1 Prof Francisco Zabala - 2016 The Glottal Stop The glottal stop Z>\ is produced when the airflow is stopped abruptly by closing the vocal folds No voicing is produced, therefore it is considered to be a fortis sound Like all other fortis consonants, it clips a preceding vowel when it replaces or reinforces the syllable-final voiceless stops o+ s+ j+ sR Cruttenden’s description (2014) is summarized below Regular glottal reinforcement of vowels in General British a It marks a vowel hiatus, especially when the second syllable is stressed: Evaluation ZH$uzkit!>dHRm\ Pronunciation Zoq?$mUmrh!>dHRmPfq?eh\ Seattle Zrh!>zskÿ\ Day after day Z!cdH >@9es? !cdH\ b Used to avoid intrusive q by some careful speakers: Law and order Z!kN9 >?m !N9c?\ Idea of Z`H!cH? >?u\ c Used instead of linking q by some speakers: Here and there Z!gH? >?m !Cd?\ Easter Island Z!h9rs? $>`Hk?mc\ d To emphasize a word starting with an accented vowel: I said Ann, not Ian Z`H !rdc !>zm { !mPs !>h9?m\ Extended glottal reinforcement of o+ s+ j+ sR in General British: This is a widespread phenomenon in GB, though not in Conspicuous GB (i.e conservative speech) Glottalization of >˛o+ >˛s+ >˛j+ >˛sR occurs in syllable final position when they are preceded by a vowel or obstruent consonant (nasal or lateral) provided a pause or a consonant follows (and when a vowel follows sR.+ too, because its second element is considered to be consonantal) Reinforcement is more likely to occur at the end of accented syllables The closure and release of the glottal stop may precede the oral closure for o+ s+ j+ sR GLOTTALIZATION: GLOTTAL REINFORCEMENT OF o+ s+ j+ sR RULE EXAMPLES rap Z!qz>˛o\ limp Z!kHl>˛o\ help Z!gdk>˛o\ can’t Z!j@9m>˛s\ Pause Consonant melt Z!ldk>˛˛s\ peak Z!oh9>˛˛j\ stink Z!rsHM>˛j\ silk Z!rHk>˛j\ such Z!rU>˛sR\ Any sound lunch Z!kUm>˛sR\ Z'!(>˛o-\ Vowel Nasal Lateral Z'!(>˛s-\ + + Z'!(>˛j-\ Z'!(>˛sR-\ Prof Francisco Zabala - 2016 Glottal replacement of o+ s+ j+ sR in General British: Some GB speakers replace syllable final o+ s+ j and the first element of sR by Z>\; in other words, there is a glottal closure instead of an oral closure GLOTALING: GLOTTAL REPLACEMENT OF o+ s+ j+ sR RULE '( ! o-.=Z>-\ '!(j-.=Z>-\ homorganic consonant (though infrequent) non-syllabic consonant Vowel Nasal Lateral + '!(s-.=Z>-\ '( ! sR-.=Z>R-\ + mÿ.or word initial vowel (London RGB) vowel within the word (substandard) syllabic kÿ (substandard) Any sound EXAMPLES Soap powder, cap badge Back garden, bookcase Get down, great job, Atlas Football, Network, Exactly Cotton, get away Water writing Bottle, little Butcher, Lunch, Crunchy Activity 1: Transcribe the following sentences phonemically Use Z>o+ >j+ >sR\ to show the possible glottal reinforcement of o+ j+ sR and Z's(>\ to show the possible glottal reinforcement or replacement of s The beach is not that far away, Richard What time did Pat say she would pop up? Peter and Dexter are very doubtful about mixing with that lot Is that the right choice you think? Matt was about to punch Mike when the teacher arrived back from the break I’ve got great news for you, mate! I’m not feeling quite well Can you call a doctor for me, Nick? What most people hate about reality shows is that they are fake Absolutely! That guy can’t much now You should give him the sack! 10 The cat got crazy when it saw the rat fall in the trap! KEY: 10 ZC? !ah9>sR { Hy !mP>'s( Cz>'s( !e@9q ?!vdH !qH>sR?c\ Z!vP>'s( !s`Hl cHc !oz>'s( !rdH Rh vTc !oPo !U>o\ Z!oh9s?q ?m !cd>jrs?q ? !udqh !c`T>'s(ek { ?!a`T>'s( !lH>jrHM vHC !Cz>'s( !kP>'s(\ ZHy !Cz>'s( C? !q`H>'s( !sRNHr { cYt !SHM>j\ Z!lz>'s( v?y ?!a`T>'s( s? !oUm>sR !l`H>j { vdm C? !sh9>sR?q ?!q`Huc !az>j eq?l C? !aqdH>j\ Z`Hu !fP>'s( !fqdH>'s( !mit9y e? it !ldH>'s(\ Z`Hl !mP>'s( !eh9kHM !jv`H>'s( !vdk {{ j?m it !jN9k ? !cP>js? e? lh !mH>j\ ZvP>'s( !l?Trs !oh9>ok !gdH>'s( { ?!a`T>'s( qh!zk?sh !R?Ty { Hy C?>'s( Cd? !edH>j\ Z$zar?!kt9>'s(kh {{ Cz>'s( !f`H !j@9m>'s( !ct9 !lU>sR !m`T {{ it RTc !fHu gHl C? !rz>j\ ZC? !jz>'s( !fP>'s( !jqdHyh { vdm H>'s( !rN9 C? !qz>'s( !eN9k Hm C? !sqz>o\ Prof Francisco Zabala - 2016 Activity 2: Transcribe the following sentences phonemically Use Z>o+ >j+ >sR\ to show the possible glottal reinforcement of o+ j+ sR and Z's(>\ to show the possible glottal reinforcement or replacement of s What not to wear Rupert Grint, the famous actor, went to a wedding with his sister, Janet It took place in an elegant church in a remote village in Scotland Janet wore a light pink dress that covered her knees, a white fluffy hat, black cotton gloves and a dark red silk scarf tied to her thick neck She looked ghastly! I wonder what she was thinking of when she bought these mismatching items Rupert’s style left much to be desired, as well To start with, the suit looked shabby and quite dirty, to be honest Its fabric seemed to be good quality linen, but he chose an old fashioned check pattern: fine pink lines that create large, open white squares As regards his shirt, the fabric and colours were great, but not its shape His black tie could have been a right choice, if it hadn’t had a picture of Donald Duck His shoes, however, were really smart and expensive Z!vP>'s( !mP>'s( s? !vd? {{ !qt9o?>'s( !fqHm>'s( { C? !edHl?r !z>js? { !vdm>'s( st ? !vdcHM vHC gHy !rHrs? { !cYzmH>'s( {{ H>'s( !sT>j !okdHr Hm ?m !dk?f?m>'s( !sR29>'s(R { Hm ? qH!l?T>'s( !uHkHcY Hm !rjP>'s(k?mc {{ !cYzmH>'s( { !vN9q ? !k`H>'s( !oHM>j !cqdr { C?>'s( !jUu?c g? !mh9y { ? !v`H>'s( !ekUeh !gz>'s( { !akz>j !jPsm !fkUuy { ?m ? !c@9j !qdc !rHk>j !rj@9e { !s`Hc s? g? !SH>j !md>j {{ Rh !kT>js !f@9rskh {{ `H !vUmc? { vP>'s( Rh v?y !SHMjHM Pu { vdm Rh !aN9>'s( Ch9y !lHr!lz>'s(RHM !`Hs?ly {{ !qt9o?>'s(r !rs`Hk { !kdes !lU>'s(R s? ah !cHy`H?c { ?y !vdk {{ s? !rs@9>'s( vHC { C? !rt9>'s( { !kT>js !Rzah ?m !jv`H>'s( !c29sh { s? ah !Pm?rs {{ Hsr !ezaqH>j { !rh9lc s? ah !fTc !jvPk?sh !kHm?m { a?s h !sR?Ty ?m !?Tkc !ezRmc !sRd>j !ozsm {{ !e`Hm !oHM>j !k`Hmy { C?>'s( jqh!dH>'s( !k@9cY { !?To?m !v`H>'s( !rjd?y {{ ?y qH!f@9cy gHy !R29>'s( { C? !ezaqHj ?m !jUk?y v? !fqdH>'s( { a?>'s( !mPs Hsr !RdH>o {{ gHy !akz>j !s`H j?c ?u aHm ? !q`H>'s( !sRNHr { He H>'s( !gzcm>'s( !gzc ? !oH>jsR?q ?u !cPmkc !cU>j {{ gHy !Rt9y { g`T!du? { v? !qH?kh !rl@9s ?m H>j!rodmrHu\