G A O V A T H U O C P H I E N : N G H I E N C U U V E H O A T D O N G M A U D I C H N G t f O I H O A C U A V I E T N A M N t T A D A U T H E K Y X I X DUONG VAN HUY* N Q a dau the ky XIX la giai doan lich sQ day nhiing bien ddi ve mat kinh te - xa hoi Hoat dong thiidng mai, nhat la ngoai thiidng v i n dien va diidc su khuyen khich tQ phia chinh quyen trung ildng Ddng thdi, cimg vdi su that bai cua cac thiidng nhan phiidng Tay hoat dong mau dich vdi nha Nguyen va sii that bai cua ngiidi Viet cac hoat dong thiidng mai vdi thi triidng Trung Qudc Ngiidi Hoa da trd mdt life liidng quan trong, nam girl cac hoat dong mau dich quan cua Viet Nam ke ca noi thiidng va ngoai thiidng, va nhat la cac hoat dong m i u dich giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qudc Vdi chinh sach i f u cua chinh quyen nha Nguyen, ngiidi Hoa da tham nhap vao hau het cac Hnh viic kinh doanh thiidng mai cua Viet Nam Ben canh do, ho cung tham gia tich ciic vao buon ban hai mat hang ciic ky quan va nhay cam thdi ky la gao va thudc phien Mat hang gao co anh hiidng tnic tiep tdi van de kinh te va dn dinh xa hoi cua Viet Nam Thudc phien la mat hang buon ban quan cua cac thiidng nhan qudc te khong chi d Viet Nam ma tren khap cac thi triidng khu viic Cho nen, 1 * Th.S Vien Nghien cQu Dong Nam A xuat gao di nhap thudc phien ve la mot nhQng hoat dong kinh doanh dem lai nhieu ldi nhuan nhat cho Hoa thiidng d Viet Nam thdi ky Ddng thdi, nhQng hoat dong thiidng mai da tac dong khdng nhd tdi ddi sdng kinh te, xa hoi Viet Nam diidng thdi Hoat dpng buon ban gao cua Hoa thu'o'ng cV Viet Nam Viet Nam von phong phu ve gao, nha't la tQ lanh tho diidc md rong xudng phia Nam, dien tich canh tac diidc md rong, dieu da khien cho khu vQc Nam Bo da trd viia lua cua ca midc va la mat hang buon ban quan cua cac Hoa thiidng (1), nhat la buon ban vdi Trung Qudc Trong nhieu triidng hdp chinh quyen Viet Nam da cam buon ban gao de dam bao nhu cau tieu dung mfdc, nhiing vdi nhu cau ve gao manh me tQ phia Trung Quo'c da khien cho viec budn ban gao cd the kiem diidc nhQng khoan ldi nhuan kich xu, chinh dieu da khien cho Hoa thiidng bat chap thu doan de tien hanh cac hoat dong budn lau gao tQ Viet Nam sang Trung Quo'c, bat chap lenh cam cua chinh quyen trung lidng Viet Nam 46 Ben canh do, tang nhanh ve dan so tai Trung Quoc, thi dien tich canh tac lua lai bi thu hep b nhieu ndi chien tranh tan pha, hoae nhiing dien tich lua khong tang kip so vdi nhip tang dan sd Ngoai ra, thdi ky cuoi the ky XVIII dau the ky XLX nha Thanh Trung Quoc, chien tranh nd trien mien, cdng vdi viec doi kem mat mua xay thiidng xuyen Cho nen, viec thieu liidng thiic da trd van de cap thiet dat dd'i vdi Trung Quo'c Chinh vi vay, cac hoat dong buon ban vdi Dong Nam A, nha Thanh khuyen khich cac hoat ddng nhap khau gao va nhat la hoat dong mau dich lua gao vdi Thai Lan va Viet Nam Trong cac hoat dong budn gao vdi Dong Nam A, Viet Nam chiem mot vi t r i quan trong, song cac hoat dong mua ban chu yeu dien tren phiidng thiic buon lau cua cac Hoa thiidng b Viet Nam Trong khoang the ky XVII, kinh doanh gao d Viet Nam da phat trien manh, nha't la viec xuat khau gao cua Dang Ngoai qua diidng cang Hai Phdng, va trung tam nhiing hoat ddng kinh doanh la Phd Hien Den nam 1831, Pho' Hien ddi ten Hiing Yen, thi cang khong cdn vai trd la trung tam thiidng mai nQa Den 1825, cac tu lieu cho biet cd khoang 40 chiec thuyen buon cua Hoa thiidng budn ban b Nam Dinh va Ha Noi, hai cang trd nhQng trung tam xua't khau chu yeu b khu viic chau thd Song Hdng (2) Hai Phdng cung trd mot thiidng cang quan vao khoang giQa the' ky XIX Trong khoang thdi gian tQ 1844 den 1846, mot giao sy truyen dao cua Dominican la Mannuel de Rivas cho biet mdt so'thong tin ve nhQng so' thiidng thuyen ngiidi Hoa den Bac Ky de buon ban gao Ong cho biet, chi rieng d cang Hai Phdng cd hdn 500 ta gao xuat khau (d day la ddn vi ta cua Tay Rghien cuoi Lich stf so" 2.2011 Ban Nha, ta Tay Ban Nha tiidng diidng khoang 46 kg, nen trung binh liidng khoang 23 tan), ong cung cho biet b Ha Ndi sd liidng gao xuat khau cdn ldn hdn nhieu (3) Cu the hdn ve viec Hoa thvidng tham gia vao hoat dong buon ban gao d Bac Ky chung ta co the tim thay nhQng bQc thu cua Pierre Andre Retord, Cha sd Tda Tay Tonkin, ong cho biet vao khoang nhQng nam 50 cua the ky XIX, ong td lo l i n g ve nan ddi d Bac Ky, va ong ldi cho nha Nguyln la "ke thdng chinh quyen dUdng nhu ngdy cdng trd nen bdt Itfc doi vdi khu vUc nay, chinh quyen doi ddi vung gidng nhu vung bi chinh phuc vd nhung quan lqi d day khai thdc chung de thoa man long tham cua hq d day cdc quan lqi cua chung ta dd cdm rd't gat gao viec xudt khdu gao tie tinh ndy den tinh khdc Lenh cdm mdu dich duqc ban vdi viec chi dUdc dung thuyen nho; nhung cdc quan chdc chinh quyen dtfa vdo cdc hdnh vi pham phdp de lam giau cho chinh hq, de phong buon lau, truy kich den ciing bon buon lau, tich thu hang hda vd ddnh thue nang xd phat Idm giau cho quan lqi' (4) Ddng thdi, Retord cung da so sanh vdi each Qng xQ cua chinh quyen vdi ngQdi dan dia phQdng va vdi viec ung ho sQ md rong thvidng mai cua ngiidi Hoa, dng cho rang, "nhung gi chinh quyen [Hue] lam khdng phai cho ngUdi dia phUdng, hq chu yeu cho ngUdi Trung Qudc den ddy hang nam td cd noi chien tai ddt nUdc hq [Trung Qudc] vd hq [ngUdi Hoa] cd dtfqc stf cung cap luong thtfc ldn Quan lqi ve be mat mudn dudi hq di nhtfng nhtfng ngUdi nUdc ngodi ndy bi mat dUa cho so tien ldn, va vi vdy hq dtfdc ttf thtfc hien trqn ven cdng viec kinh doanh cua minh Nam ngodi (1856), nhieu ngudi Hoa den Tonkin (Bac Ky) khdng mang theo hang hda de bdn d 47 Qao va thuoc phien: Rghien ciru ve day ma hq chi lang le thu mua gao, hdu het nen thtfOng mai d Trung Qudc bi ngitng tre bdi stf tan phd cua cdc cudc khdi nghia vd chien tranh cua ngtfdi Anh (chien tranh Nha Phien) da phd huy chung" (5) Trong ket luan cua Retord, ong cho biet them, nam 1857 lai co mot nan doi khac va gao da tang gia hdn lan so v6i ong den Bac Ky vao nam 1832 (6) Giong nhu" nhQng phai doan truyen giao ngiidi Phap khac do, Retord song gan vdi khu vQc co mQc song trung binh va cong viec cua ong da phan anh ro cai nhin r&'t phd bien ve hoat dong buon ban gao cua ngiidi Hoa d Bac Ky (7) Ben canh do, viec nghien cQu ve thue thu tQ ngoai thiidng thdi gian tQ nam 1865 den nam 1868 cung cung cap nhieu bang chQng cho thay nhieu ldi ich cd diidc tQ xuat khau gao, cung nhii thong qua thue danh vao thudc phien, thie'c va go cQng Vao nam 1865 va 1866, thue danh len moi thuyen buon tham gia buon ban diidng song d Tonkin la 50 lang bac Nam 1865, tdng so' 157 thuyen buon phai tra tdi 7.850 lang bac va nam 1866 thue thu diidc la 5.450 lang bac Thue thu tang them 75 lang bac moi thuyen buon nhQng nam sau (8) Nam 1865, sau nan ddi d tinh Hai Diidng dan den 8.000 ngiidi chet, chinh quyen nha Nguyen da thQc hien danh thue gao xuat khau nham bao ve liidng gao cung Qng cho nhu cau midc Tuy nhien, nam- 1866, cac Hoa thvidng yeu cau cho ho diidc xu&'t k h i u gao mien thue b cang Hai Phdng vdng nam, ddi lai Hoa thiidng se cung cap 69 thuyen manh de giup chinh quyen Viet Nam tran ap hai tac d cQa song Cam thuoc khu vQc vinh Ha Long SQ hdp tac diidc chinh quyen tan thanh, va 69 chiec thuyen diidc miln thue buon ban gao Ngoai ra, 26 chiec thuyen manh khac den diidc Nam Dinh va Hai Diidng Ddng thdi 30 chiec thuyen manh Hoa thiidng da mua 1.364.260 can gao (1 can = 0,6 kg) ho&c 818,5 tan, vdi so thue quy dinh la lang bac cho 1000 can, chinh quyen thu diidc 4.091 lang bac tQ thue (9) Nam 1867, cang Hai Diidng chi thu dQdc 310 lang bac thue tQ thuyen budn, thap hdn 10% so vdi 5.563 lang bac tien thue thu diidc tQ 25 thuyen buon diidng song d Tra Ly cua Nam Dinh Khi dQdc hdi ve ly tai sao, cac thvidng nhan den tQ Trung Hoa cho biet ho chi diidc phep thu mua gao vong den ngay, va neu ho b lai lau hdn thi bi coi la "gian thvidng" (cunning merchants) va se bi trQng phat Vua Tii DQc da hdi cac quan lai d Hai Diidng ve van de va ho da bao cao rang "cdc thuyen budn nha Thanh nho vd vdn thi khiem ton, nen hq mudn den de budn bdn Hq yeu cau nhd vua giam thue mdi, yeu cdu ndy that qua ddng" (10) Viec xuat khau gao qua dang se tao thieu hut d chinh Viet Nam, lam tang gia va cudi cung gay bat dn ve xa hoi Do do, chinh quyen nha Nguyen can ngan chan te nan budn l&u neu ho muon diidc long dan Nhiing ngan chan that khong de vi ngiidi Hoa luon cd nhu c i u va viec xuat khau sang Trung Hoa ke ca b&'t hdp phap, vi cd ldi rat ldn Khong chi cd Hoa kieu, ma ca ngii dan hay thiidng nhan Viet Nam cung thong ddng vdi thiidng nhan ngiidi Hoa de cung Qng cho viec thQdng mai song hanh (11) Cac phu thQdng ngQdi Hoa b Viet Nam cung nhu d Ha Noi thvidng dung thuyen ldn di lai cac tinh mua gao ve rdi len hit chd sang Trung Qudc ban lai de kiem ldi to Trong mua ban gao cac phu thiidng Hoa kieu thiidng ap.dung ket hdp cac thu doan cho vay lai, mua lua non va 48 bat bi mua re (12) NgQdi Hoa chia vao the diidc Qu dai ve phap luat va so' vd'n ldn cua minh Cac Hoa kieu d Ha Noi da toa di khap cac ndi cho cac tieu chu va nha nong ngiidi Viet vay vd'n, dac biet la "cac Hoa kieu bang Quang Dong diing lam chu cac ngan hang, ho cho vay lai co tdi 60% hang nam, trie 5% hang thang, Hocquard goi nhiing Hoa kieu kieu la nhiing ten Do thdi Vien Dong, va mdi mua lua sap chin nhQng hoa Kieu dd cam tui bac, ngdi thuyen di day khap cac nga song, gid tui bac du cho cac nha ndng vay, nhat la dd'i vdi nhiing ngiidi dang can tien cong viec ma chay hieu hy Va den ky han, neu cac nd khong co tien tra thi Hoa kieu da nham so' lua thu hoach cua ngiidi di vay ma bat bi mua lai vdi mot gia re mat" (13) J.Dupuis den Ha Noi co ghi lai sii kien cac Hoa thiidng pho' Quang Dong da dung chiec thuyen budn di thu mua lua gao chd tQ Hai Diidng ve Nam 1879, Tii Diic cung du rang "gdn day nghe rat nhieu nhdng thuyen budn (nha Thanh) cd dd khdng de dpi den mua hq lua chin [gao bi] chd trdm khoi cda bien" Ddi ho ciing diing manh khde trao ddi thuyen budn de chd trdm gao ve Trung Quoc (14) Nhu cau ldn ve gao cua thi triidng Trung Quoc da kich thich ddng chay gao ngoai lanh tho Viet Nam va tao nen sii bung nd manh me buon ban lau gao thdi ky nha Nguyen Ben canh do, trieu dinh Hue da ap dung hang loat cac chirm sach nham thiic day viec nhap khau gao nham dap ling nhu cau liidng thiic midc Nam 1825, thue diidc mien trQ elm yeu phu thuoc vao liidng gao chd tren tau dd'i vdi cac thuyen budn ngoai quoc tai cang Viet Nam, nha't la nhiing thuyen buon til Siam va Ha Chau (15) Neu cac thuyen buon ngoai quo'c van chuyen gao den Viet Nam cang nhieu Rghien curu Lich sit, so" 2.2011 thi thue miln cung nhieu hdn (16) Budn ban gao midc chu yeu chinh quyen nam giQ nham dam bao dap ling du nhu c i u qudc gia M i l n thue n h i m thiic day thvidng nhan cung cap gao cho khu viic ndi dia Thue diidc m i l n neu thuyen budn den chi mang theo hang hda la gao (17) Tuy nhien, nhQng thuyen budn khong the diidc mien thue hoan toan neu thuyen cua ho mang gao cung vdi cac hang hda khac den (18) Nam 1864, mot thvidng nhan Trung Qudc la Van Thuan chd gao tQ Siam va diidc mien thue hoan toan budn ban d Binh Dinh (19) Viec budn ban gao phi phap thiic sii dang lo ngai dd'i vdi trieu dinh Hue Trong the ky XIX, trieu dinh lien tuc ban hanh cac quy dinh han che dd'i vdi cac hoat ddng budn lau gao nQdc ngoai Nhiing cac thiidng nhan, nha't la Hoa thiidng van budn ban gao bi m&t bang nhieu each khac va da phan deu trot lot Mot mat, cac thuyen budn cua Hoa thQdng thQdng xuyen thay ddi cac ke hoach xuat khau gao sang Trung Hoa de tranh bi danh thue, hoae danh lQa thue ho quay trd lai Viet Nam (20) Mat khac, nhieu Hoa thQdng budn l&u gao diidi ly ddng thuyen hoae budn ban cung cac loai hang hda khac Budn lau gao xay rat thQdng xuyen, va nhieu thvidng nhan ngiidi Viet gia dang nhQng Hoa thiidng de budn l&u gao Viec gia tang sd' liidng cac hoat dong budn lau nhu v&y dan den viec chinh quyen gia tang cac quy dinh han che cac thQdng nhan dia phiidng gia dang cac thuyen budn Trung Hoa (21) Nam 1828, nha Nguyln da cam cac thuyen budn Viet Nam den Ha Chau budn ban gao Nam 1836, trieu dinh da cQ nhieu quan lai di cdng can Ha Chau, va nhQng quan chQc da bao cao r i n g da thay Qao va thuoc phien: Rghien ciru ve 49 khoang 500.000 can gao, tiidng diidng khoang 300 tan dQdc xuat khau di Philippin (25) Trong gia gao tang manh vao nhQng nam 20 the ky XIX d khu viic Bac Ky thi gia gao lai vd cung thap d Gia Dinh, nam 1829 "ky trudc gid gao rat re, phUctng (38,5 lit) gao gia khdng qua 56 mach (hay tien, tUOng dUOng 0,5-0,6 quan) Gdn ddy, nam dUOc mua md gid gao cung khong dudi quan, la bdi bon budn gian xdo dong trdm nhieu vd thuyen ngtfbi Thanh chd khach den hop an rat nhieu" (26) Chinh v i v&y ma ddng chay gao midc ngoai cang nhieu chu yeu thdng qua cac hoat dong budn lau cua Hoa thiidng Ben canh do, gao dQdc cac Hoa Vdi liu the ve mat dia Ty gan vdi Trung Qudc, mot so' dia phiidng cua Viet Nam nhii thiidng van chuyen di vdi khd'i liidng khdng Quang Yen, Hai Diidng, nan budn ban v i n nhd cung sii cho phep cua cac quan lai d chuyen gao phi phap diln thvidng xuyen day (27) Chinh vi vay, khu vQc Gia Dinh Cung vdi viec gia tang dan sd'd Trung Qudc cung la trung tam de cac "gian thQdng" tii the ky XVIII da thiic day sii nhap khau ngiidi Hoa ke ca ngiidi Viet budn lau gao gao cua midc va ldi nhuan thu diidc t i i mot each manh me, va nhQng thQdng nhan viec budn ban gao vd cung ldn da kich thich da thu diidc nhQng khoan ldi nhuan ddng chay gao bi mat tQ Viet Nam den khdng Id (28) Nam Trung Hoa Dieu khien cho Nam 1824, nhieu ngiidi chiu ddi d Kham nhQng nan ddi cang tram hdn d Chau va Liem Chau cua Trung Qudc, va khu vQc cac tinh ddng bang Bac Bd gia gao d day tang mdt each dot ngdt len tdi nhieu nam mat mua, va nhQng nam diidc tham chi lang bac mdi ganh (29) Nhieu mua thi liidng gao xuat khau qua nhieu ngiidi Viet budn ban gao phi phap tdi gay nen tinh trang thieu gao thiidng xuyen, Kham Chau va Liem Chau Ve ddng chay gia gao tang chdng mat nhQng nam gao ngoai, Hoang de Minh Mang da 20 cua the ky XIX, theo Nguyln The Arm lenh cac quan lai ap dung cac bien phap thi, nhQng nam 1825 va 1829-1830 nghiem khac nham ngan chan viec budn thi gia gao tang 50 den 100% (24) Nhiing lau gao sang Trung Qudc (30) Cac thiidng van de budn ban gao khdng anh hiidng qua nhan Viet Nam cung nhii thiidng nhan nhieu tdi ddi sdng kinh te, xa hdi cua ngiidi Trung Hoa da bi mat van chuyen gao sang dan dia phiidng khu vQc Nam Ky, bdi den Trung Qudc, tham chi cho du chinh quyen thdi ky nha Nguyen, khu vQc dien tich nha Nguyen da han che ngiidi Hoa d Viet canh tac md rong hdn bao gid het va trd Nam tham gia budn ban (31) Nam 1836, vQa lua, ngudn cung cap gao chu yeu Nguyln Cdng TrQ, Tong ddc Hai DQdng va cua Viet Nam Khdng chi vay, day la khu Quang Yen nhan diidc chi thi cua trieu vQc xuat khau gao ldn nha't cua midc ta dinh Hue thQc hien viec cap giay phep cho Vao nam 1804, khu vQc Gia Dinh cd thiidng nhan bdi vi nhieu ngiidi Viet Nam nhieu thuyen buon va thiidng nhan den t i i Viet Nam buon ban gao vdi ngiidi dia phiidng d Ha Chau va mua thuoc phien chd ve Viet Nam Bao cao la nguyen nhan dan deh chinh quyen nha Nguyen phuc hoi lai lenh cam, cho nen nhiing ngiidi Viet dia phiidng khdng diidc phep ban gao cho Hoa thiidng hoae cac thiidng nhan midc ngoai khac (22) Hdn nQa, cd nhieu Dai Dich Thuyen d Vinh Long da xuat midc ngoai budn ban gao, nhiing mot so'budn ban d thi triidng midc Dieu cung cd the thay mot so' ho den Trung Qudc den budn ban gao vdi cac thiidng nhan d Quang Chau hoae Hai Nam, cung nhu" d Ha Chau (23) 50 Rghien ciru Lich stf so" 2.2011 dong thuyen d Hai Diidng va Quang Yen nham wkn chuyen bi mat gao cho cac Hoa thiidng (32) Cho nen, chinh quyen Viet Nam thi hanh he thong nen moi thiidng nhan co dQdc han ngach buon ban gao n h i t dinh dii6i sii giam sat va phan phoi cua chinh quyen nha Nguyen cl Van Don va Van Ninh (33) Mac du v&y, tinh trang thieu gao van d i l n trien mien khong chi nhQng nam mat mua ma thieu ca nhQng nam diidc mua viec da van chuyen phi phap gao de doi la'y ddng va trang thiet bi quan sQ trQdc ban chung cho chinh quyen Rieng ve mat thi viec "xuat khau gao trai phep" de ddi la'y hang hoa chien liidc cho trieu dinh Hue la sQ bd sung can thiet va quan cho nen kinh te, chinh t r i (37) Viec thieu ddng la nguyen nhan khien cho nha Nguyln dung Hoa thQdng cho van chuyen gao de trao ddi la'y ddng Nam 1814, mot chiec thuyen chd Nitrat Kali (dung lam Vao thdi ky Thieu Tri, dong chay gao thudc sung) tQ Macao den ban chung cho phi phap ngoai qua tQ Hai DQdng va Viet Nam vdi gia 100 can la 10 dollar Bd Quang Yen vo cung nghiem Nhieu Dao Nha NhQ mdt sii bao dap,, chiec thuyen buon loai nho dia phiidng da buon thuyen budn dQdc mien thue diidc thu ban lau gao, cung Qng cho Quang Yen va mua gao va cac hang hda cam khac de quay cac vung phu can Vao nam 1845, nhieu ve Trong chd ddi, nhQng hang hda thuyen buon Trung Hoa tham gia vao cac khac dQdc tiep can va ban tai Viet Nam hoat dong buon ban gao bi mat v6i ngiidi (38) Tuy nhien, viec thu mua gao tQ nhQng dia phiidng NhQng hoat dong buon ban tQ thQdng ma khdng diidc sii phe chuan cua ngam vo cung nghiem trong, khien cho nha Nguyen thi van khdng diidc phep (39) trieu dinh Hue da phai ban hanh lenh ca'm Hoa thQdng van diidc phep chd nhQng sd' tQ thQdng buon ban gao vao nam 1845 (34) liidng gao dQdc quy dinh tQ Viet Nam tdi Chinh quyen nha Nguyen da manh tay hdn Trung Hoa Tren mot chQng miic nao dd, viec khong che tinh trang buon ban Hoa thQdng cd sii liu dai cua chinh quyen gao hoae xua't khau gao phi phap sang viec budn ban gao, nhat la viec Trung Quoc hoae di Ha Chau thdi ky nhQng thQdng nhan giup dd chinh Tii DQc (35) Tuy nhien, cac quy dinh han quyen v&n chuyen den trang thiet bi vu che buon ban gao khong hoan toan Dd'i vdi nha Thanh, trieu dinh Hue da cong viec han che dQdc nan buon lau trao ddi gao la'y thiet bi quan sii bd'i gao Nam 1858, nhieu thuyen buon Hoa canh nhu cau ve gao cua nha Thanh tang thiidng da den khu viic bien Phan Thiet d len nhanh chdng viec bung nd dan sd' tQ Binh Thuan va tham gia manh me vao cac cud'i the ky XVIII Ngoai nhQng Hoa hoat dong buon ban lau gao vdi ngiidi Viet thiidng, tham chi ca nhQng thQdng nhan (36) khac d khu vQc cung tham gia vao viec trao Chung ta biet rang, tren danh nghia thi ddi thiet bi quan sii lay gao cua Viet Nam viec xua't kha\i gao la phi phap thdi va cac loai hang hda cd ich khac Cac Nguyen Tuy nhien, chfnh quyen vSn dinh thQdng nhan Siam cd the mua cac loai ky phe chuin viec xua't kh£u gao de ddi la'y hang bi c&m nhu td lua vai vdc va cac loai nhung hang hoa quan khac nhu ddng hang hda dia phiidng khac d Viet Nam chi va cac trang thiet bi quan sii cho trieu can ho ban tieu thach cho chinh quyen dinh Cho nen, nhieu thQdng nhan ldi dung Nguyln (40) 1 Qao va thugc phien: Rghien ciru ve Ben canh do, den thdi ky nhiing nam 70 va 80 cua the ky XIX, viec md ciia khau da co nhQng hau qua tai hai, dac biet cl Bac Ky Trieu dinh vi thieu kinh nghiem cung chinh sach kinh te, thieu nhan vien chuyen mon, nen khong co kha nang kiem soat nhiing cd che cua thiidng nghiep vdi midc ngoai, nhat la doi v6i Hoa thiidng Trieu dinh cung khong biet den ca cai cd che dinh gia cua thi triidng t i i do, nhu" Philastre cat nghia thii gui Thong doc Nam Ky: "ThUa Thong ddc, quyet dinh cua chinh phu An Nam, co le ngai se ngqc nhien ong thuqng thu noi la: khdng han che vd cung khdng gidm gid Vi mdt quan niem rd't sai lam phdn kinh te md chinh phu ndy cung nhu chinh phu Trung Hoa thudng dinh miic tdi da cho gid gao, mdi hq budc phdi diing nhUng bien phdp nhu the Dd cung chinh Id chu tdm hien thdi cua nha vua, nhung tdi da nhiet thdnh nhdn manh cho thuqng thu hieu rang, neu cd theo cdch thdc cu ky do, chinh phu cua dng khdng the cd tham vong biet duqc cdc nha budn nUdc ngodi da die lai chUa chinh phu dinh gao gid ndy hay gid khdc, cung nhu chinh dng khdng biet rang dan se khdng cd lqi neu cd the mua duqc gao, vi gid gao qua cao Tdi thdy la dng thuqng thu da duqc cudcF' (41) 51 chuyen d day dd san sdng Cxldc van tdi la 18-20 xu mdt tq d Bdc Ky Mdi chii'c tdu thuy deu cd mang tdi cho chung tdi mdt so' hanh khach ngUdi Hoa lam phu hay vien chdc thUOng mai Hien cd nhieu nhd budn ngudi Hoa mdi duqc thdnh lap" (42) Gao diidc xuat khau, gia gao tai cho cang tang NhQng ngiidi Hoa lam trung gian mai ban di khap xQ Bac Ky de mua gao trQc tiep cua ngiidi san xua't Nhii the se khien cho nan doi kem cang nghiem hdn, theo nhii bao cao cua Philastre gQi Thong doc Nam Ky: "Ong Kergaradec viet thu cho tdi rang nan ddi gdy tai hqi trdm tdi tdn tinh Ninh Binh, hon nita, gao rat ddt khap coi Bdc Ky Tdi cung biet Id Nghi An ciing cO cite ddi kem tUOng dUOng nhu cdc tinh phia Nam .Cdc thUOng ldi vd ngUdi tich trd nhieu gao chi din lqi riing cua minh vd chi nhin sU viic vdi mat rat khdc Bdi vi hq mua dUdc mdt so ldn gao vd cd lqi dem bdn d HUOng Cdng, thi hq tuyin bo ld Bdc Ky cd thtfa mtfa gao Dieu dy dung vdi nhiing kho chUa cua hq, nhUng khdng dung vdi ddn chung" (43) Co the noi rang, viec nan doi thQdng xuyen xay cl Viet Nam thdi ky nha Nguyen, nghiem nha't la nhQng nan doi xay cl Bac Ky da anh hQdng khong nho tdi ddi song kinh te, xa hoi cua Viet Viec md ciia cac ben cang cang tao them Nam Nan doi xay thieu hut gao the thiidng phong cua ngiidi Hoa trong midc bdi van de gao d Viet Nam bi pham vi thiidng nghiep, ho xo den Ha van chuyen qua nhieu ngoai bien gidi Noi va Hai Phong Nam 1876, Tii Diic cho qua cac hoat dong thiidng mai cua Hoa phep xuat khau gao, dinh thdi han cho thiidng va nha't la cac hoat dong buon lau xuat khau gao la 40 hoae 60 hoan lua gao Dieu mot lan nQa phan anh canh Kha nhieu tau buon tii Hiidng Cang nhQng hoat dong thiidng mai cua Hoa tdi mua gao nhu Ture lanh sii Phap cl Hai thQdng cung da co tac dong khong tot tdi Phong, da chiing kien vao thang ddi song kinh te xa hoi cua Viet Nam, va la gieng nam 1878 nhu" sau: "Tinh hinh nguyen nhan gay nen tinh trang bat dn ve thUOng nghiep tdt Gao tit ndi dia duqc dUa an ninh liidng thQc va d i n den nan doi rat nhieu Tdu thuy chay b&ng hoi nUdc trien mien xay d mien Bac Viet Nam tii HUOng Cang den ludn thdy so'hdng van thdi ky 52 Hoat dong b u o n ban thuoc phien cua Hoa t h i i d n g of Viet Nam Thuoc phien chide von chide coi nhii mot loai diidc diidc buon ban giQa Trung Quoc va Viet Nam the ky XVII Dau the ky XVII, nha Minh Trung Quoc da nhap khau thuoc phien tQ Bac Viet cho muc dich thuoc chQa benh (44) Theo do, the ky XVII, XVIII, viec buon ban vdi Dang Ngoai chu yeu thong qua cac Hoa thQdng Hang hoa giQa Trung Quoc va Dang Ngoai diidc lQu thong v6i cac loai hang hoa chu yeu nhQ hiidng lieu, cac san pham diidc lieu diidc xuat khau tQ Dang Ngoai deh Trung Quo'c Ben canh do, Dang Ngoai cung nhap khau iQdng 16n thuoc bac hon hdp tQ Trung Qudc (45) Thudc phien dang sdi dQdc sQ dung vao khoang d i u the ky XVIII d chau A NgQdi Ha Lan la nhQng ngiidi nghi viec lam loang ndng thudc phien sdi bang viec hut thudc phien vdi midc Thudc phien dang sdi diidc tieu thu d Java Ngay sau do, nhQng ngiidi Hoa dinh cQ d Formosa (tQc Dai Loan) da bat chQdc lam theo (46) Cung thdi ky d khu viic Dang Trong hut thudc phien gid'ng nhQ hut thudc la (47) Cho nen, rat hdp ly cho rang dau the' ky XVIII, thudc phien diidc diia vao tieu thu d Viet Nam, khdng chi nhu" mdt loai thudc t r i benh ma cdn nhu" mot loai thudc hut Thudc phien diidc hut d Viet Nam d i u tien chu yeu gidi Hoa kieu, sau dd lan d i n sang cac t i n g Idp nhan dan ngQdi Viet va ke ca t i n g Idp quan lai Va, viec budn ban thudc phien cd lien quan chat che vdi viec budn ban gao cua Hoa thiidng d Viet Nam the ky XLX Cung vdi viec xuat khau gao midc ngoai thi Hoa thQdng lai diia thudc phien quay lai thi trUdng Viet Nam That vay, ngiidi ta thiidng trao ddi hai mdn hang Rghien ciru Lich stf so' 2.2011 vdi nhau: mdt chiec ghe thuyen Viet Nam, ma chu cd the la ngQdi Viet hay ngiidi Hoa, khdi den diem hen, ding sau mot dao nhd nao do, vdi mot tau budn Trung Hoa di ve phia Java, hoae dao Hai Nam, hay ve phia Quang Chau, (48) V i cac phu thQdng Hoa kieu thiidng dong thuyen budn chd gao cti Quang Chau rdi tQ chd thuoc phien den Viet Nam Cho nen, d Ha Ndi, mdt lQdng ldn thudc phien dQdc dQa vao tQ Van Nam theo diidng sdng Hdng Da sd' cac khach hang tieu thu thudc phidn cua Hoa thQdng la gidi quan lai va cac nha quyen quy (49) TQ d i u the ky XLX, thdi quen hut thudc phien lan rdng triidc het gidi Hoa kieu b Nam Ky, sau d i n d i n xam nhap vao xa hoi Viet Nam Trieu dinh Hue thiidng xuyen lenh cam dung thudc phien nhQ cac lenh nam 1817, 1820, 1824, 1832, 1840, 1852, 1853 va 1856, nhiing deu khdng cdng, ca viec budn lau thudc phien deu khdng chim dQt Chung ta biet r i n g , thudc phien va cac mat hang khac tQ Trung Qudc tran ngatp vao thi trQdng Viet Nam qua dQdng vien gidi tren bd va diidng bien, tQ Van Nam, Quang Tay va Quang Ddng tdi Bac Ky, va cung tQ Quang Ddng, Phuc Kien, Chiet Giang, Thiidng Hai, H i i Nam tdi Trung va Nam Ky Khu viic Bic Ky cd vi t r i tiep giap vdi Trung Qudc, nen thudc phien vao Viet Nam rat de dang, nha't la Bac Ky, bing ca hai diidng bd va dQdng bien va ca hai hinh thQc la thiidng nhan va bon budn ban phi phap Thudc phien den qua diidng bo chu yeu diidc van chuyen lau qua dQdng Van Nam va Quang Tay Thiidng nhan ban thudc phien de ddi lay cotton va nhQng hang hda dia phiidng khac d Viet Nam, rdi sau dd dung tien de mua s i m trang thiet bi vu tQ cac thiidng n h i n Phap (50) Trong mdt chQng miic nha't dinh, cac thiidng nhan cung bi ldi keo vao Gao va thuoc phien: Rghien cuu ve cac hoat (long nay, cac Hoa thiidng d Trung Quoc cung nhii b Viet Nam va Siam da v&n chuyen nhieu thuoc phien den Viet Nam Hdn nQa, bon hai tfic ndi len manh me d khu viic duyen hai bien gidi Viet - Trung, khu viic Vinh Bac Bd va Vinh Thai Lan khien cho nhiing khu viic ra't khd kiem soat viec budn \k\i va ciing la nhiing tuyen ndng VEUI chuyen lau thudc phien vao Viet Nam Ddi vdi liidng thudc phien xam nhip vao Viet Nam qua cac diidng, mdt so nhd thudc phien diidc vhn chuyen bang thuyen, nhiing phan ldn xam nhap bang diidng bd (51) Hdn nQa, nhiing ten budn l&u ngiidi Hoa giQ vai trd quan trong cac hoat dong budn l&u thudc phien t i i Trung Hoa va Viet Nam Tii thdi ky Gia Khanh (17961820) va Dao Quang (1821-1850) Trung Qudc trd di, bon Tam Hdp Hgi budn ban thuoc phien tren bien khu viic Hoang Hai, Macao, va Chau Giang, va he thd'ng diidng thuy b tinh Quang Ddng Ngoai ra, bon Yen Bang (nhdm hut thudc phien) b Tii Xuyen, va Van Nam hdp tac vdi bon Ca Lao Hqi (Hdi Anh em) de budn ban l&u thudc phien (52) Trong nhiing nam dau thdi Tii Diic, viec hut thudc phien da lan tran khap ndi, tham chi den ca bd p M n quan lai Nhiing ngiidi hut bao gdm nhQng ngiidi dan dia phiidng cung nhii nhQng quan lai hoang than qudc thich Nhieu thiidng nhan da thue nhieu ngQ dan dia phiidng vftn chuyen thudc phien den Viet Nam cho ho, va nhQng thQdng nhan khac thi dung nhQng khach di thuyen vltn chuyen thudc phien NhQng loai hinh budn l&u thudc phien d Viet Nam khien cho viec bat giQ ke pham tpi khd khan hdn (53) Thudc phien diidc coi nhii mdt mat hang nguy hiem, va bi han che b Viet Nam thdi ky nha NguySn Chinh sach ddi vdi thudc 53 phien diidc thay ddi hen tuc Chinh sach cam thudc phien tren hai phiidng dien: thd nhdt, nh&p khau thudc phien bi cam, thd hai la hut thudc phien ho&c phat tan thudc phien cung bi cam Vao dau thdi ky tri vi cua hoang de Gia Long, thudc phien la mat hang khdng bi danh thue Nhiing thudc phien va ca mQc lai bi danh thue d Ha Tien, ndi quan ly cua Mac TQ Thiem chau cua Mac CQu Nam 1810, vua Gia Long td thdng cam vdi ngQdi dan d Ha Tien va da mien trQ thue thudc phien va thue ca mQc (54) Tuy nhien, vao nam 1818, trieu dinh Hue da ban hanh lenh cam thudc phien d Gia Dinh (55) Den thdi Minh Mang, chinh quyen nha Nguyln hieu ro tac hai cua thudc phien va da ap dung lenh cam Hdn nQa, chinh quyen nha Nguyln da dQa nhieu quy djnh ve viec trQng phat dd'i vdi hanh vi pham tdi budn lau, hut thudc phien, hoae cd nhQng hoat ddng ldi kdo khac cd lien quan den thudc phien Nam 1820, chinh quyen cam hut, tang trQ, phat tan, tinh che va budn ban thudc phien Neu pham tdi d che da'u nhQng hoat ddng phi phap thudc phien d cac hai cang thi se bi trung phat Trong mat cua nha Nguyen, thudc phien la thQ ddc hai cao bdi vi nhQng ngQdi midc ngoai chang han nhQ ngiidi Hoa da dQa thdi quen hut thudc vao Viet Nam va hut thudc phien vd cung hai cho sQc khde va nguyen nhan dan den viec quan lai va ngQdi dan nhang chQc trach cua minh (56) Nha Nguyen diia nhieu hinh phat khac cho nhQng ngiidi hut va budn l&u thudc phien Ve cd ban, hinh phat cho ngiidi hut thudc phien khdng nghiem khac nhii viec nhap khau thudc phien, nhQng chi den nam 1832, cac hoang than qudc thich va cac quan lai nhQ Tdn Tha't Huyen, 54 Hoang Cong Tai cung hut thudc phien Chinh quyen da ban lenh cam thudc phien nghiem ngat hdn (57) Nam 1835, trieu dinh Nguyen da ban bd" nhiing quy dinh ve viec td cao, td' giac, cung nhii kiem tra va b i t giil nhiing ngiidi dinh h'u den viec buon lau va hut thuoc phien Nhiing td' cao ngiidi hut ho&c buon lau thudc phien se diidc thiidng hdn 20 lang bac diia tren sd' ngiidi budn ban hoae tang trQ thudc phien Cung thdi gian do, nhieu bien phap nghiem khac diidc diia de ngan chan ngQdi midc ngoai dQa thudc phien vao Viet Nam (58) Nhieu thQdng nhan ngQdi Hoa v i n tiep tuc chd thuoc phien den Viet Nam budn ban, b i t chip cac lenh cim cua trieu dinh Hue diia Thudc phien d Bac ky chu yeu diidc cac Hoa thQdng mang den bing diidng bd va dQdng bien, nhd vi t r i dia ly tiep giap trQc ti§'p vdi Trung Hoa, nha't la cac trung tam thQdng mai khu vQc Nam Trung Hoa, vi v i y thudc phien tran ng&p vao Bic ky cung tQ khu viic Van Nam la khu viic van chuyen thudc phien qua dQdng bd ldn n h i t tdi *Bac Ky qua mang liidi thiidng mai bien gidi Viet - Trung Nhieu tu triidng dia phiidng tham gia manh me vao cac hoat dong budn ban thudc phien tren nhQng tuyen budn ban thudc phien cua ngQdi Han Hdn nQa, sQ cung Qng thudc phien cua cac tu triidng dja phiidng cung tao nen ddng chay thudc phien noi vung, dieu d i n den sQ phan chia cac tuyen budn ban thudc phien khac nhau, nhQng tdc ngiidi thieu sd' dja phiidng trdng va ban thudc phien cho nhQng ten budn lllu ngiidi Hoa, sau dd nhQng ten phan tan thudc phien den cac thi triidng tieu dung cac dja phiidng hoiic vQdt qua bien gidi quo'c gia (59) Rghien cuu Lich sit, so" 2.2011 Budn lau thudc phien chiem vi t r i Qu the cac hoat ddng mau dich d Bic Ky the ky XLX, vi v&y ma thQc dan Phap sau cd ging danh thue budn ban thudc phien va nhieu quy djnh ve han che thudc phien nhiing deu bi pha vd vao cudi the ky XIX (60) H i u het thudc phien d Bic Ky dQdc budn lau bdi Hoa thiidng, tham chi thdng qua nhQng ngQdi Hoa dQdc thue theo hdp ddng cung da thiet lap dQdc 17 kho hang, va cd 618 dia diem budn ban le hdp phap Ngoai nhQng Hoa thiidng budn ban tQ nhan, bon thd phi va phan loan cung tham gia manh me vao budn lau thudc phien tQ Van Nam tdi Bic Ky Quan phien loan ngQdi Hdi cung thuc day budn lau thudc phien den khu viic Shan va Burma de ddi l i y vu va cac thiet bi quan sQ khac nQa (61) Chung ta khdng the coi nhe nhQng dam thd phi, tQ ho tham gia vao budn lau thudc phien, n h i t la cuoi the ky XIX, dam quan Cd Den va Cd Vang da td chQc nhQng dam phan loan d Quang Tay td chQc tQ nhQng n&m 60 the ky XIX trd di, chung dung tien kiem dQdc tQ budn ban thudc phien d Bic Ky de ddi l i y trang thiet bi quan sQ, nhQ viec mua vu tQ Phap (62) Khi nhQng dam dao tac thd phi cd diidc kinh phi s i m trang thiet bi quan sQ tQ viec budn ban thudc phien va budn lau, hoae cQdp bdc hang hda thi ho se la nhQng tai hoa ldn cho cu" dan dia phiidng va cho trieu dinh, va viec dep yen chung cang trd nen khd khan hdn Budn lau thudc phien diidng bien tQ Trung Qudc den Viet Nam cung da dem lai ldi nhuan khdng Id cho Hoa thiidng, chinh vi vay, bat cha'p lenh ca'm va nhQng hinh phat diia ra, cac Hoa thiidng cang tang ciidng viec diia thudc phien vao thi triidng Viet Nam Nam 1831, mdt chiec tau Qao va Hiuoc phi&n: Rghien cuu vi cho thuoc phien va chu tau la Ngd Dai Nhu!, mot thvidng nhan ngiidi Hoa, den mot cang bien mien Bac Viet Nam Mot vien quan cl Blc Thanh (Ha Noi) da bao vdi hoang de Minh Mang va sau trieu dinh da diia cac hinh phat doi vdi Hoa thiidng va tong pham cua han Nhiing ke toi pham nhii Diep Hoan, T r i n Tu* bi tong di day, do, Ngo Urig Hong, em trai ciia Ngo Dai Nhii va Ly Bang phai chiu tong giam Thuy thii va nhiing ngiidi lam thue tren thuyen diidc tha ve que, va hang hoa bi tich thu sung cong (63) Nam 1836, nhieu thuyen buon Trung Hoa buon l&u 65 can thuoc phien song va 25 lang thuoc phien chin tu" Quang Dong va bi phat hien cl Quang Nghe (64) Nam 1857, mot thiiy thu ngiidi Anh la Edward Brown da giiip bon ciidp bien b i t giG thuyen buon ldn Phiic Kien tren diidng t i i Kham Chau den Viet Nam Chiec thuyen buon Phuc Kien chd thuoc phien, vang thoi, va cac loai hang hoa gia t r i khac Hdn nQa, Brown ciing chuyen chd nQa hdm thudc phien t r i gia 210 Dollar den cac khu vQc ven bien Viet Nam (65) Nhieu thudc phien dQdc bon hai tac dem trd lai Trung Hoa Nam 1837, mot thuyen hai tac ngiidi Hoa bi chinh quyen nha Nguyen b i t diidc, thudc phien, cat, va tre chung mang theo tren thuyen deu bi tich thu sung cong (66) Hdn nQa, nhieu quan lai nha Nguyln buon ban thudc phien tQ khu viic Dong Nam A tren hanh trinh thQc hien cac hoat dong m^u dich N&m 1836, T r i n Hiing Hda va cac quan lai khac budn lau thudc phien va sach ve Thien chua giao, sau hq da hoan cac cong viec buon ban cua minh va quay vetQHa Chau (67) Ben canh do, vu Lam Tic TQ nha Thanh thieu dot nha phien d Quang Dong da cd tac dong manh me den chinh quyen nha 55 Nguyen, chinh quyen thiic hien nhieu bien phap de phdng nghiem ngat ddi vdi nan buon lau thudc phien den Viet Nam Trong m i t cua trieu dinh Hue thi ho dang cd nhQng bien phap hieu qua de c i m va tieu huy thudc phien deh tQ Trung Qudc, dieu cd the khien cho bon budn lau midc ngoai phai van chuyen thudc phien den Ha Chau budn ban Ngoai ra, chinh quyen phai ap dung r i t nhieu bien phap cQng r l n de ngan chan budn ban thudc phien dang ndi len manh me (68) Nam 1839, nha Nguyln da ban hanh lenh c i m thuoc phien khac, va cac quy dinh han che hut, tang trQ, phan phdi thudc phien diidc dQa (69) CQng nam, mdt so thiidng nhan ngiidi Hoa bi ch6m d i u bdi budn ban thudc phien hoae sach vd cd noi dung md am, va dQa ngQdi vung trdm sang Viet Nam (70) Vao thdi ky cudi cua hoang de Minh Mang dng da chi thi cho cac quan lai hay can than vdi cac thQdng nhan midc ngoai, n h i t la Hoa thQdng (71) Sau Chien tranh Nha phien l i n thQ n h i t d Trung Qudc (1839-1842), trieu dinh nha Nguyen da t r i sii phdng ngii manh me ddi vdi tinh hinh thuoc phien Nam 1843, cac quan lai d Ha Tien bao cao r i n g cd chiec tau cua ngQdi chau Au chd thudc phien da neo d nhQng tinh ven bien cua Siam Trieu dinh Siam da tich thu sd' thudc phien va nhQng hang hda khac va ddng cQa cQa bien n h i m han che nhQng diem vao Siam SQ kien nhQ mot hdi chudng danh thQc trieu dinh Hue (72) Ddng thdi, Crawfurd cung canh bao ve sii xam nhap cua thudc phien vao Viet Nam, "thudc phien la sQ tan pha ddi vdi vQdng trieu, theo tinh toan khoang mdt liidng ldn t r i gia 3.500 dollar Tay Ban Nha cho mot thung, khoang 150 thung moi nam, 2/3 so' dii tinh cho Blc Ky va 1/3 la cho Nam Ky va Kamboja" (73) 56 Quay tro" lai van de cam thuoc phien, thdi ky t r i v i cua vua Tii Diic, thuoc phien bi cam nhieu lan Tuy nhien, viec cam khong co hieu qua, viec thudc phien tran lan cang nhanh Nam 1862, nhieu quan lai bao cao vdi vua Tii Diic rang nan hut thudc phien van cdn phd bien tai Viet Nam Nhiing thi triidng tieu thu ldn da kich thich thiidng nhan budn lau thud'c phien cang nhieu Cac quan lai da trinh tau nhiing ban bao cao cho Tii Diic ndi ro rang danh thue nang se thay the diidc viec cam thudc phien, de ngan chan sii lan toa va anh hiidng nguy hai cua thudc phien Cii 40 can (khoang 0,5 kg) thudc phien phat hien diidc tii Hoa thiidng, thi danh thue t r i gia mot can Nam 1863, chinh quyen nha Nguyen da phe chuan viec danh thue nang vao thudc phien de thii nghiem thay the cho viec cam thudc phien hoan toan triidc day Vi the, thing nam 1865, Tii Diic bd lenh cam, ngoai tru" dd'i vdi quan lai va nha vua chi thi cho danh thue rihap khau that nang ddi vdi mat hang nay, "Tu nhieu nam qua, luqt phdp ta nghiem cam thud'c phien Nhung ngu ddn nhieu ke da mac nghien, cam cung khd chita, chi lam lqi cho ke budn bdn len lut ma thdi Neu chung ta khdng cdm diing thud'c phien duqc, chang tha ddnh thue thudc phien that nang Vdi chinh sdeh nay, so ngUdi bdn va hut thud'c phien se gidm Nhu vdy khdng cdm ma cd hieu qua nhu Id cdm Nha nUdc se lenh cho cdc thUOng nhdn ngtfdi Hoa tit nUdc ngodi sang, hq den cdng Viet Nam nhdn vien quan thue se bdt hq ke khai khdi lUOng chinh xdc so thud'c phien nhdp khau vd bat hq ddng thue theo quy dinh" (74) Ciing chinh vao nam ay, khdi triing thue nha phien ma chinh quyen nha Nguyen thu dKdc vdi sd tien la 302.000 quan (75), day qua khong phai la so' nhd cac Rghien cuu Lich stf, so' 2.2011 khoan thu cua chinh quyen mot nam, va dieu ciing chiing td r i n g nan budn thuoc phien vo cung phd bien gidi Hoa thvidng thdi ky Rdi nhiing nam tiep sau dd, tdng so' thue danh vao thuoc phien mdi nam la 382.200 xau tien (76) Tuy nhien, xem viec danh thue n&ng len buon ban thuoc phien khong giai quye't diidc van de Cung nam dd (1865), cac quan lai bao cao vdi vua Tii Diic rang, viec bar bd lenh cam thud'c phien la nguyen nhan dan den van nan thud'c phien cang nghiem trong, nguy hai, va lan tran d Viet Nam cang rong hdn (77) Chinh vi vay, trieu dinh nha Nguyen phai danh thue thudc phien n h i m bd sung cho qudc kho' trung ildng nhiing nam cudi triidc giai doan thiic dan d Viet Nam Chinh the quan chu Viet Nam da ban dac quyen cho cac Hoa thiidng cho den xac lap tinh trang ho quo'c chinh thiic d Viet Nam Ngay sau Phap b i t d i u cong cupc chinh phuc mien Nam va chinh quyen Phap d Nam Ky da co' gang xiet chat viec buon ban thudc phien cua ngiidi Hoa Do v&y, nhiing ket qua dd Phap da dat diidc, day cung la mdt l i de ngiidi Phap thiic hien phan chia va hinh cac nhom ngiidi Hoa hay tang gia cho viec tinh che thuoc phien, tham chi khuyen khich cac hoat dong budn ban thuoc phien phi phap, va cd sii dieu dinh giQa~chinh quyen thiic dan va Hoa thiidng de ngiidi Phap co diidc ldi nhuitn ldn nha't (78) Tuy v&y, thiic dan Phap v i n khong hoan toan kiem soat diidc thi triidng thud'c phien d Bic Ky nhiing th&p nien cuoi the ky XLX Nam 1890, nhiing ngiidi Hoa diidc thue theo hdp ddng v i n diidc sik dung cac hoat dong buon ban thudc phien phi phap (3 Viet Nam, g i n 60% hoat dong buon ban thuoc phien diidc thiic hien qua cac thvidng gia hoat dong phi phap (79) Qao va thuoc phi&i: Rghien ciru ve Co the noi, cho du la thdi ky quan chu doc lap hay thdi ky thuoc dja nQa phong kien thi ngiidi buon ban thudc phien d Viet Nam van la ngiidi Hoa, sii thay ddi ve chinh t r i hau nhii khong anh hiidng deh cac hoat dong buon ban m&t hang nay, t h i m chi ldi dung viec dd de Hoa thvidng cang md rong hdn quy mo buon ban thudc phien cua minh, nhat la cac hoat dong buon l i u Ket luan Dd'i vdi thvidng nhan, hoat ddng thvidng mai la de kiem ldi, tham chi ho bat chap thu doan de thu diidc ldi nhuan tdi da cho minh Tren nhieu phiidng dien, sii tich ciic ciia nhiing thiidng nhan da thiic day nen kinh te phat trien hdn, hang hda liiu thdng, khien cho cung - cau g&p nhau, dap Qng diidc nhu c i u ciia ngiidi tieu dung Ddng thdi nhd thvidng mai ma chinh phu tang them diidc ngan khd' qudc gia, nhiing ngiidi hiidng ldi nhieu nha't chii yeu la thvidng nhan Song, khdng phai liic nao cac hoat dong thvidng mai cung dem lai nhiing yeu td' tich ciic, nha't la nhiing hoat ddng phi phap nam ngoai sii quan ly cua thi triidng Cho nen, chiing tdi mudn nhah manh rang, nhiing hoat ddng ngoai thiidng cua Hoa thiidng d Viet Nam thdi ky nQa dau the ky XIX dd'i vdi hai mat hang lua gao va thud'c phien da tac ddng khdng nhd tdi ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi cua Viet Nam Khdng chi thdi ky nha Nguyen, ma rat nhieu thdi ky khac cua Viet Nam, nan ddi thQdng xuyen xay ra, nha't la d Bac Ky, dien tich trdng lua khdng du cung Qng cho nhu cau tieu dung, thdi ky nay, chinh quyen Hue phai thiidng xuyen chd gao tQ Gia Dinh Hue va Bac Ky de dap Qng nhu cau cua ngiidi dan Nhiing nhQng hoat ddng budn ban gao cua Hoa thiidng khdng ngQng tang len, nha't la nhQng hoat dong 51 budn lau lua gao da khien cho tinh hinh ddi kem cang them nghiem hdn, nha't la viec chenh lech gia gao ldn giQa Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c, nha't la khu viic mien Nam Trung Hoa thvidng xuyen xay chien tranh ciidp bdc cdng vdi tdc gia tang dan sd' nhanh, dieu khien gao trd mat hang sieu ldi n h u i n cac hoat ddng mau dich cua Hoa thQdng giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qudc, nha't la vi t r i dia ly va giao thdng thuan tien cang khien cho hoat ddng budn ban gao gia tang hdn Do v&y, de dap Qng nhu c i u clip thiet ve gao d thi trQdng Trung Hoa, cac hoat ddng thvidng mai cua Hoa thvidng d Viet Nam vd hinh chung da anh hiidng nghiem tdi thi trQdng gao Viet Nam, lam gia tang nhQng bat dn xa hdi viec thieu liidng thQc gay nen DQa gao khdi bien gidi Viet Nam, Hoa thQdng diia thud'c phien vao nhieu nha't la diidi thdi vua Minh Mang va TQ DQc, thud'c phien tran lan k h l p ca midc, khap cac gidi tQ binh dan den quan lai Mac du trieu dinh nhieu l i n cam nghiem ngat budn ban tang trQ va phat tan thud'c phien, nhiing xem khdng may hieu qua vdi Hoa thvidng vi day cung la mat hang dem lai sieu ldi nhu&n cho Hoa thQdng V i n nan thud'c phien da tac ddng rat nghiem tdi xa hoi Trung Qudc va nha Nguyen cung nhin thay dieu nay, nhQng khdng the ngan can ndi viec Hoa thQdng dQa thud'c phien vao thi triidng Viet Nam, bdi vdi mang liidi budn ban rong k h l p khu vQc, lai cd sQ lien ket manh me vdi thi triidng Trung Qudc rdng ldn, khien Hoa thQdng cang khang dinh diidc v j t r i cua minh cac hoat ddng mau dich, ke ca nhQng hoat ddng budn ban phi phap NhQng hoat ddng kinh doanh thudc phien cang gay anh hiidng nghiem hdn tdi ddi sdng xa hdi cua Viet Nam •Rqhien cuu Lich sit, s g j j O j l 58 Hau nhu* Hoa thu*dng da can thiep ra't sau vao cac hoat dong thiidng mai ciia Viet Nam thdi ky nay, nhiing hoat dong da nam ngoai sii kiem soat ciia chinh quyen Va, Hoa thvidng vila la nhan td tich ciic cho nen kinh te, xa hoi Viet Nam nhiing ciing dem lai nhieu van de tieu ciic cho nen kinh CHU te - xa hdi Cho nen, du thdi ky nao, viec kiem soat chat che Hoa thiidng va nhQng hoat ddng kinh te ciia ho la van de ciic ky quan trong, bdi nam bat va ldi dung diidc ddi ngii Hoa thvidng se la nhan td quan de phat trien kinh te, xa hoi da't nu*dc THICH (1) Ve van de gao va buon ban gao cua Viet Nam xin xem them Choi Byung Wook (2004), Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820 - 1841): Central Policies and Local Response, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, pp 69-71; Nguyln The Anh, Kinh te'va xd hoi Viet Nam dudi cdc vua trieu Nguyln, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Noi, 2008 (6) Annates de la Propagation de la Foi, Vol 30 (1858): 210-77, letter dated 24 June 1857, from Mgr Pierre- Andre Retord, to Abbe Laurens (France), quote, pp 275 In Julia Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and Shipping from the North Vietnamese Port of Hai Phong", Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p 84 (7) Julia Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and (2) Li Tana, 'The late 18th century Mekong Shipping from the North Vietnamese Port of Hai delta and the world of the Water Frontier", in Phdng", Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Nhung Tuyet Tran and Anthony Reid, ed Vietnam Volume 1, 2007, p 84 Beyond Borders, University Press of Wisconsin, (8) Julia Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and 2006, p.154 Shipping from the North Vietnamese Port of Hai (3) E Toda, "Annam and its Minor Currency", Phdng", Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Volume 1, 2007, p 84 Asiatic Society, 17, 1, 1882, p 72 In Julia (9) Qudc sit quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam thdc Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and Shipping from luc, chinh bien TV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, Q the North Vietnamese Port of Hai Phong", Chinese 35, tr 1026-1027 Southern Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p 83 (10) Quoc sit quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam (4) Annates de la Propagation de la Foi, Vol 30 thdc luc, chinh bien IV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, (1858): 210-77, letter dated 24 June 1857, from 2007, Q.36, tr 1055 Mgr Pierre - Andre Retord, to Abbe Laurens (11) Yoshiharu Tsuboi, Nude Dai Nam doi (France), quote p 224 In Julia Martine, "Chinese dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa 1847-1885, Ban Khoa Rice Trade and Shipping from the North hoc Xa hoi Thanh uy, Thanh Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese Port of Hai Phdng", Chinese Southern 1990, tr 145 Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p 84 (5) Annates de la Propagation de la Foi, Vol 30 (1858): 210-77, letter dated 24 June 1857, from Mgr Pierre- Andre Retord, to Abbe Laurens (France), quote, pp 224-5 In Julia Martine, "Chinese Rice Trade and Shipping from the North Vietnamese Port of Hai Phong", Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Volume 1, 2007, p 84 (12) Chung ta ditac biet rang, dudi che phong kien Viet Nam rat.fthoSc hau nhu khong cd cac nha buon ban ldn ciing nhu cac nguon cho vay lai ldn Trong giao dich ho hau nha hoan toan tra tien mat hoiic cd vay mudn thi theo kieu hinh thiic gian don nha't theo tirng gia dinh, ho hang, hiing xdm TrUdc su* de doa cua chinh quyen nha Qao va Hiuoc phien: Rghien curu vi nUdc, khong dam giQ mot sd von ldn, ho&c dung von de cho vay lai Luat phap nha nQdc phong kie'n cdn quy djnh lai khong iMoc qua phan hang thang (3%) (dieu 134 luat Gia Long) va ba't ky trQdng hop nao, lai ciing khong du^c vUdt qua so" vdn cho vay (theo dao du nam TQ DQc thii 25 (1872) (13) Jammes (HL), Souvenirs du paysd' Annam, Paris, 1897 Dan theo Nguyln Thiia Hy, Thdng Long- Hd Noi the ky XVII-XVIII-XIX (kinh te - xa hpi cua mot thi trung dai Viet Nam), Hpi su hoc Viet Nam, 1993, tr 164 (14) TrUdc tinh hinh dd, trieu dinh nha Nguyln da cho thi hanh mot loat cac bidn phap khat khe ddi vdi vi^c budn lua gao Lien tilp nhQng nam 1824, 1827, 1828, 1833, 1836, Minh M|nh dii ban cac sac lpnh nghiem ca'm vide ban trom lua gao cho cac thuyen buon nha Thanh chii ve" Trung Qudc Nam 1850, TQ DQc lai nhac lai vifc nghiem ca'm cac Hoa kiiu mua trom gao chd ve Trung Qudc, va khdp cac chii thuyen gao dd vao tdi "giao giam hau" Tuy nhien, vi§c buon ban trdm van cQ tiep tuc TrQdc thuc t& dd, tQ nam 1865, va nhac lai nam 1869, Tu Diic da bai bd lenh ca'm xua't khau gao, chuyln sang danh thue cac thuyen buon Trung Qudc Tuy nhien, ngudi chu thuye"n di mua gao phai cd giay phep, cd chinh quyen huyen chdng thQc, trinh duyet d cac cd quan, chiu nop thue quan tan 2,5% va phai budn ban ddng ndi quy dinh NhQng nam gao thdc khan hiem, nha nude lai l§nh dinh ca'm lai vipc xua't khau gao sang Trung Qudc Xem trong, Nguyln Thira Hy, Thang Long - Hd Npi theky XVII-XVIII-XIX (kinh te - xa hpi cua mot thdnh thi trung dai Viet Nam), Hoi su hoc Viet Nam, 1993, tr 164-165 (15) Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyen, Bai Nam thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 2, Q 34, tr 440 (16) Noi cac trieu Nguyln, Khdm dinh Bai Nam hoi dien sU le, Nxb Thuan Hda, 1993, tap Q 48, tr 431 59 (17) Npi cac trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Bai Nam hpi dien sU le, Nxb Thuan Hda, 1993, Q 49, tr 463-464 (18) Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyen, Bai Nam thUc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 5, Q 194, tr 363 (19) Qudc sQ quan trilu Nguyln, Bai Nam thdc luc, chfnh bien IV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, Q 30, tr 862 (20) Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam thQc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, 2007, tap 3, Q 88, tr.457 (21) Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyln, Bai Nam thUc luc, chinh bien I I , Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 3, Q 78, tr 283 (22) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Bai Nam thdc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2007, tap 4, Q 166, tr 890 (23) Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam thytc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 4, Q 167, tr 904 (24) Choi Byung Wook, The Nguyen dynasty's Policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, in Nola Cook and Li Tana (ed), 2004, Water Frontier: Commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880, Singapore, p 87 (25) Choi Byung Wook, The Nguyen dynasty's Policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, in Nola Cook and Li Tana (ed), 2004, Water Frontier: Commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880, Singapore, p 87 (26) Qudc SQ quan trieu Nguyln, Bai Nam thdc luc, Chfnh bien II, Nxb Giao Due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 2, Q 61, tr 884 (27) Choi Byung Wook, The Nguyen dynasty's Policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, in Nola Cook and Li Tana (ed), 2004, Water Frontier: Commerce 60 •Rghien cuu Lich six, so" 2.2011 and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, (40) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam 1750-1880, Singapore, p 92 thue luc, chinh bien I , Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, (28) Choi Piling Wook (2004), Southern 2007, tap 2, Q 9, tr 358 Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820 1841): Central Policies and Local Response, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, pp.72-73 (29) Quoc su quan trieu Nguyln, Dai Nam thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2007, tap 2, Q 29, tr 381 (30) Minh Menh Ngii Tri Van, Vien Han Ndm A118/1, Q (31) Minh Menh Tdu Nghi, Vien Han Nom, Vhv 96/6, tr 10-28 (32) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 4, Q 167, tr 906 (33) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Sai Nam thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 4, Q 167, tr 906 (34) Quo'c sU quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam thiic luc, chinh bien III, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, 2007, tap 6, Q 53, tr 803-804 (35) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam thiic luc, chinh bien IV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, 2007, Tap 7, Q.5, tr 167 (36) Qudc sit quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam thiic luc, chinh bien IV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, 2007, Q 20, tr 618 (37) I i Tana, 'The eighteenth-century Mekong Delta and its world of water frontier", in Anthony Reid and Nhung Tuyet Tran, ed., Viet Nam Borderless Histories (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press , 2006), p 159 (38) Npi cac trieu Nguyln, Khdm dinh Dqi Nam hoi dien sii le, Nxb Thuan Hda, Hue, 1993, Q 48, tr 430-437 (39) Npi cac trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Dqi Nam hoi dien sit le, Nxb Thuan Hda, Hue, 1993, Q 48, tr 431 (41) Luu tril AOM Aix, Amiraux 12873, Philastre gui thd'ng ddc Nam ky, Hue 24-41879, theo Shiharu Tsuboi, Niidc Dqi Nam doi dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa tii 1847 den 1885, Ban Khoa hoc xii hpi Thanh uy Tp Ho Chi Minh, 1990, tr 279 (42) AOM Aix, Amiraux 13194, Ture gui thdng ddc Nam Ky, Hai Phong, 4-1-1878, theo Shiharu Tsuboi, Nude Dqi Nam ddi dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa td 1847 den 1885, Ban Khoa hoc xa hpi Thanh uy Tp Ho Chi Minh, 1990, tr 280 (43) AOM Aix, Amiraux 12873, Philastre gui thong ddc Nam Ky, Hai Phong, 24-4-1879, theo Shiharu Tsuboi, NUdc Dqi Nam doi dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa tii 1847 den 1885, Ban Khoa hoc xa hdi Thanh uy Tp Ho Chi Minh, 1990, tr 280 (44) Stephen Tseng-his Chang, "Commodities imported to the Chang-chou region of Fukien during the late Ming period A primary analysis of the tax list", in Emporia, commodities and entrepreneurs, pp 164-165, Table I , medicinal material (45) Khoo Kay Yong, "Responses to Restrictions: Maritime Commerce in seventeenth Century Tonkin" (Honours thesis, Dept of History, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, 1995), pp 37-38 (46) Laufer Berthold, Tobacco and its use in Asia (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1924), pp 23-24 (47) Laufer Berthold, Tobacco and its use in Asia (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1924), p 31 (48) Riichiro Fujiwara, Ve sdc du cdm Nha phien cua trieu Nguyen, Ciia sd' Lich sii, 8, tr 3738, din theo, Yosbiharu Tsuboi, Nude Dqi Nam doi dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa 1847-1885, Ban Qao va Hiuoc phien: Rqhien cuu ve 61 Khoa hoc Xa hoi Thanh hy, Thanh Ho Chf (55) Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam Minh, 1990, tr 145 thUc luc, chfnh bien I , Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, (49) Trieu dinh nha Nguyen cung da cd nhQng 2007, tap 1, Q 57, tr 965 dieu IuSt kh£t khe viec nghiem ca'm cac Hoa (56) Qudc sQ quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam thUdng budn thudc phien lau Minh Menh da thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi, tuyen bd ring, "thudc phien la thfl thud'c doc tQ 2007, tap 2, Q 4, tr 77 nude ngoai dem lai", va nhQng nam 1820, (57) Qudc sit quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam 1824, 1831, 1839 lien tiep nhQng dao luat xii tdi thdc luc, chfnh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi, cac chu thuyen buon ban thud'c phien, tQ toi man 2007, tap 3, Q 87, tr 452 lQu (dky 3000 dam) den tdi giao quye't Nam 1834, (58) "Dinh lai dieu 1? bao, bat thudc phipn Tu DQc cung ghi rd: "Neu tau budn cua Hoa Pham nhQng ngudi biet giau thudc phien, nau thUdng tQ Trung Qudc trd ve, (sau chd gao sang) cd dem theo thudc phien thi chu thuyen se bi thuoc phien, ban mua thudc phipn hoae hut vung tgi tram quye't, ngUdi lai thuyen bi toi tram giam thi bao quan Bat dUdc qua tang, tQ khdng day hau" Nhu vay la hinh phat tdi chd thudc phien can trd xudng, vin theo le trudc, thudng cho ngUdi nang hdn toi chd gao trom Tuy nhien, cung nhu bao 20 lang bac; tQ can trd len thudng them gao, viec dd khdng he ngan can dUdc tang Idp Hoa cho 30 quan tien; can trd len; 50 quan; 10 can trd thUdng Ha Ndi budn lau thud'c phien Den nam len: 100 quan; 20 can trd len: 150 quan; 30 can trd 1865, TQ DQc cung phai sac Ifnh bai bo lfnh len: 400 quan Do quan dia phUdng, cam thudc phien, ma chuyen sang danh thue that dem tang vat va pham nhan den xxt an, phai nang (40 can lay can, sau tang len can), cho dUdng dudng xdt rd, chieu cai so" dang rang "the la khdng ca'm ma vin ca'm!" Nam 1880, thudng, trudc trich la'y so' san nghiep tich thu cua trieu dinh lai dao du kiem soat ngat ngheo vipc pham nhan dem ban di, thudng cho ngudi da td mua ban thudc phien, bang cac chi ca'p chiing chi giac, thQa thi sung cdng; neu khong dii thi la'y cho mot sd ft Hoa kieu dUdc ddc quyen mua ban tien cdng ca'p cho NhQdc bang quan dia phUdng thQ hang nay, tich thu va phat tien nhQng hang khong tra xdt ngay, hoae de bon nha lai hach sach lau trai phdp Bipn phap cung khdng mang lai lam khd dl, theo dd ma cha'm mut thi khdp vao tdi dUdc ket qua mong mudn vi pham phap che NgUdi di bat, neu &n tien, cd y (50) Ella S Laffey, "Relations between Chinese tha; hoae ly dich sd tai vi tu tinh dan hoa rieng thi provincial officials and the Black Flag Army, 1883-lap tQc truy cQu ly bdi dau, se khdp dong tdi 1885" (PhD thesis, Cornell University, 1971), nhu pham nhan Neu tfnh tang tien nang den tdi chet thi khdp vao tu tdi Ke nao tu tinh ma de cho Chapter lam thi xii vao tdi tdng pham NhQng ngUdi hudng (51) "Crawfurd's report on the state of the bao va lan huu biet ro nhQng viec giau giem, nail Annamese Empire", in Alistair Lamb, The trom, ban mua, vung hut thudc phien cung la an Mandarin Road to Old Hue, London, 1970, p 262 hdi 15 ma budng tha, khong td cao ra, thi chieu le, (52) Thai Thieu Khanh, Trung Qudc can dqi bat toi nang them mot bac" Qudc sU quan trieu hdi ddng sii nghien cdu, Bac Kinh: Trung Hoa thu Nguyen, Dqi Nam thiic luc, chfnh bien II, Nxb cue, 1987 p 23-24 Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 4, Q 162, tr 817-818 (53) Tic Ddc Chieu P^lSlg} Tu lipu Thu vipn (59) David Bello, "The Venomous Course of Vien Nghien cQu Han Ndm Ky hieu A.58, tr 121 Southwestern Opium: Qing Prohibition in (54) Qudc sU quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in the Early thiic luc, chfnh bien I , Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, nineteenth Century" in Journal of Asian studies 2007, tap 1, Q 40, tr 788 62, No (Nov 2003): 1116 62 (60) Hakiem Nankoe, Jean-Claude Gerlus and Martin J Murray, "The Origins of the Opium Trade and the Opium Regime in Colonial Indochina" in John Butcher and Howard Dick, eds., The Rise and Fall of Revenue Farming, business elites and the emergence of the modern state in Southeast Asia (New York, N.Y : St Martin's Press ,1993), p 195 •Rghien ciru Lich stf so 2.2011 2007, tap 5, Q 207, tr 584-586 (70) Ndi cac trieu Nguyln, Khdm dinh Dqi Nam hqi dien sii le, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue, 1993, tap Q 48, tr 433-435 (71) Thudng Hdnh Dien Le ( f t f t ^ ) Tu li?u ThU vien Vien Nghien ciiu Han Nom Ky hieu A.2102, p 50 (72) Qudc su quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam (61) Chiranan Prasertkul, Yunnan Trade in thUc luc, chinh bien III, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, the nineteenth century: Southwest China's cross2007, tap 6, Q 27, tr 455 boundaries Functional System (Bangkok: Institute of Asian Studies, Chualalongkorn University, (73) "Crawfurd's report on the state of the Annamese Empire", in Alistair Lamb, The 1989), p 61 (62) Chiranan Prasertkul, Yunnan Trade in Mandarin Road to Old Hue, London, 1970, p 262 the nineteenth century: Southwest China's crossboundaries Functional System (Bangkok: Institute of Asian Studies, Chualalongkorn University, 1989), p 61; Ella S Laffey, "Relations between Chinese provincial officials and the Black Flag Army, 1883-1885"; and GW Clark, Kweichow and Yunnan Province (London, 1894) (63) Minh Menh Ngu Tri Van, Tu lieu Thu vien Vien Nghien cUu Han Nom, ky hieu A118/3, Vol 1, tr 30b (74) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam thiic luc, chinh bien TV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 7, Q.31, tr.898 Cit 40 can la'y can tile la 2,5% (75) Nguyen The Anh, Kinh te va xa hqi Viet Nam dudi cdc vua trieu Nguyen, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Npi, 2008, tr 225 (76) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dqi Nam thiic luc, chinh bien IV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, tap 7, Q 31, tr 898 (64) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam (77) Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam thUc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, thiic luc, chinh bien TV, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007, Q 170 2007, tap 7, Q 33, tr 976 (65) Janin, Hunt The India-China opium (78) Nankoe, Hakiem; Gerlus, Jean-Claude trade in the nineteenth century Jefferson, NC: and Murray, Martin J "The Origins of the Opium McFarland & Company, 1999, pp 134-144 Trade and the Opium Regie in Colonial (66) Qudc sit quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam Indochina", in Butcher, John ed The Rise and Fall thuc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, of Revenue Farming, business elites and the 2007, tap 5, Q/178, tr 28 emergence of the modern state in Southeast Asia, (67) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam St.Martin's Press, 1993, pp 183-189 thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, (79) Nankoe, Hakiem; Gerlus, Jean-Claude 2007, tap 4, Q 170, tr 960-961 and Murray, Martin J "The Origins of the Opium (68) Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam Trade and the Opium Regie in Colonial thiic luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, Indochina", in Butcher, John ed The Rise and Fall 2007, tap 5, Q 201, tr 497-498 of Revenue Farming, business elites and the (69) Qudc sii quan trieu Nguyln, Dqi Nam emergence of the modern state in Southeast Asia, St.Martin's Press, 1993, p 195 thqc luc, chinh bien II, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, [...]... minh trong cac hoat ddng mau dich, ke ca nhQng hoat ddng budn ban phi phap NhQng hoat ddng kinh doanh thudc phien cang gay anh hiidng nghiem trong hdn tdi ddi sdng xa hdi cua Viet Nam •Rqhien cuu Lich sit, s g j j O j l 58 Hau nhu* Hoa thu*dng da can thiep ra't sau vao cac hoat dong thiidng mai ciia Viet Nam thdi ky nay, nhiing hoat dong nay da nam ngoai sii kiem soat ciia chinh quyen Va, Hoa thvidng... Niidc Dqi Nam doi dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa tii 1847 den 1885, Ban Khoa hoc xii hpi Thanh uy Tp Ho Chi Minh, 1990, tr 279 (42) AOM Aix, Amiraux 13194, Ture gui thdng ddc Nam Ky, Hai Phong, ngay 4-1-1878, theo Shiharu Tsuboi, Nude Dqi Nam ddi dien vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa td 1847 den 1885, Ban Khoa hoc xa hpi Thanh uy Tp Ho Chi Minh, 1990, tr 280 (43) AOM Aix, Amiraux 12873, Philastre gui thong ddc Nam Ky,... liic nao cac hoat dong thvidng mai cung dem lai nhiing yeu td' tich ciic, nha't la nhiing hoat ddng phi phap nam ngoai sii quan ly cua thi triidng Cho nen, chiing tdi mudn nhah manh rang, trong nhiing hoat ddng ngoai thiidng cua Hoa thiidng d Viet Nam thdi ky nQa dau the ky XIX dd'i vdi hai mat hang lua gao va thud'c phien da tac ddng khdng nhd tdi ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi cua Viet Nam Khdng chi... chenh lech gia gao ldn giQa Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c, nha't la khu viic mien Nam Trung Hoa thvidng xuyen xay ra chien tranh ciidp bdc cdng vdi tdc do gia tang dan sd' nhanh, dieu nay khien gao trd thanh mat hang sieu ldi n h u i n trong cac hoat ddng mau dich cua Hoa thQdng giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qudc, nha't la do vi t r i dia ly va giao thdng thuan tien cang khien cho hoat ddng budn ban gao gia tang... ban gao gia tang hdn Do v&y, de dap Qng nhu c i u clip thiet ve gao d thi trQdng Trung Hoa, cac hoat ddng thvidng mai cua Hoa thvidng d Viet Nam vd hinh chung da anh hiidng nghiem trong tdi thi trQdng gao Viet Nam, lam gia tang nhQng bat dn xa hdi do viec thieu liidng thQc gay nen DQa gao ra khdi bien gidi Viet Nam, Hoa thQdng diia thud'c phien vao nhieu nha't la diidi thdi vua Minh Mang va TQ DQc, thud'c... tran d Viet Nam ngay cang rong hdn (77) Chinh vi vay, trieu dinh nha Nguyen phai danh thue thudc phien n h i m bd sung cho qudc kho' trung ildng trong nhiing nam cudi triidc giai doan thiic dan d Viet Nam Chinh the quan chu Viet Nam da ban dac quyen cho cac Hoa thiidng cho den khi xac lap tinh trang ho quo'c chinh thiic d Viet Nam Ngay sau khi Phap b i t d i u cong cupc chinh phuc mien Nam va chinh... nha't (78) Tuy v&y, thiic dan Phap v i n khong hoan toan kiem soat diidc thi triidng thud'c phien d Bic Ky trong nhiing th&p nien cuoi the ky XLX Nam 1890, nhiing ngiidi Hoa diidc thue theo hdp ddng v i n diidc sik dung trong cac hoat dong buon ban thudc phien phi phap (3 Viet Nam, g i n 60% hoat dong buon ban thuoc phien diidc thiic hien qua cac thvidng gia hoat dong phi phap (79) Qao va thuoc phi&i:... thuoc dja nQa phong kien thi ngiidi buon ban thudc phien d Viet Nam van la ngiidi Hoa, sii thay ddi ve chinh t r i hau nhii khong anh hiidng deh cac hoat dong buon ban m&t hang nay, t h i m chi ldi dung viec dd de Hoa thvidng cang md rong hdn quy mo buon ban thudc phien cua minh, nhat la cac hoat dong buon l i u Ket luan Dd'i vdi thvidng nhan, hoat ddng thvidng mai la de kiem ldi, tham chi ho bat chap... te, xa hoi Viet Nam nhiing ciing dem lai nhieu van de tieu ciic cho nen kinh CHU te - xa hdi Cho nen, du thdi ky nao, viec kiem soat chat che Hoa thiidng va nhQng hoat ddng kinh te ciia ho la van de ciic ky quan trong, bdi nam bat va ldi dung diidc ddi ngii Hoa thvidng se la nhan td quan trong de phat trien kinh te, xa hoi da't nu*dc THICH (1) Ve van de gao va buon ban gao cua Viet Nam xin xem them... che hut, tang trQ, phan phdi thudc phien diidc dQa ra (69) CQng nam, mdt so thiidng nhan ngiidi Hoa bi ch6m d i u bdi budn ban thudc phien hoae sach vd cd noi dung md am, va dQa ngQdi vung trdm sang Viet Nam (70) Vao thdi ky cudi cua hoang de Minh Mang dng da chi thi cho cac quan lai hay can than vdi cac thQdng nhan midc ngoai, n h i t la Hoa thQdng (71) Sau Chien tranh Nha phien l i n thQ n h i t d