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PHÒNG GIÁO DỤC – ĐÀO TẠO BÌNH XUYÊN TRƢỜNG THCS LÝ TỰ TRỌNG HƢỚNG DẪN HỌC SINH LÀM BÀI TẬP VỀ CẤU TRÚC ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIẾNG ANH Tác giả chuyên đề: Chức vụ: Đơn vị công tác: Đối tƣợng bồi dƣỡng: Số tiết bồi dƣỡng: Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Hạnh Giáo viên Trƣờng THCS Lý Tự Trọng Học sinh giỏi lớp 10 tiết MỤC LỤC Đề mục A I II III IV B C D I II E F I II III Nội dung Danh mục chữ viết tắt Đặt vấn đề Nội dung chuyên đề Hệ thống kiến thức Định nghĩa đảo ngữ Chức đảo ngữ Phân loại đảo ngữ Một số cấu trúc đảo ngữ thường gặp Hệ thống dạng tập Hệ thống phƣơng pháp Các ví dụ tập có lời giải Các ví dụ cách làm tập Bài tập lời giải Các tập tự giải Kết thực chuyên đề Giáo viên Học sinh Kết cụ thể Phần kết Tài liệu tham khảo Trang 5 5-6 -7 - 14 14 14 15 15-18 18-30 30-33 33 33 34 34 - 35 36 37 DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ CÁI VIẾT TẮT Ký hiệu chữ viết tắt THCS HS ĐNTP ĐTĐT HSG CN GD&ĐT Diễn giải Trung học sở Học sinh Đảo ngữ toàn phần Đảo trợ động từ Học sinh giỏi Chủ ngữ Giáo dục đào tạo ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ Trong tiếng Anh, tượng đảo ngữ tượng khó lại thường xuyên xuất đề thi môn Tiếng Anh , đặc biệt đề thi học sinh giỏi học sinh khiếu Đảo ngữ thường sử dụng muốn nhấn mạnh Đảo ngữ Tiếng Anh thường dùng với dụng ý nhấn mạnh việc hay chủ thể định đề cập tới câu Trong thi, em học sinh phải đối mặt với lựa chọn khác nhau, việc phân biệt ngữ cảnh ý nghĩa câu quan trọng việc xác định liệu câu có phải câu đảo ngữ hay không để chọn đáp án cho Hay đơn giản tập viết lại câu bình thường thành câu nhấn mạnh sử dụng cấu trúc đảo ngữ bắt đầu với từ xác định biến đổi từ cấu trúc đảo ngữ sang cấu trúc đảo ngữ giữ nguyên ý nghĩa Do đó, Tôi sưu tầm tài liệu cấu trúc đảo ngữ Tiếng Anh số tập có liên quan đến chủ đề với hy vọng tài liệu tham khảo có ích cho việc bồi dưỡng học sinh học môn Tiếng Anh nói chung bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi nói riêng Trong chuyên đề đề cập đến dạng đảo ngữ thường gặp đọc, thi, kiểm tra từ giúp học sinh tự tin trình làm thi phần kiến thức NỘI DUNG CHUYÊN ĐỀ A HỆ THỐNG KIẾN THỨC I Đinh nghĩa đảo ngữ Định nghĩa Các nghiên cứu đảo ngữ Tiếng Anh thường đề cập đến định nghĩa Green [1982; 120] đảo ngữ: “những cấu trúc câu trần thuật mà chủ ngữ theo sau phần toàn yếu tố động ngữ” Đảo ngữ sử dụng nhiều trường hợp, thông dụng cấu trúc câu hỏi II Chức cấu trúc đảo câu Chức giới thiệu thực thể diễn ngôn Chức cho phép sử dụng đảo ngữ để miêu tả bối cảnh, xác nhận tồn tại, xuất vật tượng hoàn cảnh, trạng thái định, nhằm đưa người đọc/người nghe vào cương vị người trực tiếp chứng kiến Eg: Outside the curtained window was the summer heat of Madrid (Bên khung cửa sổ buông rèm nắng mùa hè Madrid.) From all the churches sounded the joyful bells (Từ tất thánh đường ngân lên hồi chuông rộn ràng, hoan hỉ.) Chức nhấn mạnh Tính nhấn mạnh đảo ngữ tiếng Anh chủ yếu thể qua chức năng: chức đánh dấu tiêu điểm thông báo , chức nhấn mạnh cường điệu chức nhấn mạnh biểu cảm Eg1: Early in 1661 took place a general election ( đánh dấu tiêu điểm thông báo) Eg2 With no coaching will he pass the exam Eg3: Out of the house stepped Keith Sebastian ( nhấn mạnh cường điệu) ( Nhấn mạnh biểu cảm) Chức liên kết Các nhà Anh ngữ học nhận thấy nhiều trường hợp, thay đổi trật tự từ đảo ngữ tạo làm cho câu trở nên phù hợp với văn cảnh (contextually fit) so với việc sử dụng trật tự thuận Như vậy, đảo ngữ góp phần tạo tính liên kết (cohesion) văn nói riêng diễn ngôn nói chung Chức liên kết theo quan hệ không gian (spatial conjunction) đặc điểm quan trọng cấu trúc ĐNTP tiếng Anh Eg: The Queen was furious She decided to kill Snow White herself Taking off her palace gown, she dressed herself as a peddler woman Then she set out for the forest with a basket of fruit on her arm In the basket was a fine rosy apple (Hoàng hậu giận điên người Mụ định tự giết chết Bạch Tuyết Trút bỏ áo mặc cung điện, mụ cải trang thành người đàn bà bán hàng rong Rồi mụ tới khu rừng, tay đeo giỏ hoa Trong giỏ có táo tươi chín đỏ trông đẹp.) III Phân loại đảo ngữ Đảo ngữ Tiếng Anh chia làm hai dạng chính: Đảo ngữ toàn phần đảo ngữ trợ động từ Đảo VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí Bài tập đại từ nghi vấn Tiếng Anh I Fill in the blanks with suitable interrogative pronouns ———————- did you invite to preside over the meeting? A Who B Whom C What D Whose She asked ——————- I preferred, tea or coffee? A Who B That C Which D Whom Of ———————- are you speaking? A Who B Whom C Whose D None of these ——————- you want to do? A What B Which C That D Whom ———————- shall I give this to? A Whom B What C Whose D Which ——————- of these books will you take? A Which B Whom C That D Whose I don’t know —————— of them will actually get it? VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí A Whom B What C Which D Whose ———————- said these words? A Who B Whom C What D Which Of ——————— boy are you speaking? A Whom B Who C Which D That 10 ——————– you want to see? A Who B Whom C Which D Whose 11 ——————– did he come here for? A Why B What C Whom D Who 12 ——————-, you think, is the correct answer to this question? A What B Which C Who D Whom 13 To ——————- did she give her necklace? A Whom B Whose VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí C What D Which 14 ——————– you think he is? A What B That which C Who D Which 15 With ——————– were you exchanging pleasantries? A Whom B What C Which D Who 16 ———————– is better, honor or riches? A Which B Who C That D Whom 17 ———————— of them wants to see me? A Which B What C That D Whom 18 To ———————- you pass on the notes? A Who B Whom C What D Which Answers Whom Which 11 What Which Which 12 What Whom Who 13 Whom What Which 14 Who Whom 10 Whom 15 Whom VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí 16 Which 17 Which 18 Whom II In this exercise you will practise forming questions with who, which, how, what, where Andwhy A: _ colour is your room? B: It's blue and white A: _ you work? B: I work in a library A: _ way is it to the centre, please? B: This way - turn right here A: _ Are you waiting for? B: I'm waiting for my brother A: _ Are you? Do you feel better? B: No, I'm still ill A: _ don't you want to come to the cinema tonight? B: Because I saw that film yesterday A: _ kind of car you have? B: I don't have a car I prefer cycling A: _ kind of films you like? B: Dramas and history films are my favourites A: Tea or coffee, would you like? B: Tea, please 10 A: _ many children you have? B: Two a girl and a boy Đáp án: What How Which Where Why 10 How Which What Who What III Fill in the blanks with an interrogative pronoun threw the football? A who B what C which D whose VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí would you prefer, coffee or tea? A who B whom C which D whose time we need to be at the airport? A which B what C whose D whom _ car is that? A whom B whose C what D who is your sister’s name? A who B whom C what D whose _ did you tell? A whom B what C whose D which _ of these books have you read? A what B whom C whose D which wants ice cream? A what B whom VnDoc - Tải tài liệu, văn pháp luật, biểu mẫu miễn phí C who D whose Answer Key: A – Who threw the football? C – Which would you prefer, coffee or tea? B – What time we need to be at the airport? B – Whose car is that? C – What is your sister’s name? A – Whom did you tell? D – Which of these books have you read? C – Who wants ice cream? IV Complete these sentences with an interrogative pronoun _is your name? _are you? _are you from? _are you? _do you usually your homework? _do you go to the movies? _do you get up? _one you prefer: tea or coffee? _people are there in this classroom? 10 _does it cost? 11 _is she? 12 _do you study English? 13 _T-shirt is it? Đáp án: What is your name? Which one you prefer: tea or coffee? How are you? How many people are there in this classroom? Where are you from? 10 How much does it cost? Who are you? 11 How old is she? When you usually your homework? 12 Why you study English? How often you go to the movies? 13 Whose T-shirt is it? What time you get up? Tổng hợp tập đại từ quan hệ tiếng Anh I Chọn câu đúng: She gives her children everything they want A that B who C whom D what Tell me you want and I will try to help you A that B what C who D which The place we spent our holiday was really beautiful A what B who C where D which 4.What was the name of the girl….passport was stolen? A whose B who C which D when The bed I slept in was too soft A whose B which C what D who Nora is the only person understands me A which B who C what D whose Why you always disagree with everything…I say? A who B which C when D what this is an awful film It is the worst…I have never seen A who B that C what D whom C where D when 9.The hotel …we stayed was not clean A who B that 10 The last time …I saw her, she looked very beautiful A who B that C where D when 11 What was the name of the people …car had broken down A which B who C whom D whose 12 I recently went back to the town…I was born A what B where C who D which 13.The reason I phoned him was to invite him to a party A what B whose C why D which 14 I don’t agree with you have just said A what B who C when D which >> Truy cập http://tuyensinh247.com để học Toán – Lý – Hóa – Sinh – Văn – Anh tốt nhất! 15 She told me her address I wrote on a piece of paper A what B which C when D where 16 The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop she had bought it A where B which C what D when 17 Do you know the girl Tom is talking to? A whom B what C which D whose 18.I gave her all the money I had A that B what C when D whose 19.The party we went to wasn’t very enjoyable A who B when C that D where 20.The stories Tom tells are usually very funny A when B that C where D who 21 I met the woman can speak languages A who B that C which D whom 22 Have you seen the money was on the table? A who B which C where D whom 23 Where is the picture was on the wall? A when B where C which D who 24 I don’t like people never stop talking A who B which C whom D whose 25.Why does she always wear clothes are too small for her? A which B who C whose D where 26 The factory John works in is the biggest in town A when B where C which D how 27 Have you ever seen the photographs Ann took? A that B where C when D who 28 Everybody went to the party enjoyed it very much A that B whose C which D who 29 1945 was the year the second world war ended A which B why C when D where 30 Is there a shop near hear I can buy a postcard? A when B which C where D who >> Truy cập http://tuyensinh247.com để học Toán – Lý – Hóa – Sinh – Văn – Anh tốt nhất! II Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT: The men _ lives next-door are English The dictionary _ you gave me is very good Do you know the girls _ are standing outside the church? The police are looking for the thieve _ got into my house last night The chocolate _ you like comes from the United States I have lost the necklace _ my mother gave me on my birthday A burglar is someone _ breaks into a house and steals things Buses _ go to the airport run every half hour I can’t find the key _ opens this door 10 I gave you a book _ had many pictures 11 I don’t like the boy _ Sue is going out with 12 Did you see the beautiful dress _ she wore yesterday 13 The man _ she is going to marry is very rich 14 This is the bank _ was robbed yesterday 15 He wore a mask _ made him look like Mickey Mouse III Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE: He arrived with a friend waited outside in the car The man mobile was ringing did not know what to The car the robbers escaped in was a BMW The woman daughter was crying tried to calm her down The postman works in the village is very old The family car was stolen last week is the Smiths The cowboy Mr Harry Nguyen – dihocando@gmail.com LÍ THUYẾT – BÀI TẬP VỀ ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ + KEYS I Chọn câu đúng: 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.B 21.A 22.B 23.C 24.A 25.A 26.C 27.A 28.D 29.C 30.C She gives her children everything they want A that B who C whom D what Tell me you want and i will try to help you A that B what C.who D which The place we spent our holiday was really beautiful A what B who C where D which 4.What was the name of the girl….passport was stolen? A whose B who C which D when The bed I slept in was too soft A whose B which C what D who Nora is the only person understands me A which B who C what D whose Why you always disagree with everything…I say? A who B which C when D what this is an awful film It is the worst…I have never seen A who B that C what D whom 9.The hotel …we stayed was not clean A who B that C where D when 10 The last time …I saw her, she looked very beautiful A who B that C where D when 11 What was the name of the people …car had broken down A which B who C whom D whose 12 I recently went back to the town…I was born A what B where C who D which 13.The reason I phoned him was to invite him to a party A what B whose C why D which 14 I don’t agree with you have just said A what B who C when D which 15 She told me her address I wrote on a piece of paper A what B which C when D where 16 The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop she had bought it A where B which C what D when 17 Do you know the girl Tom is talking to? A whom B what C which D whose 18.I gave her all the money I had A that B what C when D whose 19.The party we went to wasn’t very enjoyable A who B when C that D where 20.The stories Tom tells are usually very funny A when B that C where D who Mr Harry Nguyen – dihocando@gmail.com 21 I met the woman can speak languages A who B that C which D whom 22 Have you seen the money was on the table? A who B which C where D whom 23 Where is the picture was on the wall? A when B where C which D who 24 I don’t like people never stop talking A who B which C whom D whose 25.Why does she always wear clothes are too small for her? A which B who C whose D where 26 The factory John works in is the biggest in town A when B where C which D how 27 Have you ever seen the photographs Ann took? A that B where C when D who 28 Everybody went to the party enjoyed it very much A that B whose C which D who 29 1945 was the year the second world war ended A which B why C when D where 30 Is there a shop near hear I can buy a postcard? A when B which C where D who II Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT: The men _ lives next-door are English The dictionary _ you gave me is very good Do you know the girls _ are standing outside the church? The police are looking for the thieve _ got into my house last night The chocolate _ you like comes from the United States I have lost the necklace _ my mother gave me on my birthday A burglar is someone _ breaks into a house and steals things Buses _ go to the airport run every half hour I can’t find the key _ opens this door 10 I gave you a book _ had many pictures 11 I don’t like the boy _ Sue is going out with 12 Did you see the beautiful dress _ she wore yesterday 13 The man _ she is going to marry is very rich 14 This is the bank _ was robbed yesterday 15 He wore a mask _ made him look like Mickey Mouse III Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE: He arrived with a friend waited outside in the car The man mobile was ringing did not know what to The car the robbers escaped in was a BMW The woman daughter was crying tried to calm her down The postman works in the village is very old The family car was stolen last week is the Smiths The cowboy is wearing a red shirt looks very funny Mr Harry Nguyen – dihocando@gmail.com A bus is a big car carries lost of Relative clause EXERCISE 1: Choose the best answer: 1.James will only go to places………… are recommended by his friends. a. what b. where c. which d. how. 2.Miss Kelly took part in the singing contest………….she was on holiday in Japan. a. what b. where c. when d. how. 3.Tom,……….is a monitor of the class, is also the captain of the football. a. who b. which c. whom d. whose. 4.I saw the man……….owns that car walking towards the shop. a. which b. whom c. who d. whose 5.The street…………leads to my school is very narrow. a. who b. which c. whom d. whose. 6.Bring me the clock……………… is over there. a. whom b. which c. whose d. who 7.My friend, …………aunt is nurse, would like to be a doctor someday. a. who b. whom c. which d. whose 8.The dog, ……… tail I stepped on, bit me. a. who b. whose c. which d. whom 9.Please give this to the beggar…………….is at the door. a. who b. which c. whom d. whose 10. My father gave me the doll………… I had been hoping for. a. who b. which c. whom d. which 11. Yesterday I met my friend…………….gave me a dog on my birthday. a. who b. whose c. whom d. which. 12. Any one………….disobeys the rules will be punished. a. that b. which c. whom d. who. 13. Budapest,……….is on the Danube, is a beautiful city. a. where b whose c. when d. which 14. The river from………….we get our water supply is nearly empty. a. that b. which c. whom d. where. 15. The boy…………father is in prison is my friend. a. whom b. who c. whose d. which 16. Do you know the driver………………took them to town last night.? a. which b. whom c. where d. who 17. Anybody………… is tired may leave. a. whom b. who c. where d. which. 18. He talked about the books and the authors………….interested him. a. which b. who c. that d. when 19. This is the book of …………….I was speaking. a. which b. whom c. that d. where 20. The cat …………tail is long does not belong to me. a. whom b. that c. which d. whose. 21. She is the finest woman…………….ever lived. a. that b. whom c. who d. which 22. All the people…………I met are very friendly. a. who b. whom c. whose d. that. 23. Karl Marx is the German philosopher………… principles have changed word’s history. a. whose b which c. who d. that. 24. We saw many soldiers and tanks………… were moving to the front. a. which b. whose c. that d. who. 25. We must find a time………………we can meet and a place………… we can talk. a. when/ whom b. who/where c. whom/whose d. when/where. 26. The decision was postponed, …………….was exactly what he wanted. a. which b . when c. that d. where 27. He sees men, women, cat, dogs and cars…………….move mound and round. a. that b. whose c. which d. who. II Fill in each gap with suitable relative pronoun : which , that , whose , whom or who 1. The gentleman ______ gave him the picture was his old teacher . 2. Mr David , _______ comes from England , has never been to Vietnam . 3. Mr David , _______son studies with us , has never been to Vietnam . 4. A bricklayer is a person ______ builds houses . 5. Peter couldn’t come to the party last night , _____ was really a pity . 6. We visited children _______ parents are dead . 7. Do you have a good relationship with the person ______ lives next door to you . 8. The student ______ did this exercise might be very intelligent. 9. I’ll catch the train ______ leaves at 10 a.m . 10. Ly Duc ,_______ won 2 gold medal at the Games , comes from Vietnam III : Fill in each gap with suitable relative pronoun : where , when , why or, which : 1. Here is the beach _____ is the safest for swimmers. 2. Mr Bike will buy the house _____ is opposite to my house . 3. This is the place ______ the battle took place 40 years ago . 4. The town _____ we are living in is noisy . 5. The town _____ we are living is noisy and crowded . 6. Sunday is the day _____ we usually go fishing on . 7. Sunday is the day _____ we usually go fishing . IV.Nèi c©u. 1. The lady is a famous writer. You met her at the party last night. 2. The child enjoyed the chocolates. Her mother bought them from France. 3.This is the lion. It has been VnDoc - Tải tài GIẢI ĐÁP TOÁN CẤP 3 CÔNG THỨC BIẾN ĐỔI ( Trang 1 – 11 ) ĐẠO HÀM ( Trang 13 – 16 ) GIỚI HẠN ( Trang 16 – 17 ) TÍNH ĐƠN ĐIỆU VÀ CÁC BẤT ĐẲNG THỨC ( Trang 18 – 43 ) PHẦN 1 HÀM SỐ LŨY THỪA, HÀM SỐ MŨ VÀ HÀM SỐ LÔGARIT www.giasuminhtam.com Trang 2 PHẦN 1: HÀM SỐ LŨY THỪA, HÀM SỐ MŨ VÀ HÀM LÔGARIT I. CÁC CÔNG THỨC BIẾN ĐỔI 1. LŨY THỪA (Giả sử các biểu thức có nghĩa): 1) 0 1a 2) 1 n n a a 3) m n m n a a 4) a a 5) .a a a 6) a a a 7) .ab a b 8) a a b b Chú ý: +) Khi xét lũy thừa với số mũ 0 và số mũ nguyên âm thì cơ số phải khác 0. +) Khi xét lũy thừa với số mũ không nguyên thì cơ số phải dương. A. CÁC VÍ DỤ MINH HỌA Ví dụ 1: Tính giá trị các biểu thức sau: 1) A = 23 32 4 8 2) B = 2 1,5 3 (0,04) (0,125) 3) C = 1 1 2 4 3 0,25 1 0,5 625 2 19. 3 4 4) D = 3 2 1 2 3 2 4 .2 .2 5) E = 5 5 5 3 5 5 81. 3. 9. 12 3 . 18. 27. 6 6) F = 3 3 847 847 6 6 27 27 Giải: 1) A = 23 3 2 2 3 3 2 32 2 3 4 8 2 2 2 2 12 2) B = 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 1,5 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 (0,04) (0,125) 5 2 5 2 121 11 25 8 3) C = 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 4 3 0,25 1 4 4 3 1 3 1 0,5 625 2 19. 3 2 5 19. 4 2 ( 3) 3 3 4 3 19 2 19 2 5 11 10 2 27 3 27 4) D = 3 2 1 2 3 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 .2 .2 2 .2 2 16 5) E = 4 1 2 2 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 3 3 9 1 31 1 1 5 5 10 10 52 2 2 81. 3. 9. 12 3 .3 .3 .2.3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 . 18. 27. 6 3 3 .3.2 .3 .2 .3 6) F = 3 3 847 847 6 6 27 27 . Ta áp dụng hằng đẳng thức : 3 3 3 3a b a b ab a b 3 3 3 3 3 847 847 847 847 847 847 F 6 6 3 6 . 6 6 6 27 27 27 27 27 27 www.giasuminhtam.com TT gia su Minh Tam (08) 38 908 900 - 0967 783 633 www.giasuminhtam.com GV: Lienxo86 Trang 3 3 3 2 3 847 F 12 3. 36 .F 12 5F F 5F 12 0 F 3 F 3F 4 0 27 F = 3 hoặc 2 F 3F 4 0 (vô nghiệm). Vậy F = 3. Ví dụ 2: Đơn giản các biểu thức sau (giả sử các biểu thức có nghĩa): 1) A = 23 4 a a 2) B = 35 4 7 5 a b b a 3) C = 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 : . a b a b a a b b a a b a b 4) D = 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 : a a a b b b 5) E = 2 1 1 2 2 2 : 2 b b a b b b a a 6) F = 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 : 2 a b a b b a ab 7) G = 4 4 1 : . ab ab b ab a b a ab b ab 8) H = 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 a b a b ab a b a b 9) I = 4 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 8 . 1 2 2 4 a a b b a a a ab b Giải: 1) A = 1 1 1 9 1 3 3 2 23 4 4 4 2 .a a a a a a a 2) B = 35 1 5 4 35 1 4 7 4 1 1 4 5 5 7 5 a b b b b b a b a a a a a b 3) C = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 : . : . a b a b a a b a b b a b a b b a a a b a b a b a a b 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 1 . . . . 1 a b a a b a b a b a b a b b a b a a b a a b a b 4) D = 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 : 1 : . b a a a a a b a b b b b b b a b 5) E = 2 2 2 1 1 2 2