THỦ THUẬT LÀM BÀI TẬP VỀ WORD FORMATION : I/ NHỮNG ĐIỂM CẦN LƯU Ý : 1. Xác đònh đúng từ loại cho trong ngoặc đơn. Thường là verb, noun hoặc adjective. 2. Xem chổ gạch trống cần điền từ loại nào thích hợp và biết từ loại tương ứng để điền đúng vào chổ chừa trống. • Nếu điền động từ (verb) ta chú ý thì, dạng và số ít / nhiều. • Nếu điền danh từ (noun) ta chú ý dạng số ít hay nhiều. • Nếu điền tính từ (adj) ta chú ý đến nghóa của câu để dùng tính từ mang nghóa phủ đònh hay khẳng đònh. II/ CÁCH NHẬN BIẾT TỪ LOẠI TRONG CÂU : 1. Chọn từ loại danh từ khi nó là thành tố chính làm chủ ngữ (S), tân ngữ (O) hoặc bổ ngữ (C). Danh từ đặt sau A / AN / THE / THIS / THAT / MY / SOME / ANY / NO … sau các động từ chỉ hành động, đặt sau cùng trong noun phrase. 2. Chọn từ loại tính từ khi nó làm bổ ngữ (C) theo sau các động từ liên hệ (linking verbs) như BE, BECOME, LOOK, SEEM, FEEL, GET, KEEP, MAKE (+ O) … hoặc nó làm từ bổ nghóa (modifier) đứng trước danh từ và theo sau đònh từ (determiner) như A / THE / HIS, … S + LINKING VERB + ADJECTIVE A / THE + ADJECTIVE + NOUN I. VERB FORMS : 1. Verb + object + to – infinitive (ask, tell, beg, request, advise, want, remind, would like, …) Ex : Tom asked me to go out . (go) He advised his son not to go . (not, go) 2. Verb + V – ING (Gerund) (enjoy, avoid, finish, keep, stop, mind, …) Ex : Stop talking. Your father is sleeping. (talk) Do you enjoy reading books. (read) We saw him come in. (come) 3. Verb + Object + V (inf) (make, let,…) Ex : They made me laugh a lot. (laugh) Don’t let them go. (go) Note : BE MADE + TO - INF Ex : He was made to work hard. (work) 4. a. Used to + V (inf) Ex : She used to go to work by car. (go) Be (get) used to +V-ING Ex : He is used to swimming in the sea. (swim) 5. CAUSATIVE FORM : Passive : Have + something + PP Ex : She’ll have her luggage carried home. (carry) 7. Preposition + V- ING / NOUN Ex : She is interested in reading books. (read) She is fond of story books. II. VERB TENSES : 1. Simple Past : She went to work by taxi yesterday. (go) 2. Simple Past – Past Perfect : I (meet) had met him twice before I (leave) left for London 3. Simple Past – Past continuous : When we (come) came, he (prepare) was preparing dinner for his family. 4. Unreal Conditional Sentences :- If I (be) were you, I (not, do) would not do it. 5. Tenses after WISH : - I wish I (be) were there now. III. STRUCTURE : 1/ RELATIVE CLAUSE (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) : 1.1 WHOSE : Đặt ngay trước và sau 2 danh từ (N1 + WHOSE + N2), thay cho OF WHOM / WHICH chỉ sơ hữu (Possessive) WHOSE thay cho HIS, HER, ITS, THEIR (+ Noun), Possessive case (Noun’s), of phrase. EX : I know the boy. You are reading his book. _ I know the boy whose book you are reading. EX : The house is hers. The windows of the house are green. _ The house whose windows (the windows of which) are green is hers . 2/ CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF – CLAUSE) 2.1. LOẠI 2 : Present unreal condition (điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại) IF _ CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE Past subjunctive Present conditioal (S+ WERE / Ved/2) (S + WOULD / COULD + V-inf) EX : If you caught AIDS, you would surely die. • Chú ý : UNLESS = IF … NOT (nếu không) EX : Unless your uncle stops smoking, he will die of lung cancer. (If your uncle doesn’t stops smoking,…) 3/ WISH _ STRUTURE (Cấu trúc ước muốn) 3.1. Wish in the present : có NOW S + WERE / V-ed/2 EX : Iwish I had enough time to finish my work. 4/ CAUSATIVE FORM (Dạng nguyên nhân) PASSIVE : S + HAVE + O (thing) + PP + (A) EX : I had my bicycle repaired yesterday. 5/ ADVERBIAL CLAUSE AND PHRASEOF REASON (Câu nguyên nhân) Câu phức : main clause + BEFORE + Adv. clause of reason. Câu đơn : main clause + BECAUSE OF + V-ing phrase (S1 =S2) Noun phrase (S1 ≠ S2) (one’s / the + adj + noun) EX : She can’t go to school because she is sick. She can’t go to school because of. 6/ ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT (Câu kết quả) Dạng : SO + Adj / Adv + THAT – Clause SO + many / much / few / little + Noun + THAT – Clause SUCH + (a / an) + Adj + Noun + THAT – Clause EX : This question is so difficult that no one can answer it. This is such a difficult question that no one can answer it. 7/ STRUCTURE WITH TOO / ENOUGH : 7.1. TOO :(quá … không thể) nối câu khẳng đònh với câu phủ đònh . Dạng : S + V + TOO + Adj / Adv + (for + O) + TO – inf + (A) EX : The air is too polluted. We can’t breathe it. _ The air is too polluted for us to breathe. 7.2. ENOUGH : (đủ … có thể) nối 2 câu giống nhau, cùng (+) / cùng (-) Dạng : S + V + Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (for +O) + To-inf + (A) S + V + ENOUGH + Noun + (for +O) +To-inf. + (A) EX : The story is short. They can read it in one hour. _ The story is short enough for them to read in one hour. • Biến đổi giữa TOO và ENOUGH : TOO + Adj ↔ NOT + Adj (opposite) + ENOUGH EX : He was too young to see the horror films He was not old enough to see the horror films. 8/ THE PASSIVE VOICE : Dạng tổng quát : S + BE + PP ( 3 / ED) + …(BY + O) p dụng vào các thì cơ bản : 8.1/ Simple past : S + WAS / WERE + PP EX: The teacher punished him yesterday. _ He was punished by the teacher yesterday. TOO . . . . TO, ENOUGH TO, SO . . . THAT, SUCH . . . . THAT: 1)The old man was too weak to say a word (so . . .that) → The old man 2)My grandfather was too old to live by himself (so. . .that) → My grandfather 3)She is such a beautiful girl that everybody admires her (so . . . that) → She is 4)It was such an interesting film that none of us wanted to miss it (so . . .that) → The film was . 5)Your sister can’t enjoy this film because she is so young (too . . .to) → Your sister is . 6)My grandfather was so old that he couldn’t live by himself (too . . . to) → My grandfather was . 7)The old man was so weak that he couldn’t say a word (too . . . to) → The old man was . 8)My brother is young, and he can’t enjoy such a film (enough to) → His brother was . 9)His brother was not well and he didn’t go to work (enough to). → His brother was . 10)My sister is sick and she needs a doctor (enough to) → My sister is . 11)These exercises are too difficult for us to do (such . . . that) → They are 12)The coffee is too hot for him to drink (such . . . that) → It is . 13)The question is so easy that all of the pupils can answer it (such . . . that) → It is . 14)All of us felt tired since the weather was terribly hot (such . . . that) → It was 15)This novel is interesting enough for her to read several times (such . . . that) → It’s 16)The food was very good. They finished it up in just a few minutes (so. . . that) → The food was . 17)I an was very busy. She couldn’t go to the movies With us (so. . . that) → Lan was 18)She is very poor. She can’t buy a bicycle (so. . . that) → She is 19)She is very kink. Everybody loves her (so. . . that). → She is 20)The weather is too bad. I have to stay home (so. . . that) → The weather is . 21)He was very good student. He passed all his examination (such. . . that) → 22)Mr. Smith is a very strong man. He can lift up a heavy box easily (such. . . that) → . 23)He gave us very good advice. All of us are thankful to him (such. . . that) → . 24)He is very young. He can’t study English (too. . . to) → He is . 25)Is was very tired. I couldn’t run fast (too. . . to) → I was . 26)I was very busy. I couldn’t visit her (too. . . to) → I was . 27)My friends are good. They can do these exercises (enough to) → My friend 28)She is tall. She can reach the top shelf (enough to) → She is 29. My sister can’t come with me because she is very busy. ( if ) ____________________________________________________________________ 30. We shall not stop work unless it is too dark to see properly. ( if ) ______________________________________________________________ 31. He has bough many books. He can’t put them all into his schoolbag. ( so…that ) ______________________________________________________________ 32. They made him work hard all day yesterday. ( passive voice ) ______________________________________________________________ 33. No one could have known the secret. (Passive voice ) ______________________________________________________________ 34. Although he is old, he often plays tennis. ( in spite of ) ______________________________________________________________ 35. The car crashed because the driver was careless. ( because of…. ) ______________________________________________________________ 36. The case was very heavy. He couldn’t carry it. ( so….that ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37. He had his brother send the letter yesterday. ( causative passive ) .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38. Susan is young. She can’t go to the cinemas alone. ( too….to ) .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39. My grandfather is old. He can’t walk without a stick. ( so…that ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40. She was tired. She couldn’t eat. ( too….to ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41. The TV programme was interesting. The children didn’t want to go to bed early. (so that ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42. Your sister is old. She can go to school. ( enough to ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43. The children did not want to go to bed early because the T.V programme was interesting.  The T.V programme was so . 44. The book is too bad for the children to read.  The book is so . 45. He is too young to get married.  He is not 46. The air is polluted. We can’t breathe it.  The air was so 47. Because the buses are full up, they not stop.  If . 48. I was too tired to eat anything. I was so . 49. He is too poor to go by taxi.  He is not . 50. This book is very interesting. You should read it.  This book is . 51. The film was so boring that we left before the end.  It was such . 52. It was such a dirty river that we could not swim in it.  The river was so . 53. The weather was warm. We didn’t need a coat.  It was such . 54. The exam question was so easy that all the students got it right.  It was such 55. It was such an excellent show that we enjoy it.  The show was so 56. The garden is too cold to sit in  The garden is not 57. The boy is so young that he cannot understand this story.  He is such . 58. She is too weak to carry her luggage.  She is not . 59. His voice was so soft that we couldn’t hear him.  His voice was too 60. The coffee is too hot for him to drink.  The coffee is not 61. He was so kind that everyone liked him.  He was 62. He is too short to reach the top of the board.  He is not . 63. That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there.  that restaurant is too 64. The book is too difficult for me to understand.  The book is not . 65. You are too old to wear this dress.  You are so . 66. The cake was too hard for me to eat.  The cake was 67. This is the goalkeeper. His brother is my friend.  This is . 68. That house is too small for six of us to live in.  That house is so 69. The boy is so lazy that he knows his lessons. ( such …that ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 70. The children laughed a lot because of the funny clowns. ( made ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71. I’m not tall. I can’t reach that picture on the wall. ( enough ….to ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72. Mr.Baker had a mechanic fix the motor of his car. ( causative passive ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 73. The boy is too young to go to the cinema by himself. ( enough….to ) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74. I got to the station so late that I couldn’t catch the train. ( too…to ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75. The speaker gave a long talk. Most of the audience felt sleepy. ( such…that ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76. I think that my sister is too busy to help them . ( so…that ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77. The coffee was so hot that he couldn’t drink. ( such… that ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78. We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad. ( such….that ) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79. No one has ever discussed that question. ( passive voice ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 80. I often get up early. I am used ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 81. He was to far away to hear me. He was so ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 82. It was such good weather that we went swimming. The weather ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83. The garden is too small to play football in. The garden isn’t .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 84. This holiday’s so expensive, I don’t think I can go. It’s such .…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85. The switch was too high for him to reach. He wasn’t tall .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86. She wants to buy a colour TV but she doesn’t have enough money. She wishes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87. The TV programme was so interesting that it satisfied everybody. ( such…that ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88. Although the traffic was heavy, he was able to get home before dark. ( in spite of ) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89. They wrote these song in 1984. These ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 90. She fell asleep because of the boring film. The boring film ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91. John is sorry he often gets bad marks. John wishes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92. What a pity! She is so busy now. I wish .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93. She won’t visit me again. I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 94. I’m sorry you can’t play all your debts. I wish you .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67. They repaired the stands of the stadium yesterday. The stands of the stadium ______________________________________________ 68. The lesson is too difficult for my sister to learn in an hour. The lesson isn't_______________________________________________________ 69. Tom wanted Peter to wash his car. Tom had ____________________________________________ (Causative passive) 70. My sister is very young. She can't go to the zoo alone. My sister is too ______________________________________________________ 71. People sell apples on the street corner. Apples ______________________________________________________________ 72. Mrs Green had him carry her luggage downstairs. Mrs Green had _______________________________________________________ 73. He came too late to catch any taxi to town. He didn't ________________________________ 74. The driver told him to till up the tank. The driver had _______________________________________________________ 75- They asked me to show them my school bag. ___________________________________ 76. They will ask someone to make a round table for the conferene They will have _______________________________________________________ 77. Peter doesn't have enough coloured pencils- The picture doesn’t look interesting. If__________________________________________________________________ 78. We don't have a bicycle so we can't go there for a picnic. If__________________________________________________________________ 79. This exercise is very difficult. Daisy can't do it.  This exercise is too ___________________________________________________ 80. No one helped him because of his laziness. No one helped him because _____________________________________________ 81. He was too tired to say a word- He was so ___________________________________________________________ 82. A famous writer wrote this book. This book ___________________________________________________________ 83. She was tired. She couldn't eat She was too _________________________________________________________ 84. They forced the poor boy to work harder- They made __________________________________________________________ 85. The programme was so interesting that the children didn't want to go to bed early  It was such _________________________________________________________ 86. Please ask someone to repair ihis car immediately.  Please have _________________________________________________________ 87. The problems were so complicated that the teacher couldn't explain them in an hour. They were such __________________________________________________ 88. What a pity my brother is not a doctor. I wish ______________________________________________________________ 89. They might built the bridge in a hurry. The bridge ________________________________________________________ 90. He was such a brave boy that many reporters came to picture him. The boy was so ______________________________________________________ 91. The lesson was very difficult. He couldn't understand it. The lesson was too ____________________________________________________ 92. The doctor can't see many patients because he is so late. If the doctor _________________________________________________________ 93. They will build a stadium near the river. A stadium ___________________________________________________________ 94. The gate is very wide. A truck can go through it. (ENOUGH) ___________________________________________________________________ 95. They must not put their shoes on the table. Their shoes __________________________________________________________ 96.He isn't rich. He can't buy that luxury car. (ENOUGH)  97. The programme was interesting so it could satisfy every taste. __________________________________________________________ (ENOUGH) 98. Peter was so late that he couldn't catch the bus to town. Peter was too ______________________________________________________ 99. It rained too heavily for the children to go to school. It rained so __________________________________________________________ 100. They will leave the workers build a swimming pool in the garden. They will have _______________________________________ (Causative passive) 101. They planted trees along the path.  Trees ____________________________________________________________ 102. He fell exhausted enough to stop working. He felt so __________________________________________________________ 103. He was thirsty enough to drink all these bottles of water. He was so ___________________________________________________________ 104. The novel was so exciting that I read it all in a night. It was such _________________________________________________________ 105- It was so dark that I couldn't sec who he was. It was loo ___________________________________________________________ 106. She acted so well lhat the audience was moved to tears (ENOUGH . TO)  ___________________________________________________________ 107. They're going to have a porter take their luggage to a taxi.  They're going to have _________________________________________________ 108. They threw the paper bags away. The paper bags ______________________________________________________ 109. The man painted the house in half a month. The house ___________________________________________________________ 110. Your brother is ld. He can go to school. (ENOUGH . TO) 111. You must finish your exercise before you leave. Your exercise ______________________________________________ 112. The story was so boring that I turned off the light and went to bed.  It was such ________________________________________________________ 113. You are too old to wear this dress. You aren't __________________________________________________________ 114. My younger brother had someone do the work now. (Causative passive) My younger brother had ________________________________________________ 115. They invited everyone to the meeting. Everyone ____________________________________________________________ 116. They asked her to sing that song many times. She___________________________________ 117. He has the mechanic repair the car last Sunday.  He has ______________________ ___________________________________ 118. My mother planted that tree. That tree ________________________________ 119. They felt very happy. They gave away all their food-  __________________________________________________________(ENOUGH) 120. We will tell them to clean the floor.  We will have ___________________________________________________ 121. The hat is too small for me to put on. The hat is so ____________________________________________________ 122. This man had a boy bring a book to him. This man had ______________________________________________________ 123. The novel is too boring for us to read. The novel isn't____________________________ 124. Tom is too young to go to school. Tom is not ______________________________ 125. It is too late for them to go to the cinema. It isn't _________________________________ 126. The teacher asked the student to tell the story again. The teacher had ___________________________ 127. The tree was too big for them to carry home.  The tree was so _____________________________ 128. You arc too weak to lift this table up. You are not ______________________________ 129. He was too slow to catch the bus. He was not _______________________________ 130. They asked him to repair my watch yesterday.  They had _____________________ ________________ 131. He drank so much coffee that he couldn't sleep that night He drank such __________________________ 132. It was such interesting news that everybody wants to hear all of its details. The news was so ________________________ 133. They are such big cows that they give a lot of milk. The cows are so ___________________________ 134. It was such a boring film that the children went to bed early.  The film was so __________________________ 135. There is such a lot of rain that we can't go out. There is so __________________________ 136. The milk is so good that everyone wants some more. It is such _________________________________ 137. We had so much work to do that we couldn't go anywhere. . We had such ___________________________ 138. There are such a lol of tables and chairs that we cannot arrange them in a few minutes. There are so ___________________________ [...]... said, “Close the door, Tom.” → I told Tom to close the door 2 NEGATIVE: (phủ đònh) ask, tell someone not to V E.x: I said, “Don’t open the door, Mary.” → I asked Mary not to open the door Exercise 1 : Rewrite the following sentences using indirect speech He said :” I’ll be here again tomorrow”  He said _ 2 Paulo said to her :”I want to buy a pocket calculator for my father”... to dig for worms “, said the little boy  The little boy said 10 He said to me:” You can keep that one if you like”  He said _ Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences 1 They asked me “ What were you doing yesterday?”  They asked _ 2 He asked her : “ When do you leave this place?”  He asked ... mechanic finish repairing my car ?” she said  She asked 10 “ Can I borrow your typewriter , Janet?” asked Tom  Tom asked _ Exercise 3: Rewrite each sentence as directed, beginning as shown 1 “ I’m taking the 5:30 train tomorrow evening”  Jane said 2 “ I left my umbrella here two days ago”  Susan told... 9 “ Was anyone hurt in the accident ? ”  I asked my friend _ 10 “ Do you understand what I mean ?”  She asked me Exercise 4 : Rewrite as directed 1 Miss O’ Shay said to Nancy :” Your picture has won the scholarship”  Miss O’ Shay told _ 2 “ How well did your sister speak English ?” the manager asked . “Don’t open the door, Mary.” → I asked Mary not to open the door. Exercise 1 : Rewrite the following sentences using indirect speech 1. He said :” I’ll be. said___________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences 1. They asked me “ What were you doing yesterday?”