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TENSES (Các thì) CÁC THÌ Present Simple (Thì đơn) Past Simple (Thì khứ đơn) Future Simple (Thì tương lai đơn) CẤU TẠO (I / We / You / They) + V0 (He / She / It) + V s/es (+) S + V(s,es) (-) S + don’t / doesn’t + V- inf (?) Does/ Do + S + V- inf …? Yes, S + do/ does No, S + don’t/ doesn’t S + V 2/ed S + will + V0 Present Continuous S + am / is / are + V-ing (Thì tiếp diễn) DẤU HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT CÁCH SỬ DỤNG - always, usually, often - sometimes, now and then - seldom, rarely, - every (day/ week /month ) - once (a week / month…) - twice (a week / month….) -1 thói quen, việc lặp lặp lại -1 chân lý, thật hiển nhiên - Cảm giác, trạng thái - yesterday, ago, this morning - in + time in the past (in 2000) - last (night/ week / month) -1 hành động, việc xảy chấm dứt khứ, biết rõ thời gian - loạt hành động xảy liên tiếp khứ -1 hành động, việc xảy tương lai - tomorrow, tonight, someday - in + time in the future (in 2050) - next (week / month / year…) - now, right now - at present, at the moment, at this time - Look ! , Listen ! - When / While / As - At 10.20 yesterday Past Continuous S + was / were + V-ing (Thì khứ tiếp diễn) Future Continuous (Thì tương S + will + be + V-ing lai tiếp diễn) - at this time/ at o’clock + time in the future (at o’clock tomorrow) - When / while / as + clause (time in the future) -1 hành động, việc diễn vào thời điểm nói -1 hành động, việc xảy tương lai xếp đặt trước -1 hành động xảy khứ hành động khác cắt ngang (when, as) -2 hành động xảy song song lúc khứ (while) -1 hành động xảy thời điểm khứ - diễn thời điểm tương lai - diễn tương lai lúc việc khác xảy - diễn suốt quãng thời gian dài tương lai Present Perfect (Thì hồn thành) S + have/has + V 3/ed Present Perfect Continuous S + have/has + been + V-ing (Thì hồn thành tiếp diễn) Past Perfect (Thì q khứ hồn thành) 10 Future Perfect (Thì tương lai hồn thành) S + had + V 3/ed S + will + have + V 3/ed - just, recently, lately - never, ever, yet, already - since, for, so far - up to now, up to the present - for a long time, for ages - three (four, ) times , many times, several times - This is the first time/the second time + S + have/has V 3/ed - for, since, up to now Ex: I’m tired because I’ve been working hard - before, after, by the time - when, as soon as By the time + S + V(QKĐ), S + had V 3/ed - after, before, when - by the time + time in the future By the time + S + V(HTĐ), S + will have V 3/ed -1 hành động, việc vừa xảy -1 hành động xảy khứ tiếp tục đến -1 hành động xảy khứ, rõ thời gian -1 hành động xảy khứ tiếp tục đến tại, nhấn mạnh liên tục hành động - hành động xảy kết tồn tới lúc nói -1 hành động xảy trước hành động khác trước thời điểm khứ - Hoàn tất trước thời điểm tương lai trước hành động khác tương lai - Kéo dài đến thời điểm tương lai Ex: She goes to school every day She wrote the letter to her friend two days ago He will visit the most famous pagoda in this city next week John is reading an interesting book now When I was walking in the street, I met one of my friends What will they be doing at this time tomorrow morning? They have lived in London since 2001 He has been teaching English for ten years now George had waited for an hour before the bus came 10 Next month, he will have been married for fifteen years @ NOTES (Chú ý): PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE 1) Ở III, số ít, ta thêm “s” 1) Không dùng 1) Đối với động từ đặc biệt vào hầu hết động từ động từ nhận thức, (was, were, could, ), thêm tri giác, sở hữu như: BE, “not” vào động từ 2) Những động từ tận HAVE, SEE, KNOW, FEEL, đặc biệt câu phủ định, LIKE, LOVE Đối với đảo động từ đặc o, ch, sh, s, x, z ta thêm “es” động từ này, ta thay biệt trước chủ từ câu 3) Những động từ tận đơn hỏi “y”, trước phụ âm, y chuyển thành -> i + es (study 2) Động từ tận “e”, 2) Cách thêm “ED” vào sau -> studies) Nhưng trước “y” bỏ “e” thêm “ing” (come – động từ hợp qui tắc: nguyên âm giữ nguyên: coming) a Động từ tận “e”, y + s (play -> plays) thêm “d” 3) Động từ (một vần hai b Những động từ tận 4) Đối với động từ đặc biệt (be, vần có dấu nhấn trọng âm “y”, trước phụ âm, y can, may ), thêm “not” vào vần thứ hai) tận chuyển thành -> i + ed (study động từ đặc biệt phụ âm, trước có -> studied) Nhưng trước “y” là câu phủ định, đảo nguyên âm: gấp đôi phụ âm + nguyên âm giữ nguyên động từ đặc biệt trước “ing” (run - running, begin - y + ed (play -> played) beginning) c Động từ (một vần hai chủ từ câu hỏi vần có dấu nhấn trọng âm 4) Động từ tận “ie”, vần thứ hai), tận phụ đổi “ie” thành -> y + ing (lie – âm, trước có nguyên lying) âm: gấp đôi phụ âm + ed (stopped, permitted) Grammar II: SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT (Sự hoà hợp chủ ngữ động từ) I Subject and Verb in a sentence must agree in Person and Number: (Chủ ngữ động từ câu phải phù hợp số) Ex: Her dress is beautiful Those cars are very modern II Some other rules: (Một vài quy tắc khác) S1 + and + S2 + V (plural) Ex: He and his friends are good students John and I are going to play tennis with / together with S1 + along with / as well as + S2 + V (S1) accompanied by Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight Either or Neither + S1 + nor + S2 + V (S2) Not only but also Ex: Either you or I am wrong Neither Tom’s parents nor his teacher is satisfied with his progress Every Noun (singular) Each + + V (singular) Either Neither of + Noun (plural) Ex: Every child has a toy Each job needs patience Each of the patients is examined every day Every / some Any / no + one / body / thing + V (singular) Ex: Everyone is ready A number of + Noun (plural) + V (plural) The number of + Noun (plural) + V (singular) Ex: A number of the applicants have already been interviewed The number of days in a week is seven S (N + preposition phrase) + V(N) Ex: The study of languages is very interesting Gerund (as Subject) + V (singular) Ex: Writing many letters makes her happy Grammar III: THE USES OF VERBS (Cách sử dụng động từ) I INFINITIVE: Infinitive đứng sau động từ sau đây: agree desire manage promise arrange expect mean propose attempt fail need refuse ask help offer seem decide hope plan tend demand intend prepare want determine learn pretend wish Ex: He doesn’t want to know advise order allow permit ask request enable tell encourage want expect warn invite wish Ex: He advised me to leave here early II GERUND: Gerund (V-ing) đứng sau động từ sau ñaây: admit deny miss resist appreciate enjoy postpone risk avoid finish practise suggest can’t help keep prevent understand consider imagine quit delay mind resent Ex: We enjoy playing football III NOTES (Lưu ý): A GERUND or INFINITIVE: Thay đổi nghĩa Động từ Remember Ví dụ + to V (hành động chưa xảy ra) Please remember to return the book tomorrow Forget Regret Nghĩa Stop Try + V-ing (hành động xảy ra) I’ll never forget seeing her at the first time + to V (dừng lại để làm việc khác) He stopped to eat (dừng công việc để ăn) + V-ing (từ bỏ, dừng việc làm) My father stopped smoking two months ago (bỏ hút thuốc) + to V (cố gắng làm việc gì) I will try to study hard so that my parents stop worrying about me + V-ing (thử làm việc gì) He tried making a cake but he didn’t succeed B VERBS OF PERCEPTION: (Các động từ nhận thức) hear see smell + feel notice/ watch Ex: Vo (sự hoàn tất hành động) O + V-ing (sự tiếp diễn hành động) We saw him leave the house She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising C Make / let + O + Vo Ex: He made me move my car D Modal Verbs (will, can, may, must, should, need, had better, have to, ought to ) + Vo Ex: The children had better go to bed early Grammar IV: INVERSION OF THE VERB (Sự đảo ngữ động từ) Động từ sử dụng dạng đảo ngữ sau số trạng từ cụm trạng từ định chúng đặt vị trí đầu câu mệnh đề Never : khoâng bao giờ, chưa Seldom : Only by : cách Only then / when : lúc đó, Not only (… but also) : … mà Not until : Hardly ever : Hardly + had +S + Vp2 … when + S + Ved = Scarcely … when : vừa … No sooner + had + S+ Vp2 …than + S + Ved : vừa … So … that … : mà Neither / Nor : không So : Nowhere : không nơi In no circumstances : không trường hợp On no account : không lí Ex: He had hardly gone into the house when it rained Hardly had he gone into the house when it rained Scarcely had he gone into the house when it rained No sooner had he gone into the house than it rained He didn’t return to his native village until the war ended (It was not until the war ended that he returned to his native village) Not until the war ended did he return to his native village The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it So difficult is the question that nobody can answer it @ Lưu ý: Bill enjoys a game and Tom does, too = Bill enjoys a game and so does Tom He didn’t like the book and I didn’t, either = He didn’t like the book and neither / nor did I Grammar V: REPORTED SPEECH (Câu gián tiếp) A STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật): Cách chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp Cấu tạo: S + said (that) + S + V (lùi thì) S + told + O (that) + S + V (lùi thì) • Đổi động từ mệnh đề thành: said, told … • Đổi đại từ, tính từ sở hữu • Đổi động từ • Đổi trạng ngữ (thời gian, nơi chốn) Các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu: Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Tính từ sở hữu Đại từ sở hữu I me my mine You you your yours He him his his She her her hers It it its its We us our ours You you your yours They them their theirs Thì động từ: Direct speech Reported speech Present simple Past simple Ex: go Ex: went Present progressive Past progressive Ex: is going Ex: was / were going Present perfect / Past simple Past perfect Ex: have done Ex: had done swam had swum Past progressive Past perfect progressive Ex: was / were going Ex: had been going Future simple Future in the past Ex: will Ex: would can/ must could/ had to Trạng ngữ thời gian & địa điểm: Direct speech Reported speech This That These Those Here There Now Then Today That day Yesterday The day before / the previous day Tomorrow The day after / the following day / the next day Ago Before This week That week Last week The week before / the previous week Next week The week after / the following week / the next week @ Chú ý: • Nếu động từ mệnh đề đơn, ta đổi đại từ lời trích dẫn Ex: The farmer says, “I hope it will rain tomorrow.” The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow She says, “I’m tired now.” She says that she is tired now • Nếu động từ mệnh đề khứ đơn, ta phải đổi thì, đại từ, từ cụm từ thời gian, nơi chốn lời trích dẫn Ex: Judy said, “I will phone you tomorrow.” Judy told me (that) she would phone me the day after B COMMANDS (Câu yêu cầu): Cấu tạo: S + told / asked + O + (not) to V Ex: “Hurry up, Lan” He told Lan to hurry up “Don’t make noise in class, please!” The teacher asked them not to make noise in class C QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi): Form: wh+ S + V S + asked + O if / whether + S + V Wh-Questions: Ex: “What time does the film begin?” He asked me what time the film began Yes-No Questions: Ex: “Have you seen that film?” He asked me if I had seen that film @ Chú ý: A REPORTED SPEECH with INFINITIVE (Câu gián tiếp với động từ nguyên thể): Cấu tạo: V + to V-inf V + O + to V-inf promise : hứa tell : bảo warn : cảnh báo agree : đồng ý ask : yêu cầu encourage : khuyến khích hope : hy vọng want : muốn order : lệnh offer : đề nghị advise : khuyên invite : mời want : muốn remind : nhắc nhở Ex: “I will help you, Mary” said Peter Peter promised to help Mary Ex: “Look at the board, please!”, said the teacher The teacher asked the students to look at the board Ex: “Remember to turn off TV before going to bed”, my father said to me My father reminded me to turn off TV before going to bed B REPORTED SPEECH with GERUND (Câu gián tiếp với động danh từ): Cấu tạo: S + V + (O) (prep) + V-ing S + V + V-ing S + V + suggest admit deny prep + V-ing insist on dream of think of look forward to apologize (to sb) for S + V + O + prep + V-ing accuse sb of thank sb for congratulate sb on prevent sb from warn sb against Ex: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said Susan suggested going out for a drink “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise Tom said to me, “It was nice of you to help me Thank you very much.” Tom thanked me for helping him C CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH (Điều kiện câu gián tiếp): TYPE DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH “If it rains, I will stay at home to read - The boy said that if it rained, he would stay at books,” said the boy home to read books “If I were a millionaire, I could help poor - The man told me if he were a millionaire, children,” said the man he could help poor children “If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t - The man told me if I had had breakfast, have been hungry,” said the man I wouldn’t have been hungry Cách chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp: • Đổi động từ mệnh đề thành: said, told … • Thì động từ: - Type 1: lùi lại động từ tường thuật dùng khứ - Type 2, 3: giữ nguyên động từ • Các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu • Các trạng ngữ (thời gian, nơi chốn) Grammar VI: A Cấu tạo: THE PASSIVE VOICE (Thể bị động) S + be + V3, ed ( A(place) + by O + A(time)) Ex: The book was written by Mark Twain B Cách chuyển sang thể bị động: Active: S V O Passive: S BE + V3, ed Thì by + O Chủ động Bị động Simple present S + Vo/ s/ es S + am/ is/ are + V3/ ed Simple past S + V2/ ed S + was/ were + V3/ ed Simple future S + will/ can + Vo S + will/ can + be + V3/ ed Present continuous S + am/ is/ are + V-ing S + am/ is/ are + being + V3/ ed Past continuous S + was/ were + V-ing S + was/ were + being + V3/ ed Present perfect S + has/ have + V3/ ed S + has/ have + been + V3/ ed Past perfect S + had + V3/ ed S + had + been + V3/ ed Ex: John delivers the newspapers every morning The newspapers are delivered by John every morning My mother wrote that letter That letter was written by my mother They will build a new school here next month A new school will be built here next month He is asking me a lot of questions I am being asked a lot of questions She was doing her homework at that time Her homework was being done at that time My mother has made that cake That cake has been made by my mother They had prepared a party before we came A party had been prepared before we came @ Chú ý: A Causative forms (Dạng động từ nguyên nhân): have, get VERBS Have Get KINDS FORMS Chủ động S + have + O (person) + Vo Bị động S + have + O (thing) Chủ động S + get + O (person) + to V Bị động S + get + O (thing) + V3/ed + V3/ed Ex: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday 10 That is her umbrella, isn’t it? USE / USED TO / BE USED TO Grammar XI: FORMS MEANINGS EXAMPLES Use + O + to V dùng, sử dụng People use money to buy food Be used + to V dùng để (dạng bị động) Money is used to buy food Used to + Vo (thói quen qk) He used to smoke quen với He is used to getting up early Be used to + V-ing Get used to + V-ing CONJUNCTIONS (Các liên từ) Grammar XII: FORMS MEANINGS Both + S1 + and + S2 + Vplural Either + S1 + Neither + S1 + nor + S2 + V (S2) Not only + S1 + but also + S2 + V (S2) hai or + S2 + V (S2) Grammar XIII: EXAMPLES - Both Tom and Ann were late - Either he or I am wrong … - I think she's either Russian or Polish - Neither he nor I am happy không … không - I am neither rich nor poor - Robert is not only talented khơng …mà cịn but also handsome CONNECTORS (Các từ nối câu) 16 CONNECTORS SO BUT MEANINGS FORMS POSITIONS (biểu thị kết tác động Clause soangry, + clause 2he left Ex: Tom was1,too vế thứ nhất) without saying anything) (biểu thị ý nghĩa trái ngược với vế thứ Ex: I tried my best to pass the exam, nhất) but I still failed Liên từ đứng trước vế thứ câu ghép Sentence However, sentence Clause 1; However, clause THEREFORE (biểu thị Clause 1, but + clause kết hành Ex: He didn’t study hard Therefore, động câu he failed the exam trước đó) He didn’t study hard; therefore, he failed the exam Sentence However, sentence Clause 1; However, clause HOWEVER nhiên (biểu thị ý nghĩa trái Ex: Studying E is not easy However, ngược với ý it is benificial nghĩa trước đó) Studying E is not easy; however, it is benificial - Ngồi ra, từ nối vế câu câu phức Trong trường hợp này, sau dấu chấm phẩy đứng trước dấu phẩy ARTICLES (Các mạo từ) Grammar XIV: ARTICLES - Liên từ đứng đầu câu, ngăn cách với vế câu sau dấu phẩy USES EXAMPLES - Khi đề cập đến vật - I’d like a banana cụ thể A or AN - Khi đề cập đến thứ lần đầu - There’s a man at the door - Dùng diễn đạt giá cả, - $2 a kilo, three times a day tốc độ,… THE - Khi đề cập tới điều cụ thể - I’ll wear the dress I bought last week - Khi đề cập đến điều lần thứ hai - There’s a man at the door I think the man is from the garage - Khi - Dùng trước danh từ chung đề - The world, the sun… cập đến tồn nhóm người - The Vietnamese, the police, the army, the - Dùng trước tính từ đề cập đến government… nhóm nói chung - The poor, the unemployed… - Dùng trước dạng so sánh cao - The best film, the first time số thứ tự - Dùng trước tên số nhạc cụ - Can you play the piano? 17 -Trước tên biển, sông, - The Atlantic Ocean, the United States, tơf báo, tạp chí, nhóm nhạc, tên the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, số quốc gia,… the Philippines ZERO ARTICLE - Với bữa ăn - (have) breakfast, lunch, dinner - Với môn thể thao - football, volleyball, badmiton, rugby,… - Với ngày lễ - Christmas, Thanksgiving - Với từ school, class, college, - She goes to school every day except (Không dùng mạo university, home, work, church, Sunday bed, hospital cho việc sử dụng bình từ) thường - Did you go by train? - Với phương tiện giao thông (by + phương tiện giao thơng) MODAL VERBS (Động từ tình thái) Grammar XV: I Modal Infinitive: Modal + V0 MODALS EXAMPLES MEANINGS Can = be able to (diễn tả khả năng) - He can speak English fluently Must = have to phải (có nghĩa bắt buộc) - Young people must obey their parents Must hẳn (tiên đoán việc xảy - He has been working very hard tại, có sơ sở) He must be tired Mustn’t Không (cấm) May / might: có lẽ, (suy đốn gần - He may be in his office hành động xảy - The weather forecast is not very good tương lai.) It might rain this afternoon - You mustn’t go out in the evening suy đoán việc xảy - He may go out I am not sure tại, khơng có sở May diễn tả xin phép - May I go out? Need Needn’t cần Không cần - I need go now - You needn’t that work II Modal Continuous: Modal + be + V-ing Ex: Jane isn’t here She might be cooking in the kitchen, I suppose III Modal Perfect: (Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành ) Modal + have V3 /ed 18 MODALS MEANINGS EXAMPLES Could have V3 / ed (diễn tả khả khứ, chưa dùng tới) - He couldn’t have committed the crime because he was with me that day Can’t have V3 / ed có lẽ khơng (diễn tả suy đốn khơng chắn kiện QK) - Theresa walked past me without saying a word She can’t have seen me Should have V3 / ed lẽ nên (diễn tả lời khiển trách hành động QK lẽ nên làm mà không làm) - Once Helen failed in her exam She played too much She shouldn't have played too much Must have V3 / ed hẳn (diễn tả suy - The yard is wet It must have rained đoán gần kiện last night khứ) May / might have V3 / ed có thể, có lẽ (diễn tả xảy khứ) COMPARISONS (Các câu so sánh) Grammar XVI: Adjs or advs Short Long - Micheal didn’t come to class yesterday He may have had an accident POSITIVE AS + adj + AS NOT SO / AS + adj + AS COMPARATIVE Adj - ER + THAN MORE + adj + THAN SUPERLATIVE THE + adj - EST THE MOST + adj Ex: He is as tall as his father John sings as well as his sister His job is not so difficult as mine Today is hotter than yesterday This chair is more comfortable than the other John is the tallest boy in the family These shoes are the most expensive of all @ Double comparatives: (So sánh kép) FORMS The + comparative + S + V, the + comparative + S + V Short adj - ER and short adj - ER MORE and MORE + long adj MEANINGS Caøng … caøng Caøng ngaøy caøng EXAMPLES The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel Betty is younger and younger The food is more and more expensive @ Lưu ý: Các tính từ/ trạng từ đặc biệt Adj & adv Comparative Superlative good/ well better the best bad/ badly worse the worst 19 many/ much more the most little less the least far farther / further Ex: She studies (well) than her friend the farthest / the furthest She studies better than her friend • Tính từ ngắn tính từ có âm tiết âm tiết tận -y, -et, -er, -le, -ow • Ex: happy, quiet, clever, gentle, narrow happier quieter cleverer gentler narrower Ta dùng more với trạng từ tận –ly (trừ early) Ex: more slowly, more fluently, more quickly @ Dạng tập câu so sánh : Biến đổi câu S1 + V/be + (so sánh hơn) + S2 S1 + V/be (phủ định) + (so sánh từ trái nghĩa) + S2 S2 + V/be (phủ định) + (so sánh bằng) + S1 S2 + V/be + (so sánh từ trái nghĩa) + S1 Ví dụ : a Tom is taller than Peter = Tom isn’t as short as Peter b I write the lessons more carrefully than he does = he doesn’t write the lessons as carefully as I c My motor is cheaper than yours = Your motor isn’t as cheap as mine = Your motor is more expensive than mine d She typed more slowly than her sister =Her sister didn’t type as slowly as she did =Her sister typed faster than she did Ghi : - Các cách viết viết ngược lại - Khi viết lại câu, cần lưu ý động từ Grammar XVII: PREPOSITIONS (Các giới từ) I PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: (Giới từ thời gian) • On On Sunday (morning) / 25th April / New Year’s Day On holiday / business / duty / a trip / an excursion / fire / sale / a diet • In In April / 1980 In summer / spring / autumn / winter In five minutes / a few days / two years In the morning / afternoon / evening • At At o’clock / the weekend / night / Christmas At the end of / at the age of • From to From 1977 to 1985 • Since Since 1985 / Monday / o’clock • For For three days / a long time / one hour II PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: (Giới từ nơi chốn, địa điểm) • On On a table / a wall / a bus / a train / a plane / the floor / a horse / television / the radio / the telephone 20 • • • • In In a garden / a park / a town / the water / my office / hospital / a car In the middle of At At home / work / school / university / the station / the airport / a concert / a party / a football match At 10 Pasteur Street By By car / bus / plane (on foot) By accident / chance : tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên For For a walk / a swim / a drink For breakfast / lunch / dinner III VERB + NOUN + PREP: (Động từ + danh từ + giới từ) - give way to : nhượng bộ, chịu thua - give place to : nhường chỗ cho - lose sight of : hút, khơng nhìn thấy - lose track of : dấu vết - lose touch with: liên lạc với - make allowance for: xét đến, chiếu cố - make use of : dùng, tận dụng - make fun of : chọc ghẹo, chế nhạo - make room for : dọn chỗ cho - make a fuss over / about: làm om xòm IV VERB + PREP: (Động từ + giới từ) VERB + TO - apologize to sb for sth - belong to - complain to sb about sb / sth - happen to - introduce to - listen to - speak / talk to sb - write to - prefer to - explain to - invite to VERB + ON - concentrate on / focus on - depend on / rely on - live on - congratulate on - spend on VERB + IN - succeed in - arrive in / at - catch sight of - keep pace with - pay attention to - put a stop to - set fire to: burn - take advantage of - take care of - take account of - take note of - take notice of : thoáng thấy : theo kịp : ý đến : put an end to: chấm dứt : phóng hỏa : lợi dụng : chăm sóc : quan tâm tới, lưu ý tới : lưu ý đến : ý thấy, nhận thấy VERB + FOR - apply for - care for - pay for - look for - wait for - blame for - leave for - search for - ask for VERB + ABOUT - care about - dream about sb / sth - think about - hear about: be told about - warn about VERB + OF - consist of - die of - take care of - accuse of - remind of VERB + WITH - provide with - charge with VERB + AT - laugh at / smile at - shout at - look at / stare at / glance at - point at / aim at VERB + FROM - suffer from / borrow from - save / protect / prevent from V ADJECTIVE + PREP: (Tính từ + giới từ) ADJ + TO ADJ + FOR ADJ + ABOUT - accustomed to - available for - angry about - addicted to - responsible for - anxious about - harmful to - famous for - worried about 21 - similar to / agreeable to - late for - excited about ADJ + ON ADJ + OF ADJ + AT - keen on - afraid of / full of - surprised at - dependent on - aware of / tired of - quick at - ashamed of - bad / good at - capable of - brilliant at ADJ + IN ADJ + WITH ADJ + FROM - confident in - equipped with - different from - successful in - bored with - absent from - interested in - busy with - safe from - rich in - acquainted with - good / nice / kind / polite / rude / ….to sb - important to Grammar XVIII: PHRASAL VERBS (Cụm động từ) 1- apply to sb/a company: nộp đơn tới (công ty) apply for (a job): nộp đơn xin (việc) 2- ask out: ask sb to go on a date - ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu 3- arrive in: đến (country, city, town) - arrive at: đến (other places) 4- call on: ask to speak in class - call back: return a telephone call: gọi điện lại - call off: cancel: hoãn - call up: make a telephone call: gọi điện 5- drop in: ghé thăm (đột ngột) - drop out (of): học 6- fill in : điền vào ( mẫu đơn) - fill out: write information in a form - fill up: fill completely with gas, water .: đổ đầy 7- get along (with): have a good relationship with: hoà thuận - get in: enter a car/ taxi .: vào ô tô/ tắc xi - get off: leave a bus/ train .: xuống xe buýt/ tàu - get on: enter a bus/ train : lên xe buýt/ tàu - get out (of): leave a car/ taxi…: xuống ô tô/ tắc xi - get over : recover from: bình phục - get through (with): finish: hoàn thành - get up: thức dậy, đánh thức dậy 8- give up: stop, get rid of: ngưng, từ bỏ - give in: nhượng bộ, chịu thua - give back: return sth to sb: trả lại (cái gì) 9- go after: run after: đuổi theo - go ahead: be carried out: thực hiện, tiến hành 14- take after: resemble: trông giống - take off: cất cánh (máy bay), cởi (quần áo) 15- turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt ) - turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt ) - turn round: quay lại - turn up: arrive: đến, xuất vặn lớn (volume) - turn down: decrease the volume: vặn nhỏ 16- catch up (with) đuổi kịp, bắt kịp 17- cool off: nguội lạnh đi, giảm (nhiệt tình) 18- cross out: gạch đi, xóa 19- discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo luận (cái gì) với 20- explain sth to sb: giải thích 21- fall behind: bị tụt đằng sau 22- find out: discover information: tìm 23- glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at: liếc nhìn 24- grow up: become an adult: trưởng thành, lớn lên 25- hang up: hang on a hanger 26- hold up: delay, postpone: làm trở ngại, hoãn 27- hurry up: làm nhanh, khẩn trương 28- invite sb to/ for sth: mời 29- keep up: giữ vững trì, tiếp tục - keep on: continue, go on: tiếp tục 30- laugh at sb/ sth: cười, trêu chọc, chế nhạo 31- leave out: omit: bỏ, lược bỏ - leave somewhere for .: rời 22 - go along: develop, progress: phát triển, tiến triển - go away: khỏi, xa nhà - go back: return: trở lại - go in: enter a room/ house: bước vào phòng/ nhà - go off: explode, be fired: nổ(súng, bom), đổ chuông - go on: continue : tiếp tục - go out: stop burning: tắt (lửa, điện), chơi - go over: look at sth carefully: xem xét kỹ - go up # go down: tăng # giảm giá 10.hand in: give homework, test to a teacher : nộp (bài tập, kiểm tra,….) 11.look after: take care of: chăm sóc, trơng nom - look for: search for: tìm kiếm - look out (for): be careful: để ý cẩn thận - look sth up: tra cứu (từ) - look forward to: mong đợi, mong mỏi 12.put on: dress yourself in sth: mặc (quần áo), đội - put off: postpone, delay: trì hỗn, hỗn 13- throw sth at sb/ sth: ném (cái gì) vào - throw away: ném đi, bỏ (loại) - throw sth to sb: chuyền (cái gì) tới 32- lie down: nằm xuống (để nghỉ ngơi) 33- make up: invent a story:bịa (chuyện) 34- pick up: lift: nhặt, hái, đón 35- pay back: return money to sb: trả tiền cho 36- point at/ to sb/ sth: (tay) vào 37- run into: meet by chance: gặp tình cờ 38- search sb/ sth for sb/ sth: khám, xét, tìm 39- speak up: nói to lên - speak to/ with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói 40- stay on: lưu lại thêm thời gian 41- shut up: đóng chặt, câm miệng 42- talk to/ with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói, thảo luận 43- try out : test : thử nghiệm, kiểm tra 44- wait up: thức chờ - wait for: chờ đợi 45- wash up: wash the dishes: rửa chén 46- watch out (for): be careful:để ý cẩn thận 47- write to sb: viết thư gởi Adverbial clauses of time Grammar XIV: (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian) * Mệnh đề thời gian khứ: When + S + V (past simple), S + V (past simple) When + S + V (past simple), S + had Vp2 After + S + V (past simple), S + V (past simple) S + V (past simple) + as + S + V (past simple) Ex: When I …………., they had gone away A come B am coming C will come D came Đáp án: D came * Mệnh đề thời gian tương lai: S + will + V+ before + S + V (present simple) When +S + V (present simple), S + will + V When+ S + have/has VpII, S + will + Vo Ex : - When he comes, I …………… you A call B will call C called D had called Đáp án: B will call - When I……………… my homework, I will go out A finished B will finish C have finished D had finished Đáp án: C have finished As soon as + S + V (present simple), S + will + V: sau khi… , … As long as + S + V (present simple), S + V ((present simple)/ will + V: miễn là/ nếu……, … S + will + Vo + till + S + V (present simple): … khi… S + have/has Vp2 + since + S + V(past simple) Ex: I …………… here since I was a child A lived B have lived C live D had lived Đáp án: B have lived Quá … nên không theå SOME STRUCTURES (Một vài cấu trúc câu) S + be + too + adj + (for O) to V 23 Ex: He is too short to play basketball Đủ để…… S + be + adj + enough + (for O) to V Ex: She isn’t old enough to drive a car … Đến nỗi mà S + be + so + adj + that + S + V S + be + such + (a/ an) + adj + N + that + S + V Ex: The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it It is such a difficult question that nobody can answer it Ex: S + V + so + many / few + Nđđsn + that + S + V S + V + so + much / little + Nkđđ + that + S + V S + V + so + adj + a + Nđđ số + that + S + V The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors (= It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.) To V/ V-ing + is/ was + adj (for O) It + is/ was + adj (for O) + to V S + find + it + adj + to V Ex: Learning English is difficult It is difficult to learn English I find it difficult to learn English Maát để làm It takes / took + O = S + spend / spent + time + to V + time + V-ing Ex: It took her fifteen minutes to clean the floor She spent fifteen minutes cleaning the floor Để mà S + V + S + V + to V in order so as so that + to V + to V + S + V 24 in order that Ex: I try to study to pass my next exam I try to study so that I can pass the exam S + began / started + to V / V-ing S + has / have been + V-ing + since / for It’s + time (khoảng thời gian) + since + S + V2/ed Ex: My mother began cooking for the party an hour ago My mother has been cooking for the party for an hour It’s an hour since my mother cooked for the party S + V (present perfect) … + time It is + time … + since + S + V2/ed Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month It is one month since I last saw my father S + have / has not + V 3/ed It is the first time + S + have / has + V 3/ed Ex: I haven’t seen that man here before It’s the first time I have seen that man here 10 S + have / has not + V 3/ed … since (for) S + last + V (past) … when … The last time + clause + was … Ex: I haven’t heard him since August The last time I heard him was in August I haven’t seen him since I was a student I last saw him when I was a student WORD FORMS (Các dạng từ loại) TỪ LOẠI DẠNG NOUNS - ion / ation - prevention, conservation - ment - employment, development - er / or - singer, actor - ist / ian - artist, musician (Danh từ) VÍ DỤ VỊ TRÍ (CHỨC NĂNG) - Làm S VÍ DỤ - Prevention is better than cure - Làm O - Hard work always brings happiness and 25 VERBS (Động từ) ADJECTIVES (Tính từ) ADVERBS (Trạng từ) - ity - possibility, nationality - ness - happiness, sadness success - Sau his, her, my… - His success - ce - importance, difference - Sau giới từ - th - death, warmth, width - The bad effects of pollution (The N of N) - A/ an/ the/ many/ - A teacher a lot of + (adj) N - Sau S - They have widened - en / en- - endanger, enrich, widen - ize - modernize, industrialize - fy - beautify, diversify - ful - harmful, useful, careful - Sau BE - She is careful - less - useless, careless, hopeless - Sau get, seem - - ous - dangerous, famous look, sound - able - comfortable, valuable become, feel - ive - attractive, active - al - industrial, natural, national - ly - carefully, beautifully - Một số - this road late biệt famous - A beautiful girl adj + N - Sau V thường - He drives carefully (hoặc trước Vthường) - He angrily denied breaking that vase → late -Wild hard → hard early → early fast becomes - Trước danh từ good → well trạng từ đặc He animals are - Trước tính từ quickly disappearing Adv + adj - This exercise is → fast extremely difficult PHONETICS (Ngữ âm) A SOUNDS (Phát âm) HOW TO PRONOUNCE “-S”, “-ES”: (Cách phát âm đuôi ‘-s’, ‘-es’) / iz / ce, ge, ch, x, sh, s, z /s/ p, t, k, f, gh, th /z/ Các phụ âm lại ( p, t, k, f, θ ) nguyên âm boxes , misses , quizzes , washes lamps , laughs , books , teachers , studies , plays practices ,changes , watches , sits , months explains , schools ( ks, s, z, dz, t , ) HOW TO PRONOUNCE “-ED”: (Cách phát âm đuôi ‘-ed’) / id / /t/ /d/ t, d ch, p, k, sh, s, f, x Các phụ âm lại ( t , p, k, , s, f ) nguyên âm stopped, kicked, laughed, loved, delivered, wanted, decided 26 missed, watched, washed, fixed interviewed, played B STRESS (Trọng âm) STRESS SYLLABLES Trọng âm rơi vào hậu tố EXAMPLES - ee - degree, referee - eer - engineer, pioneer - ese - Vietnamese, Japanese - ain - contain, remain - aire - millionaire, questionaire - ique - technique, unique Trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết trước - tion - protection, condition hậu tố - sion - decision, impression - ic - economic, scientific - ical - political, electrical - ian - musician, politician - ity - necessity, ability - itive - sensitive, competitive - logy / graphy - psychology, geography Thường gốc từ mang trọng - Tiền tố: un, im, in, ir, dis, - danger / dangerous / endanger âm thêm số tiền tố hậu non, en, re, over, under tố, trọng âm ko đổi - Hậu tố : ful, less, able, al, - happy / happiness ous, ly, er, ize, en, ment, ness, ship, hood SPEAKING (Kĩ nói) @ WH - QUESTIONS: (Câu hỏi thông tin) TỪ HỎI MEANINGS EXAMPLES - What you study English for? What … for? - hỏi mục đích What + be + S + like? - nào, tính cách bên - What is the weather like? What + … + look like? - hỏi ngoại hình - What does he look like? o To get a good job o It’s sunny o He’s tall and thin with blue 27 eyes - What time is it? What time / color / kind ? - hỏi giờ, màu sắc, loại Which…? - lựa chọn How…? - / phương tiện / cách thức - How you go to school? - - How many people are there in your family? How much + DT không ĐĐ… / How many + DT ĐĐ số nhiều …? o It’s o’clock - Which you prefer, coffee or tea? o Coffee o By bicycle o Four people - tuổi - How old are you? How old …? How far…? o I’m 18 years old - bao xa - - How far is it from here to the post office? o Two kilometres How long…? - thường xuyên - How long does it take you to go to school? o 25 minutes How often…? - How often you go shopping? o Twice a month - Why you study English? Why…? - sao, lí When…? - Where…? - đâu o Because I want to get a good job in the future - When were you born? o In 1993 - Where you live? o In Ha Long @ QUESTIONS & RESPONSES: (Câu hỏi lời đáp lại) TOPICS Giới thiệu chào hỏi Xin phép Yêu cầu Mời đề nghị QUESTIONS / EXPRESSIONS RESPONSES - Nice / Glad to meet you - Nice / Glad to meet you, too - How you do? - How you do? - Sure - May I go out? - Could you bring me some water? - Of course - Sure / Of course - Would you mind helping me? - Would you like to go for a walk? - No problem - Yes, I’d love to - How about going to the cinema? - That sounds great! - Let’s go to the cinema - OK Let’s that 28 - Why don’t we go to the cinema? Lời khen Lời chúc - What a beautiful dress you’ve got! - How nice your house is! - Thank you for your saying so - That’s a nice compliment - It’s very kind of you to say so - The same to you - Happy New Year! - That was nice of you Thank you Cảm ơn - That’s a good idea - I’m glad you like it - Thank you for helping me - You too - It’s my pleasure (to help) - Not at all / You’re welcome - Don’t mention it / Forget it - That’s OK / alright - You don’t need to apologize Xin lỗi - I’m terribly sorry about… - Don’t worry about it - I’d like to apologize for… - No problem / Forget it/ It’s - I’m having an English test tomorrow OK - Good luck! - Fantastic / That’s great! - Good news: (Tin tốt lành) o I’ve passed the final exam! Báo tin - Congratulations! - I’m glad to hear that - Bad news: (Tin buồn) o I have lost the job for two weeks - I’m sorry to hear that INDEX Grammar I TENSES Grammar II SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT Grammar III THE USES OF VERBS Grammar IV INVERSION Grammar V REPORTED SPEECH Grammar VI Grammar VII PASSIVE VOICE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 10 11 Grammar VIII RELATIVE CLAUSES 13 Grammar IX CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON & CONCESSION 15 10 Grammar X TAG QUESTIONS 15 29 Sentence However, sentence 11 Grammar XI Clause 1; however, 12 Grammar XII USE / USED TO / BE USED TO 16 CONJUNCTIONS 16 13 Grammar XIII CONNECTORS 16 14 Grammar XIV ARTICLES 17 15 Grammar XV MODAL VERBS 18 16 Grammar XVI COMPARISONS 19 17 Grammar XVII PREPOSITIONS 20 18 Grammar XVIII PHRASAL VERBS 22 19 Grammar XIV ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME 23 20 SOME STRUCTURES 24 21 WORD FORMS 25 22 PHONETICS 26 23 SPEAKING 28 30