Sentence building I. SIMPLE SENTENCES A. Affirmative Statements 1) Subject Verb My head and neck The students Hurt. Studied and worked 2) Subject Verb Complement His friends It The students We My father Her younger sister The children Their daughter The boy are is snowing are reading don’t understand owns wants are playing taught wants smart. (adjective) now. (adverb) English. (noun) her. (pronoun) his own business. (noun phrase) to study abroad. (verb phrase) in the front yard. (prepositional phrase) French at this school. (noun + prepositional phrase) to get married soon (verb phrase + adverb) 3) Subject Verb Complement Indirect Object Direct Object He They teaches bought us Mary English. some flowers. Note: If the indirect object follows the direct, it is introduced by a preposition (to or for)  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  Their daughter / teach / French / this school / last year Their daughter taught English at this school last year. He / speak / write / English / equal / well  He speaks and writes English equally well. B. Negative Statements The Negative of a statement is expressed mainly in two ways: 1. With the Negative of Special Finite Subject Special finite +NOT Complement Alice He All of us They We is not cannot swim are not working will not be have not arrived an engineer. across this river. at this moment. doctors. yet. 2. With the Negative of Other Verbs Subject do, does, did + NOT + V(-to) Complement I My teacher Tom do not know does not enjoy did not like anybody here. classical music. coffee. EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  I / not / know / if / he / telling / truth  I do not know if he is telling the truth.  He / not / able / come / because / his health problem  He was not able to come because of his health problem. C. Interrogative Statements (Questions) When forming a question, we place the auxiliary or the verb be before the subject. If there is no auxiliary or be , we must use the correct form of do, does, did. After do, does, or did, the simple form of the verb must be used. 1. Yes/No questions Auxiliary Subject (Main Verb) Complement? Is Do Will Ho Chi Minh City you the committee believe decide a major cultural centre? what he tells you? on the proposal today? 2. Negative Questions Auxiliary Subject (Main Verb) Complement? Is Isn't Did Doesn't he Anna your parents John not not find love a student? clever? the car key? animals? 3. Wh-Questions a) Who , what, or which in subject questions Who What Which Verb Complement? Who What Which was happened is the first to come? last night? You hat? b) Whom, what, or which in complement questions Whom What Which Auxiliary Subject Verb Complement? Whom What do did you Peter like buy most? at the supermarket? c) When, where, how, and why questions When Where Why How Auxiliary Subject Verb Complement? Why When don't should you I buy end some meat for dinner? a letter with "Yours sincerely"? 4. Indirect Questions a) Subject Verb Question word Subject Verb Complement I know why he Is happened. worried. b) Auxiliary Subject Verb Question word Subject Verb Complement? Do Do you you know know who why Tom has been invited was to Claire's dinner party? absent from class yesterday?  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  you / receive / letter yet?  Have you received the letter yet?  you / know / when / they / go / build / new house?  Do you know when they are going to build a new house? II. COMPOUND SENTENCES A. With Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, so, for, or, yet, … Independent clause, + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent Clause We’re making good progress, but we’ve still got a long way to go. He obviously doesn’t have a plan, or he would have said something. She was often sad, and sometimes she didn’t eat her food.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  There / be / enough beds / so / I / have / sleep / floor  There are not enough beds, so I have to sleep on the floor.  We must / begin / plan / now / for / future / may / bring / unexpected changes  We must begin our plan now, for the future may bring about unexpected changes. B. With Conjunctive Adverbs: however, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, accordingly, . Independent clause; + Conjunctive adverb, + Independent Clause No formal complaint was made; accordingly, the police took no action. It’s a difficult race; nevertheless, about 1,000 runners participate every year. Many colleges do not have dormitories; however, they provide housing referral service.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  It / difficult race / nevertheless / about 1,000 / runner / participate / every year.   There / be / growing opposition / capital punishment / moreover / there / be / now / evidence / many executed prisoners / innocent.  C. With Semicolons Independent clause; Independent clause Bob dominated Dave; Ken dominated me. The American way of life apparently does not foster happiness; half of all the American marriages end in divorce.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  Some people / keep dogs / pets / others / have / cats.   My older brother / study / law / my younger brother / study / medicine  III. COMPLEX SENTENCES A. Adjective Clauses 1. With WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE SUBJECT PRONOUNS who, which, that The student is from China. He sits next to me. - The student who sits next to me is from China. - The student that sits next to me is from China. OBJECT PRONOUNS who(m), which, that I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night. - I liked the woman who(m) I met at the party last night. - I liked the woman that I met at the party last night. - I liked the woman ∅ I met at the party last night. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION who(m), that, ∅ The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday. - The man to who(m) I talked yesterday is very kind. - The man who(m) I talked to yesterday is very kind - The man that I talked to yesterday is very kind. - The man ∅ I talked to yesterday is very kind. POSSESSIVE Whose I know the boy. His bicycle was stolen. - I know the boy whose bicycle was stolen. I have a chair. One leg of which is broken. - I have a chair whose one leg is broken.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  I want / speak / person / deals with / my account.   Dr Doran / secretary / resign / two weeks ago / have / had / do all / own typing  2. With WHERE, WHEN where = in which The building is very old. He lives there. The building in which he lives is very old. The building where he lives is very old. when = on which / at which I’ll never forget the day. I met you then. I’ll never forget the day when I met you. I’ll never forget on which I met you.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  I / work / full-time / days / I / not / have classes   beach / be / place / I / like most / be / summer  B. Noun clauses 1) NOUN CLAUSE + VERB + COMPLEMENT That he will succeed is certain. What I need is a good long holiday. 2) SUBJECT + VERB + NOUN CLAUSE He said (that) he was glad of your success. Experts agree that women learn languages more easily than men (do). 3) SUBJECT + VERB + ADJECTIVE + NOUN CLAUSE I was sure that I had left my keys on the counter. It is necessary that all citizens comply with the new restrictions.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  What / annoy / me / way / he / boast / what / he / done   Louis / be / only person / understand / how / system work   It / true / car / cost / a lot / but it / good investment  III. COMPLEX SENTENCES C. Adverb Clauses 1. Adverb Clause of Time CLAUSE + when, until, while, before, after, as soon as, just as, since, whenever + CLAUSE My children had gone to bed when I came home. I won’t believe you until I’ve seen it for myself. 2. Adverb Clause of Place CLAUSE + where wherever + CLAUSE We go fishing where we can find a lake. He slept wherever he could find a hotel 3. Adverb Clause of Condition Type I: FIRST CONDITIONAL If + Subject + Simple Present tense…+ will can may + [Verb in simple form] If I have money, I will buy a new car. If I see him at the meeting, I’ll give him your message. Note: unless = if . not It you don't come now, I am going to leave without you. = Unless you come now, I’m going to leave without you Type II: SECOND CONDITIONAL If + Subject + Simple Past tense…+ would could might + [Verb in simple form] If we caught the early train, we’d get there by lunch. If I were to win the lottery, I’d buy another house. Type III: THIRD CONDITIONAL If + Subject + Past Perfect tense + would could might have + [Verb in past participle] If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter. If she had worked harder, she would have passed the exams. 4. Adverb Clause of Manner CLAUSE + as though, as if, as + CLAUSE He acts as if he were very sad. The house was in such a mess - it looked as though a bomb had dropped on it. 5. Adverb Clause of Comparison CLAUSE + as….as, -er….than, more….than + CLAUSE The climate is not as bad as it would be. Is the world a safer place than it was a year ago? 6. Adverb Clause of Reason CLAUSE + since, as, because + CLAUSE I couldn’t phone you because I hadn’t got your number. You should talk to Karen since she’s the one responsible for authorizing payments. 7. Adverb Clause of Result CLAUSE + so + adj. (adv.) + that such (a/an) + noun + that + CLAUSE New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used ones. He speaks to me in such a way that I always feel he is insulting me. 8. Adverb Clause of Purpose CLAUSE + so that, in order that + CLAUSE We planned for a long time so that we had a good trip. Regular checks are required in order that safety standards are maintained. 9. Adverb Clause of Concession CLAUSE + though, although, even though + CLAUSE He bought the tickets although the price was high. Even though I have a master’s degree in business administration, I can’t fill out my tax form.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  If I / see/ you / yesterday / I / take you / to / cinema   I / not / a child / but / sometimes / you / talk / me / as if / I / a child   The examination / be / easy / than / we / expect   We have / such / hard homework / I always / need / help  IV. SEQUENCES OF TENSES A. Main verb in the Simple Present If the main clause is then the dependent clause can be Simple Present (1) Present Progressive (2) will, can, or may + verb (3) Simple Past (4) Present Perfect (1) I see that Harriet is writing her composition. Do you know who is riding the bicycle? (2) He says that he will look for a job next week. I know that she is going to win that prize. Mary says that she can play the piano. (3) I hope he arrived safely. They think he was here last night. (4) He tells us that he has been to the mountains before. We know that you have spoken with Mike about the party. B. Main verb in the simple past If the main clause is then the dependent clause can be Simple Past (1) Past Progressive or Simple Past (2) would, could, or might + verb (3) Past Perfect (1) I gave the package to my sister when she visited us last week. Mike visited the Prado Art Museum while he was studying in Madrid. (2) He said that he would look for a job next week. Mary said that she could play piano. (3) I hoped he had arrived safely. They thought he had been here last night.  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.  Astronomers / predict / sun / die / about ten billion / year.   Though we / have / very difficult examination / last night, / I / do / very well  V. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 1. Verbs that are always followed by the infinitive agree attempt claim decide demand desire expect fail hesitate hope intend learn need offer plan prepare pretend refuse seem tend want wish I decided to write a research essay. I work hard and I think I deserve to be well paid. Peter wished he’d never promised to help them. 2. Verbs that are always followed by the gerund admit appreciate avoid can't help consider delay deny enjoy finish imagine mind miss postpone practice quit report resist risk suggest She enjoys running for competition. Where possible, we have avoided using technical terms. I appreciated hearing from them. I can't help worrying about it 3. Verbs + preposition followed by the gerund approve of count on depend on give up insist on keep on rely on succeed in look forward to object to I object to paying so much for milk. His wife finally persuaded him to give up smoking. 4. Adjectives + preposition followed by the gerund accustomed to afraid of capable of fond of intent on interested in successful in tired of I was afraid of losing my way. 5. Adjectives followed by the infinitive anxious easy hard ready boring good pleased strange dangerous prepared usual difficult common able She’s upstairs getting ready to go out. I’m not prepared to listen to excuses. 6. Verb + Noun/Pronoun followed by the infinitive advise convince force order teach allow hire permit tell ask instruct want cause expect invite remind warn need require [...]... memory of)  TRY  He'll try to meet us at 4 o'clock (try: make an attempt) Try cleaning it with petrol (try: make an experiment of)  EXAMPLE Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences  Mary / learn / swim / when / she / very young   I / really / looking forward to / work / with / you  . Sentence building I. SIMPLE SENTENCES A. Affirmative Statements 1) Subject Verb My head and. WHERE, WHEN where = in which The building is very old. He lives there. The building in which he lives is very old. The building where he lives is very old.