1 Prof Francisco Zabala - 2016 Pre-fortis clipping Quantity is a relevant feature in English Vowels are classified into relatively long vowels and relatively short vowels What is relative about their length? The former group are noticeably longer than the later provided they occur in a similar context (e.g bin !aHm vs bean !ah9m.) In this section we will discuss the factors that affect the length of vowels and sonorants PRE-FORTIS CLIPPING is most evident when it affects a diphthong or long vowel, especially in stressed positions In this case, there is a reduction in the quantity of the vowel or the vowel-sonorant cluster when the syllable is closed by a fortis o+ s+ j+ sR+ e+ S+ r+ R In contrast, these vowels are fully long when they are final in a stressed open syllable, or when the syllable is closed by a lenis consonant The following diacritics show length distinctions: (1) fully long vowels take Z9\; (2) clipped long vowels take just one dot Z∂\; (3) and Z ·\ is placed on top of clipped l+ m+ M+ k , short vowels, and the first element of a diphthong (Tench, 2011; Roach 2009) Compare: See Rue Ray Seed Seat Z!rh9 !rh9c !rh∂s\ Rude Route Z!qt9 !qt9c !qt∂s\ Raid Rate Z!qdH !qdHc !qd·Hs\ Lend Lent Send Sent Build Built Z!kdmc Z!rdmc Z!aHkc !kd·m·s\ !rd·m·s\ !aH·k·s\ The snapping of your fingers is the best unit to judge how clipped your sounds are If the syllable fits within the snapping, that’s clipped If it exceeds the snapping, that’s full length! Vowel length is approximately the same in the following cases Seat Sid Zrh∂s rHc\ Hoot Hood Zgt∂s gTc\ Compare: Same quality Core ZjN9 Cord jN9c Same quantity Same quality Court jN∂s Cod jPc Cot jP·s\ Similar quantity Although long vowels are reduced approximately by half, make sure you just clip one quarter of the length of @9 and 29 Remember that their quality is very similar to U and ? respectively, so work hard not to lose their contrast Card Cart Cud Cut Z!j@9c !j@∂s !jUc !jU·s\ Bird Burt But Z!a29c !a2∂s a?s\ Commerce Z!jPl2∂r Commas !jPl?y\ Prof Francisco Zabala - 2016 Activity 1: Transcribe the following sentences phonemically Decide whether the shaded sections show pre-fortis clipping Use Z∂\ instead of Z9\ to show that a long vowel has been clipped Place Z ·\ to show the clipping of the first element of a diphthong, short vowels, or Zk+ l+ m+ M\ Colour the diacritics you use The Lord saw Christ Jane builds towers Jake built moats Sheila sends her niece to a cheap school Your house needs some paint, mate! Steve likes beer His wife hates it Stephen has just bought some coke Mike is on a diet He can’t eat cheese, meat, or wheat Jean is dreaming about her new beach resort You might have a choice 10 Teach your child how to read and write KEY: 10 ZC? !kN9c !rN9 !jq`·Hrs\ Z!cYdHm !aHkcy !s`T?y {{ !cYd·Hj !aH·k·s !l?·Tsr\ Z!Rh9k? !rdmcy g? !mh∂r { st ? !sRh∂o !rjt9k\ ZiN9 !g`·Tr !mh9cy r?l !od·Hms !ld·Hs\ Z!rsh9u !k`·Hjr !aH? {{ gHy !v`·He !gd·Hsr Hs\ Z!rsh9um g?y cY?rs !aN∂s r?l !j?·Tj\ Z!l`·Hj Hy Pm ? !c`H?s {{ gh !j@∂ms !h∂s !sRh9y { !lh∂s { N9 !vh∂s\ Z!cYh9m Hy !cqh9lHM ?!a`Ts g? !mit9 !ah∂sR qH!yN∂s\ Zit !l`·Hs !gzu ? !sRN·Hr\ Z!sh∂sR iN9 !sR`Hkc { !g`T s? !qh9c ?m !q`·Hs\ Activity 2: Transcribe the following text phonemically Decide whether the underlined sections show pre-fortis clipping Use Z∂\ instead of Z9\ to show that a long vowel has been clipped Place Z ·\ to show the clipping of the first element of a diphthong, short vowels, or Zk+ l+ m+ M\ Colour the diacritics you use Joyce’s Routine Joyce Price is a busy woman She wakes up at 5.30 a.m every day She gets up five minutes later, goes to the loo, has a shower and brushes her teeth She has breakfast while she listens to Frank Fleet’s phone in show Then, she leaves for work Joyce is a maths teacher at school She starts her first class at sharp She gets back home at half past seven in the evening She marks her students’ papers, and cooks supper Grace and Mike, her best friends, usually come round at about They love talking and laughing! After the guys leave, she goes to bed and watches Ellen’s show She’s fast asleep by midnight Z!cYN·HrHy !qt9!sh9m {{ !cYN·Hr !oq`·Hr { Hy ? !aHyh !vTl?m {{ Rh !vd·Hjr !U·o ?s !e`Hu !S2∂sh { !duqh !cdH {{ Rh !fd·sr !U·o !e`Hu !lHmHsr !kd·Hs? { !f?Ty s? C? !kt9 { !gzy ? !R`T? { ?m !aqU·RHy g? !sh∂S {{ Rh !gzy !aqd·je?·rs { v`Hk Rh !kHrmy s? !eqz·Mj · !ekh∂sr !e?Tm Hm !R?T {{ !Cdm { Rh !kh9uy e? !v2∂j {{ !cYNHr Hy ? !lz·Sr !sh∂sR? { ?s !rjt9k {{ Rh !rs@∂sr g? !e2∂rs !jk@∂r { ?s !d·Hs !R@∂o {{ Rh !fd·sr !az·j !g?Tl { ?s !g@∂e !o@∂rs !rdum { Hm Ch !h9umHM {{ Rh !l@∂jr g? !rsit9cmsr !od·Ho?y { ?m !jT·jr !rU·o? {{ !fqd·Hr ?m !l`·Hj { g? !ad·rs !eqdmcy { !it9Yt?kh !jUl !q`Tmc { ?s ?!a`·Ts !d·Hs {{ CdH !kUu !sN∂jHM ?m !k@∂eHM {{ !@∂es? C? !f`Hy !kh9u { Rh !f?Ty s? !adc { ?m !vP·sRHy !dk?my !R?T {{ Rhy !e@∂rs ?!rkh∂o a`H !lHcm`Hs\