able to go to the wedding (UNLESS) 5) SOMEBODY MADE A VIDEO OF THE PARTY A video of the party 6) THAT’S THE BOY I TOOK HIS BACKPACK HOME BY MISTAKE That’s the boy I took home by mistake 7) HE IS NOT STUDYING VERY HARD, SO HE WON’T PASS HIS EXAMS he would pass his exams 8) THERE WEREN’T FREE TABLES IN THE RESTAURANT WE HADN’T RESERVED ONE We _ reserved a table ANSWER KEY: EXERCISE 7.1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) SHOULD MAY NOT BE OUGHT TO GO HAVE TO COULD READ WOULD YOU CAN’T HAVE HAVE TO PAY 9) WERE ABLE TO 10) DON’T HAVE TO 11) MUST NOT SMOKE 12) MIGHT BE 13) SHOULD GO 14) CAN’T HAVE 15) MAY / MIGHT HAVE EXERCISE 8.1 1) THE WINDOW IS OPENED – THE WINDOW IS BEING OPENED THE WINDOW WAS OPENED – THE WINDOW WAS BEING OPENED 2) THE BOOK IS READ - THE BOOK IS BEING READ THE BOOK WAS READ - THE BOOK WAS BEING READ 3) THE CAR IS REPAIRED – THE CAR IS BEING REPAIRED THE CAR WAS REPAIRED – THE CAR WAS BEING REPAIRED EXERCISE 8.2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) A BED IS BOUGHT BY MARY THE DOOR WAS OPENED (BY HIM) CARS ARE REPAIRED BY THE MECHANIC BANANAS ARE EATEN BY JOHN PINK JACKETS AREN’T WORN (BY THEM) THE BUS WAS STOPPED (BY US) MY NECLACE WAS STOLEN BY THE THIEF THE MATCH WASN’T WON BY THE TEAM ROMAN’S HISTORY WAS LEARNED BY MARCUS A CAT WAS RESCUED BY THE FIREMAN EXERCISE 8.3 1) THEY SELL COFFEE THERE 2) ALEXANDER G BELL INVENTED THE PHONE 3) MOM PACKED MY SUITCASE 4) THEY PRODUCE THESE CARS IN GERMANY 5)SOMEBODY BUILT THAT BUILDING IN 1985 6) SOMEONE /THEY PAINTED THE HOUSE 7) THE STUDENTS ATE THE CAKE 8) HE IS PREPAIRING A SPECIAL DISH 9) SUSAN TEACHES ENGLISH 10) THEY GROW ORANGES IN VALENCIA EXERCISE 8.4 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) A LOT OF PICTURES WERE TAKEN AT THE PARTY SOMEONE / THEY… FIXED OUR TELEVISION YESTERDAY THE NEWS IS BROADCAST IN CHANNEL THE SEARCH WAS GIVEN UP AFTER FOUR HOURS THE THIEFS WERE ARRESTED BY THE POLICE REAL MADRID IS EXPECTED TO GET TO THE FINAL (BY THE FANS) REBECA WAS ASKED TO TRAVEL A LOT OF PEOPLE VISIT EUROPE EVERY YEAR GINO SERVES ITALIAN FOOD THEY PLAY JAZZ IN THE PUB EVERY SATURDAY EVENING / EVERY SATURDAY EVENING, …… EXERCISE 9.1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) WOULD BORROW THE CINEMA IF WOULD PLAY WITH I WOULD LEARN COMES BEFORE EIGHT UNLESS THE TRAIN IS 7) WOULD JOIN MY FRIENDS 8) I WILL SCRATCH YOURS/ I’LL SCRATCH YOURS 9) HE HAD ENOUGH MONEY 10) I WERE YOU 11) YOU PRACTICE GYMNASTICS 12) WOULD BUY A BIGGER HOUSE EXERCISE 10.1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) WHO WHICH WHICH WHOSE WHO 6) WHO 7) WHO 8) WHICH 9) WHICH 10) WHOSE EXERCISE 10.2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) WHICH HAS A RED BUILDING WHO WAS AN ARCHITECT WHO LIVED NEAR MY HOUSE WHERE WE SPENT OUR LAST HOLIDAY WHERE I LEARNED TO DIVE WHO LIVES IN BOSTON WHICH I WANTED TO BUY / THAT I WANTED TO BUY / I WANTED TO BUY WHOSE JOB IS VERY WHICH OPEN THE PUB / THAT OPEN THE PUB WHOSE NAME IS TOMAS EXERCISE 11 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) GAVE ME A TEDDY BEAR DON’T HAVE TO WHO IS MY WORKMATE UNLESS THE SUIT ARRIVES WAS MADE (BY SOMEONE) WHOSE BACKPACK IF HE STUDIED VERY HARD SHOULD HAVE