OVER TWO M I LLION COPIES SOLD Fllftarnin- o"' t4 'l Collins Collins French Crammar Harpercollins Publishers Westerhill Road Bishopbriggs clasgow 2qT Creat Britain G64 First Edition 2oo4 Reprint 15 14 13 12 11 10 o HarperCollins Publishers zoo4 rsBN 978-o-oo-219644-9 When you buy a Collins dictionary or thesaurus and register on wurw.collinslanguage,com for the free online and digital services, you will not be charged by HarperCollins for access to Collins free Online Dictionary content or Collins free OnlineThesaurus content on that website However, your operator's charges for using the internet on your computer will apply, Costs vary from operator to operator Harpercollins is not responsible for any charges levied by online service providers for accessing Collins free Online Dictionary or Collins free Online Thesaurus on www.collinslanguage.com Collins@ and Bank ofEnglish@ are registered trademarks of HarperCollins Publishers Limited using these services www.collinslanguage.com www.collinslanguage.com content will be uninterrupted or error free, that defects wiII be corrected, or that www.collinslanguage.com or the server that makes it available are free of viruses or bugs HarperCollins is not responsible for any access difficulties that may be experienced due to problems with network, web, online or mobile phone connections this book is avaiiable from the British Library A catalogue record for Typeset by Davidson Pre-Press, Clasgow Printed in Italy by Rotolito Lombarda spA HarperCollins does not wafiant that the functions contained in Acknowledgements We would like to thank those authors and PUBLISHING DIRECTOR publishers who kindly gave permission for copydght material to be used in the Collins Word Web We would also like to thank Times Newspapers Ltd for providing valuable data Lorna Knight EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Michela Clari MANACING EDITOR All dghts reserved No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher This book is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser Entered words that we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such However, neither the presence nor absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of anv trademark Maree Airlie CONTRIBUTORS WendyLee Cadlle Amiot-Cadey Di Larkin We would like to give special thanks to Di Larkin, Foreign Languages Consultant, and Irene Muir, Faculty Head, Belmont House School, for all their advice on teaching practice in today's classroom Their contributions have been invaluable in the writing of this book CONTENTS Foreword for language teachers V Introduction for students Glossary of grammar terms vi vill Nouns Using nouns Gender Forming plurals Articles Different types of article The definite article: le, la, l' and les The indefinite article: un, une and des The partitive article: du, de la, de l'and des Adjectives 't9 22 25 Using adjectives Making adiectives agree Word order with adjectives Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives Demonstrative adjectives: ce, cette, cet and ces Possessive adjectives Indefinite adjectives Pronouns Personal pronouns: subject Personal pronouns: direct object Personal pronouns: indirect object 12 12 13 25 27 32 34 37 39 4'l 42 43 47 49 Emphatic pronouns 51 Possessive pronouns 54 56 en and y Using different types of pronoun together Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Verbs The three coniugations The present tense The present tense: regular -er (first conjugation) verbs The present tense: regular -ir (second conjugation) verbs The present tense: regular -re (third conjugation) verbs The present tense: spelling changes in -er verbs The present tense: irregular verbs The imperative Reflexive verbs 59 60 62 65 69 69 71 72 74 76 78 82 85 88 The imperfect tense The future tense The conditional The perfect tense The pluperfect tense The passive The present participle 92 98 105 lmpersonal verbs The subjunctive 127 Verbs followed by an infinitive 133 Other uses of the infinitive "t37 111 1't9 122 12s 129 Negatives 138 Questions How to ask a question in French 142 Question words Adverbs How adverbs are used How adverbs are formed Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs Some common adverbs Word order with adverbs Prepositions How prepositions are used i, de and en Some other common prepositions Prepositions consisting of more than one word Prepositions after verbs Prepositions after adjectives Conjunctions et mais, ou, parce que and si Some other common conjunctions The conjunction que 142 146 ',52 1s2 The fosy Leorning French Crommar is designed to be used with both young and adult learners, as a group reference book to complement your course book during classes, or as a recommended text for self-study and homework/coursework The text specifically targets learners from ab initio to intermediate or CCSE level, and therefore its structural content and vocabulary have been matched to the relevant specifications up to and including Higher CCSE The approach aims to develop knowledge and understanding of grammar and your learners' ability to apply it by: r 155 157 160 defining parts of speech at the start of each major section with examples in English to clarify concepts e minimizing the use of grammar terminology and providing clear explanations of terms both within the text and in the Glossary '152 o illustrating all points with examples (and their translations) based on topics and contexts which are relevant to beginner and intermediate course content 162 The text helps you develop positive attitudes to grammar learning in your 162 163 classes by: 17'l 177 178 183 "184 184 186 187 Numbers 188 Time and date Some common difficulties The alphabet Main index 190 193 Verb tables Verb index FOREWORD FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS 198 199 1-94 95-105 Note on trademarks Entered words which we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such However, neither the presence nor the absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark o giving clear, easy-to-follow explanations o prioritizing content according to relevant specifications for the sequencing points to reflect course content, e.g verb tenses o highlighting useful Tips to deal with common difficulties levels summarizing Key points at the end of sections to consolidate learning In addition to fostering success and building a thorough foundation in French grammar, the optional Grammar Extra sections will encourage and challenge your learners to further their studies to higher and advanced levels INTRODUCTION FOR STUDENTS Whether you are starting to learn French for the very first time, brushing up on topics you have studied in class, or revising for your CCSE exams, the fosy Leorning French Grommor is here to help This easy-to-use guide takes you through all the basics you will need to speak and understand modern, everyday French Newcomers can sometimes struggle with the technical terms they come across when they start to explore the grammar of a new language fhe Eosy Leorning French Crammor explains how to get to grips with all the parts of speech you will need to know, using simple language and cutting out jargon The text is divided into sections, each dealing with a particular area of grammar Each section can be studied individually, as numerous crossreferences in the text point you to relevant points in other sections of the book for further information Every major section begins with an explanation of the area of grammar covered on the following pages For quick reference, these definitions are also collected together on pages viii-xii in a glossary of essential grammar terms What is a verb? A verb is a 'doing' word which describes what someone or something does, what someone or something is, or what happens to them, for rtp lf you are in doubt as to which form of you use vous and you will not offend anybody to use, it is safest to Key points sum up all the important facts about a particular area of grammar, to save you time when you are revising and help you focus on the main grammatical points y' y' y' y' ( Key points Wittr masculine singular nouns Witn feminine singular nouns witn plural nouns r use des un, une and des sentences * + use un i use une change to de or d'in negative tne indefinite article is not usually used when you say what jobs people do, or in exclamations with quel lf you think you would like to continue with your French studies to a higher level, check out the Grammar Extra sections These are intended for advanced students who are interested in knowing a little more about the structures they will come across beyond CCSE exampfe, be, sing, live Orammar Extra! Each grammar point in the text is followed by simple examples of real French, complete with English translations, helping you understand the rules Underlining has been used in examples throughout the text to highlight the grammatical point being explained l lf you are talking about a part of your body, you usually use a word like my or his in English, but in French you usually use the definite article Tourne la tete i gauche ll s'est cass6 le bras J'ai mal d la gorge Turn your head to the left He's broken his arm l've got a sore throat ln French, as with any foreign language, there are certain pitfalls which have to be avoided Tips and Information notes throughout the text are useful reminders of the things that often trip learners up lf you want to use an adjective after quelque chose, rien, quelqu'un and personne, you link the words with de quelqu'un d'important someone important quelque chose gl'int6ressant something interesting rien d'amusant nothing funny Finally, the supplement at the end of the book contains Verb Tables, where 93 important French verbs (both regular and irregular) are declined in full Examples show you how to use these verbs in your own work lf you are unsure of how a verb declines in French, you can look up the Verb Index on pages 95-1 05 to find either the conjugation of the verb itself, or a crossreference to a model verb, which will show you the patterns that verb follows We hope that you will enjoy using the Eosy Learning French Grqmmor and fnd it useful in the course of your study GLOSSARY OF GRAMMAR TERMS ABSTRACT NOUN a word used to refer to a quality, idea, feeling or experience, rather than a physical object for example, size, reoson, hoppiness Compare with concrete example, wolk, have, be, go Compare with infinitive CARDINAL NUMBER a number used in counting, for example, onet seven/ ninety Compare with ordinal noun number ADf ECTIVE a 'describing' word that CLAUSE a group of words containing a verb tells you more about a person or thing, such as their appearance, colour, size or other qualities, for example, pretty, blue, big ADVERB a word usually used with verbs, adjectives or other adverbs that gives more information about when, where, how or in what circumstances something happens, for example, quickly, happily now AGREE (to) to change word endings according to whether you are referring to masculine, feminine, singular or plural people or things AGREEMENT changing word endings according to whether you are referring to masculine, feminine, singular or plural people or things APOSTROPHE s an ending ('s) added to a noun to show who or what someone or something belongs to, for example, Danielle's dog, the doctor's wife, the book's cover ART|CLE a word like the, o and an, which is used in front of a noun See also definite article, indefinite article and partitive article AUXILIARY VERB a verb such as be, hove and when it is used with a main verb to form tenses, negatives and questions BASE FORM the form of the verb without any endings added to it, for COMPARATIVE an adjective or adverb with -er on the end of it or more or /ess in front of it that is used to compare people, things or actions, for example, slower, less importont, more corefully COMPOUND NOUN a word for a living being, thing or idea, which is made up of two or more words, for example, tin-opener, roilway stotion CONCRETE NOUN a word that refers to an object you can touch with your hand, rather than to a quality or idea, for example, ball, map, opples Compare with abstract noun CONDITIONAL a verb form used to talk about things that would happen or would be true under certain conditions, for example, I would help you if I could lt is also used to say what you would like or need, for example, Could you give me the bill? CONIUGATE (to) to give a verb different endings according to whether you are referring to I, you, they and so on, and according to whether you are referring to past present or future, for example, I hove, she had, they will hove CONfUGATION a group of verbs which have the same endings as each other or change according to the same pattern CON|UNCTION a word such as and, becouse or but that links two words or phrases of a similar type or two parts of a sentence, for example, Diqne and I hove been friends for yeors.; I left because I was bored CONSONANT a letter of the alphabet which is not a vowel, for example, b, f, m, s, y etc Compare with vowel CONSTRUCTION an arrangement of words together in a phrase or sentence DEFINITE ARTICLE the word the Compare with indefinite article DEMONSTRATIVE ADTECTIVE one of the words this, thot, these and those used with a noun to point out a particular person or thing, for example, this woman, thot dog DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN one of the words this, thqt, these and those used instead of a noun to point out people or things, for example, Ihot looks fun DIRECT OBTECT a noun referring to the person or thing affected by the action described by a verb, for exampfe, She wrote her nome.; I shut the window Compare with indirect window?' -'He did.' Also called stressed pronoun ENDING a form added to a verb, for example, go-> gogg and to adjectives and nouns depending on whether they refer to masculine, feminine, singular or plural things EXCLAMATION a word, phrase or sentence that you use to show you are surprised, shocked, angry and so on, for exampfe/ Wow!; How dore you!; What o surprise! FEMININE a form of noun, pronoun or adjective that is used to refer to a living being, thing or idea that is not classed as masculine FUTURE a verb tense used to talk about something that will happen or will be true GENDER whether a noun, pronoun or adjective is feminine or masculine IMPEMTIVE the form of a verb used when giving orders and instructions, for example, Shut the door!; Sit down!; Dont go! IMPERFECT one of the verb tenses used to talk about the pasf especially in descriptions, and to say what was happening or used to happen, for example, I used to walk to school; It was sunny at the weekend Compare object with perfect DIRECT OBTECT PRONOUN a word such as me, him, us and them which is used instead of a noun to stand in not refer to a real person or thing for the person or thing most directly affected by the action described by the verb Compare with indirect object pronoun EMPHATIC PRONOUN a word used instead of a noun when you want to emphasize something, for example, ls this for me?; 'Who broke the IMPERSONAL VERB one which does and where the subject is represented by it, for example, lt's going to ioin; It's 10 o'clock INDEFINITE ADIECTIVE one of a small group of adjectives used to talk about people or things in a general way, without saying who or what they are, for example, several, oll, every INDEFINITE ARTICLE the words o and an Compare with definite article for example, Whsls hoppening?; PART OF SPEECH a word class, for Who's coming? INDEFINITE PRONOUN a small INVARIABLE used to describe a form which does not change exampfe, noun, verb, odjective, preposition, pronoun group of pronouns such as everything, nobody and something, which are used to refer to people or things in a general way, without saying exactly who or what they are INDIRECT OBf ECT a noun used with verbs that take two objects For example, in I gove the carrot to the robbit, the rqbbitis the indirect object and carrot is the direct object Compare with direct object INDIRECT OBIECT PRONOUN when a verb has two objects (a direct one and an indirect one), the indirect object pronoun is used instead of a noun to show the person or the IRREGULAR VERB a verb whose forms not follow a general pattern or the normal rules Compare with regular verb MASCULINE a form of noun, pronoun or adjective that is used to refer to a living being, thing or idea that is not classed as feminine NEGATIVE a question or statement which contains a word such as not, never or nothing, and is used to say that something is not happening, not true or is absenf for example, is I never eat meot; Don't you love me? PARTITIVE ARTICLE the words sorne or eny, used to refer to part of a thing but not all of it, for example, PASSIVE a form of the verb that is used when the subject of the verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action, for example t we were told PAST PARTICIPLE a verb form which is used to form perfect and pluperfect tenses and passives, for example, wotched, swum Some past participles are also used as adjectives, NOUN a'naming'word for a living being, thing or idea, for example, for exampfe, a broken watch He gave me q book womary desk, hoppiness, Andrew to talk about the past especially about actions that took place and me a towel? Compare with direct object pronoun INDIRECT QUESTION used to tell someone else about a question and introduced by a verb such as osk, tell or wonder, for example, He osked me whot the time wos; I wonder who he is INFINITIVE the form of the verb with fo in front of it and without any endings added, for example, to wolk, to hove, to be, to go Compare with base form INTERROGATIVE ADIECTIVE a question word used with a noun to ask who?, whqfT or which? for example, Whqt instruments you ploy?; Which shoes you like? INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN one of the words who, whose, whom, what and which when they are used instead of a noun to ask questions, NUMBER used to say how many things you are referring to or where something comes in a sequence See also ordinal number and cardinal number OBTECT a noun or pronoun which refers to a person or thing that is affected by the action described by the verb Compare with direct obiect, indirect object and subject OBIECT PRONOUN one of the set of pronouns including me, him and them, which are used instead of the noun as the object of a verb or preposition Compare with subject pronoun ORDINAL NUMBER a number used to indicate where something comes in an order or sequence, for example, first, fifth, sixteenth Compare with cardinal number , Have you got Sny money?; l'm going to buy some breod thing the action is intended to benefit or harm, for example, me in and Cqn you get person or thing Compare with singular PERFECT one of the verb tenses used were completed in the past Compare with imperfect PERSON one of the three classes: the first person (1, we), the second person (you singular and you plural), and the third person (he, she, it and they) PERSONAL PRONOUN one of the group of words including l, you and they which are used to refer to yourself, the people you are talking to, or the people or things you are talking about PLUPERFECT one of the verb tenses used to describe something that had happened or had been true at a point in the past, for example, /'of forqotten to finish mv homework PLURAL the form of a word which is used to refer to more than one POSSESSIVE ADf ECTIVE one of the words m1q your, his, her, its, our or their, used with a noun to show that one person or thing belongs to another POSSESSIVE PRONOUN one of the words mine, yours, hers, his, ours or theirs, used instead of a noun to show that one person or thing belongs to another PREPOSITION is a word such as af, for; with, into or from, which is usually followed by a noun, pronoun or, in Engfish, a word ending in -ing Prepositions show how people and things relate to the rest of the sentence, for example, She's of home; a tool fel cutting gross; lt's from Dovid PRESENT a verb form used to talk about what is true at the moment what happens regularly, and what is happening now, for example, /'m o student; I trqvel to college by train; l'm studvino lonauqses PRESENT PARTICIPLE a verb form ending in -ing which is used in English to form verb tenses, and which may be used as an adjective or a noun, for example, What ore you doing?; the setting sun; Swimming is easy! PRONOUN a word which you use instead of a noun, when you not need or want to name someone or something directly, for example, lf, you, none PROPER NOUN the name of a person/ place, organization or thing Proper nouns are always written with a capitaf letter, for example, Kevin, Glasgow, Europe, London Eye described by the verb, for example, My cqt doesn't drink milk Compare QUESTION WORD a word such as why, where, who, which or how which is used to ask a question with object REFLEXIVE PRONOUN a word SUBTECT PRONOUN a ending in -self or -selves, such as myself or themselves, which refers back to the subject, for example, He hurt himself.; Toke care of ypunell REFLEXIVE VERB a verb where the subject and object are the same, and where the action 'reflects back' on the subject A reflexive verb is used with a reflexive pronoun such as myself, yourself, herself, for example, word such as l, he, she and theywhich carries out the action described by the verb Pronouns stand in for nouns when it is clear who is being talked about, for example, My brother isn't here ot the moment He'll be back in an hour Compare with object pronoun SUBTUNCTIVE a verb form used in certain circumstances to express some sort of feeling, or to show I wqshed myself.; He shaved himself doubt about whether something will REGULAR VERB a verb whose forms happen or whether something is true lt is only used occasionally in modern English, for example, /f / were you, I wouldn't bother.; So be it follow a general pattern or the normal rules Compare with irregular verb RELATIVE PRONOUN a word such as thot, who or which, when it is used to link two parts of a sentence together SENTENCE a group of words which usually has a verb and a subject In writing, a sentence has a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark at the end SINGULAR the form of a word which is used to refer to one person or thing Compare with plural STEM the main part of a verb to which endings are added STRESSED PRONOUN used instead of a noun when you want to emphasize something, for example, ls this for me?; 'Who broke the window?' -'Hs did.' Also called emphatic pronoun SUBIECT the noun in a sentence or phrase that refers to the person or thing that does the action described by the verb or is in the state NOUNS SUPERLATIVE an adlective or adverb with -esf on the end of it or mosf or /eosf in front of it that is used to compare people, things or actions, for example, thinnesL most quickly, What is a noun? A noun is a 'naming'word for a living being, thing or idea, for example, womont happiness, Andrew Using nouns D In French, all nouns are either masculine or feminine This is called their gender Even words for things have a gender D Whenever you are using a noun, you need to know whether it is mascullne or feminine as this affects the form of other words used with it, such as: o adiectives that describe it o articles (such as le or une) that go before it pronouns (such as il or elle) that replace it t) im-po-ssi-ble (4 syllobles) dictionary When you come across a new noun, always learn the word for the or o that goes with it to help you remember its gender o le or un before a noun tells you it is masculine o la or une before a noun tells you it is feminine D We refer to something as singular when we are talking about just one of them, and as plural when we are talking about more than one The singular is the form of the noun you will usually find when you look a noun up in the dictionary As in English, nouns in French change their form in the plural TENSE the form of a verb which shows whether you are referring to the past, present or future VERB a 'doing'word which describes what someone or something does, what someone or something is, or pages 25, 12 D You can find information about gender by looking the word up in a leqst interesting SYLIABLE consonant+vowel units that make up the sounds of a word, for example, co-the-dral (3 sylloble), For more informotion on Adjectives, Articles or Pronouns, see and 42 ) Adjectives, articles and pronouns are also affected by whether a noun singular or plural what happens to them, for example, be, sing, Iive VOWEL one of the letters o, e, i, o or u Compare with consonant Remember that you have to use the right word for the, o and so on according to the gender of the French noun is Nourus Nourus Gender ',21 Nouns referring to animals tr > l Nouns referring to people Most nouns referring to men and boys are masculine un homme un roi ln English we can choose between words like bull or cow, depending on the sex of the animal we are referring to In French too there are sometimes separate words for male and female animals un taureau a bull a man a king une vache F Most nouns referring to women and girls are feminine a girl une fille une reine a queen ) When the same word is used to refer to either men/boys or women/girls, its gender usually changes depending on the sex of the person it refers to un camarade a (male) friend a (female) friend une camarade Sometimes, the same word with different endings is used for male and female animals un chien une chienne une Belge Words for other animals not change according to the sex of the animal Just learn the French word with its gender, which is always the same Some words for people have only one possible gender, whether they refer to a male or a female a (male or female) baby une personne une vedette a (male or female) person a (male or female) guide un make a word masculine or feminine by changing the ending, for example, Englishngn and EnglishwpmsL or prince and princess In French, very often the ending of a noun changes depending on whether it refers to a man or a woman un prince a prince a princess une princcssc un employ6 une employ6e + For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii a mouse There are lots of rules to help you: o words ending in -e are generally feminine (une boulangerie a baker's; une banque a bank) o words ending in a consonant (any letter except e, e, i, o or u) are generally masculine (un a6ropo{ an airporf un film a film) are some exceptions to these rules, so it is best to check in dictionary if you are unsure a (female) employee snd feminine forms of words, L D There a (male) employee For more informotion on Masculine a fish French, however, things are either masculine or feminine As things not divide into sexes the way humans and animals do, there are no physical clues to help you with their gender in French Try to learn the gender as you learn the word D In English, we can sometimes an Englishman an Englishwoman poisson une souns 11] Nouns referring to thinqs ) ln English, we call all things - for example, toble, cor, book, apple - 'i( ln a (male or female) star un Anglais une Anglaise a (female) dog, a bitch When you not know or care what sex the animal is, you can usually use the masculine form as a general word Grammar Extn! un b6b6 un guide a (male) dog rrp a Belgian (man) a Belgian (woman) un Belge a cow see poge a ) Nourus Nourus -on These endings are often found on masculine nouns Masculine ending Examples -age un villaqe a village un voyagg a journey un 6tage a floor le fromage cheese BUT: -olr -sme > The following types of word are also masculine: names of the days of the week, and the months and seasons of the year le lundi septembre prochain le printemps o un mirqL a mirror un couloir a corridor le sqL the evening un mouchoir a handkerchief Tu apprends le frangais French Portuguese depuis combien de temps? o most metric weights and measures un gramme le racisme racism un mdtre un kilomitre o la peau skin D How long have you been learning French? a gramme a metre a kilometre English nouns used in French le football un tee-shirt un sandwich BUT: football a tee-shirt a sandwich These endings are often found on feminine nouns -eu un leu a oame Feminine endinq -ou un cheu a cabbage le genou the knee -anGe -rel le cahier the exercise book un quaillel an area un escalier a staircase -anse -ence -ense Examples la chance luck, chance une danse a dance la patience patience la d6fense defence -ton lc silence silence une r6gion a region BUT: une addition a bill une r6union a meeting la circulatlon traffic BUT: BUT: la fin the end une main a hand Spring the names of languages le frangais le tourismc tourism un magas!4 a shop un jardin a garden un dessin a drawing le vin the wine Monday next September le portugais un cadeau a present un chapeau a hat un gdteeu a cake le rideau the curtain -tn un ballon a ball le citrgn the lemon BUN un appartement a flat un b6timent a building le ciment cement un vGtement a garment lleau water un champignon a mushroom une maison a house la saison the season une image a picture une page a page la plage the beach -ment I -t6 -ti6 un avion a plane une sp6cialit6 a speciality la moiti6 half BUT: For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii un 6t6 a summer le p6t6 p6t6 Vene F Vene TeeLes Thslrs SffiK"ltilf (to smell; to feel) $)aHs ffruf;$Hl'd"$' ie tu ils/elles sentent nous vouS ils/elles senti as senti a senti avons senti avez senti ont senti je nous vous ils/elles l\lH sentes nous sentions vous sentiez sentais sentais illelle/on sentait nous sentions vous sentiez je tu sentiront illelle/on sentirait nous sentirions vous sentiriez i il',,l"l.$-i"l [${Pl*ffi senti PAftTICIPIF Ji/fr nous vous avOnS Servi avez servi ils/elles servent le tu ils/elles servaient serviras servira je tu IMPERAIF$*F servirais servirais il/elle/on servirait nous servirions vous servifiez ils/elles serviraient PAST PARTIEIPLE sers/servons/servez servi P,r"{F{["!d;fi Pn""H pd"sj pFdp?,4 si:,$ EXAMFLE PT{FA$di, Qa sentoit mouvqis lt smelt bad le n'oi rien renti ldidn'tfeel a thing EIle ne se sent pos bien She's not feeling well On vous sert? Areyou being served? sert d quoi ce bouton? Whal is this button for? Cq 'servez-vois en vionde Help yourself to meat S Q See servais illelle/on servait nous servions vous servtez Servlral ils/elles serviront H[\lT servats CONDITIONAL illelle/on nous servirons vous servirez PR ES servions serviez servant sentant H.&A as servi a servi FUTUHE je tu serves il/elle/on serye servi ils/elles ont servi ils/elles sentiraient $3.EIf sens/sentons/sentez illelle/on nous vous serye tfrdpHmFEcT PERFHCT sentirais sentirais Sers ils/elles servent i' tu je tu sers illelle/on sert nous seryon5 vous servez ils/elles sentaient sentiras sentira sentirons sentirez ie ru ils/elles sentent je tu PRESEhIT $ U BJUI\ICTIVE PRESEft!T sente illelle/on sente sentirai IiV?PHffiATIWH F$?HSFIU"T T fi#*$L!gTlffizu,qF" FCJTLJMU tu illelle/on u nifi I[UPHMFffi$T PHfTFEfr"i' tu illelle/on nd"r' $["3 B"J je tu sens sens illelle/on sent nous Sentons vous sentez I H pages 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive verb se sentir jelj'=11,r=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6g5=lou ils/elles=they See poges 88-91 for informotion on how to form the reflexive verb se servir' ie4'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vens Tneles Vens TneLes F $s,?w'ffilff' (to go out) $]ffi s-.:q g {rd",t i$ iJ $*""t L} [\i {xrft ii),qj[r,1;1[.:]\{tr le tu sors ie sors tu illelle/on illelle/on sort nous softons vous sortez nous vous ils/elles sortent ils/elles PiiritHffi*t h; je sorte sortions sortiez suis sorti(e) es sorti(e) est sorti(e) TU illelle/on sommes sorti(e)s €tes sorti(e)(s) sont sorti(e)s nouS vous ils/elles Je tu illelle/on nous vouS ils/elles {:tr F!"1-&'l.,tFiE: ie tu illelle/on nouS vou5 ils/elles pFt[$tritl* vous ils/elles suff isent suffi as suffi sortait illelle/on nous sortions sortiez vouS ils/elles sortaient je sortiras sortirais sortirais sortira sortirons sortirez illelle/on sortirait sortiront ils/elles a suffi avons suffi avez suffi ont suffi je suffirai suffiras sortiraient VOUS ils/elles suffiront suffis sorti / suffisons / PRfSFiIF\i"{- rJ rui,tTf vrj suffise suffises suffise suffisions suffisiez suff isent suffisais suffisais nous vous suff isions suffisiez ils/elles suffisaient p/l[i suffirais suffirais illelle/on suffirait nous suff irions vous suffiriez ils/elles suffiraient plh$'fl $}$,&'ff[*{ r} ["[: IMP$li?l.1iiVf,: &:Ain"l ii'l,\ffi r l{:}[F"l-ff ,.$ iUelle/on suffisait je tu suffira suffirons suffirez nous ffi il$l\[[)8T1ffi{{i,qp tu il/elle/on sortirions sortiriez ils/elles je tu FUTUffif: $\cc.! H" illelle/on nous vous i_$ IP-'NPtrfi{Ftr*"7 I suffisez suffi lj sii.;llir' i:: suffisant Fr'{,,r{,4 Sf; &'Xli $ le ne suis pas sartie ce week-end I didn't 90 out this weekend Aur'llie sort avec Bruno Aur6lie is going out with Bruno Elle est sortie de l'h6pitolhler: She came out of hospital yesterday for a walk Je n'oi pos sorti le chien parce qu'il pleuvoif I didn't take the dog out because it was raining [} suffisons suffisez PHffi[::HOT sortant ,, suffit nouS r."effiTE#tFtL fi ,,r'tr i.} fl f JE_ pi illelle/on IU IU sors/sortons/sortez suffis suffis sortais sortais sortirai IilP: je tu IU sortent h! il} r l{$ ffi nous vous pil:tH.$ Htht 1- $ PHE$f;f\{'f 50rte sortes 1fil/if)[:ii"tF'r:S"f Je lP\i"{PfrffiA.f \f *i#f"},{_ff tF,hri"d.$,1j.:j; suffiro, 10 eurosT Will'l euros be enough? suffit! That's enough! suffisait de me le demqnder You only had to ask Qo te Qa il Note that sortir takes avoir in the perfect tense when it is used with a direct '14 see page objec! ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/Glles=they je/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vene VeRe Tneles PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT le tu suls suis le tu illelle/on illelle/on suit nous Sutvons vous suivez nous vouS ils/elles ils/elles suivent suive suives suive survton5 sutvtez l tu al sulvl as suivi illelle/on a suivi nous avons suivi vous avez Sutvl le tu illelle/on nouS vouS ils/elles ils/elles ont suivi suivais suivais suivait le tu je Sulvral suivras il/elle/on suivra tu il/elle/on nous suivrons vous sutvrez nous ils/elles suivront ils/elles vouS sutvnonS sutvnez sutvl suis/suivons/suivez je tu me suis tu(e) nous nous sommes tu(e)s vous vous €tes tu(e)(s) ils/elles se sont tu(e)s FUTURE ie me tairai tu te tairas illelle/on se taira nous nous tairons vous vous tairez ils/elles se tairont IMPERATIVE tais-toi / taisons-nous / taisez-vous PRESENT PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE suivant ;";;;; EXAMPLE PHRASES EXAMPLE PHNASFS Mon chot me suit partout dqns la maison My cat follows me everywhere around the house Il a Elles un cours d'qllemond pendant six mois He did a Cerman course for months n'anivent pas d suivre eh maths They can't keep up in maths suivi io{'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6us=you ils/elles=they Il s'est je tu te taises il/elle/on se taise me taise nous nous taisions vous vous taisiez ils/elles se taisent IMPERFECT t'es tu(e) il/elle/on s'est tu(e) suivraient PAST PARTICIPLE IMPERATIVE tait PERFECT SUIVIEZ suivrait se ils/elles se taisent suivaient sulvrars suivrais me tais te tais nous nous taisons vous vous taisez SUrVtOnS CONDITIONAL FUTURE il/elle/on suivent IMPEHFECT PERFECT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT je tu TeeLEs ,':' je tu me taisais te taisais illelle/on se taisait nous nous taisions vous vous taisiez ils/elles se taisaient CONDITIONAL ye tu me tairais te tairais il/elle/on se tairait nous nous tairions vous vous tairiez ils/elles se tairaient PAST PARTICIPLE tu tu He stopped talking Taisez-vous! Be quiet! Sophie, tais-toil Be quiet SoPhie! ie/i,=|tu=youi|=he/ite||e=she/iton=we/onenous=wevous=youils/elles=they VeRe Teeles VEne TheLes > tCIrmflner (to fall) w ftemfrn' (to hoto) prq H$ E rsT' $ [J Pi?t)$H!UT IU tiens tiens illelle/on tient le nous tenons tenez vouS ils/elles tiennent ie tu ffi $ L] ndff Tfi \./Fl tienne tiennes r tenu tenu a tenu nous avons tenu vouS avez tenu ils/elles ont tenu tu illelle/on as illelle/on tienne nous teniOnS vous teniez ils/elles tiennent je tu je tiendrai tu il/elle/on tiendras nous vous tiendra tiendrons tiendrez ils/elles tiendront I|\IgPffiffiATfiVffi tiens/tenons ltenez ils/elles tombent ils/elles tenaient illelle/on tiendrait nous tiendrions vous tiendriez ils/elles tiendraient r N3 suis tomb6(e) es nous sommes tomb6(e)s vous 6tes tomb6(e)(s) ils/elles sont tomb6(e)s kE tenu le tu tomberai tomberas il/elle/on tombera nous tomberons vous tOmberez ils/elles tomberont IMPF{4AffNVfi tombe/tombons/tombez pl\H$K[u"n" $fi ffiTl(:npLF PRESE[\!T $3ds{4'11#lpLffi tenant tombant SXS iX,?,Pf *i Tiens-moi la moin Hold mv hand Tiens-toi fi See tombe tombes illelle/on tombe nous tombions vous tombiez ils/elles tombent je tu tombais tombais illelle/on tombait nous tombions vous tombiez ils/elles tombaient je tu tomberais tomberais iUelle/on tomberait nous tomberions vous tomberiez ils/elles tomberaient PA$T pAR'I"[{:[$']fl- Hii tomb6 EXAIV{pd.F p$"ff,-{,,q,str$ PSf ffi A,$trS EIle tenoit beaucoup d son"chot She was really Tiens, prends mon stylo Here, have my pen je tu $ U H"]U NU0TI\f tr *${vmNTlf}NAi- FUT[.'fi€ tiendrais tiendrais $E[\lT I!V!FHRFEfiT tomb6(e) illelle/on esttomb6(e) nous tenions vous teniez *$$.$"F] flIA $?TIfi tombes nous tombons vous tombez je tu tenais tenais il/elle/on tenait je tu tombe PERFEC'fi' GCIq\!mflTtolvA[- il:U'TUffiC le tu il/elle/on tombe tftnpHRr"gcT' PHffiFE$T pffi fi PRE$EfU"tr attached to her cat' Attention, tu vas tomber! Be careful, you'll fall! Nicole est tomb4e de chevql Nicole fell off her horse' the stairs Elle s'est fsit mal en tombant dans l'escalier she hurt herself falling down droit!Sit up straight! pages 88-91 for informotion on how ta form the reflexive verb se tenir jelj'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nou$:we voua=you ils/elles=they jeli,=|tu=youil=he/itel|e=she/iton=we/onenou$=Wevous=youils/e||e$=they r l:"itri- VeRe Tneles ,+"";,:$ Vrne Teeles > traire (to milk) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT je tu trais trais illelle/on trait nous trayons vous trayez ils/elles traient illelle/on nous vous ils/elles je tu traie traies illelle/on traie nous trayions vous trayiez ils/elles traient IMPERFECT PERFECT i' tu > trait trait a trait avons trait avez trait ont trait as FUTURE je tu trairai trairas illelle/on traira nous trairons vous trairez ils/elles trairont IMPERATIVE trais/trayons ltrayez le tu trayais trayais illelle/on trayait nous trayions vous trayiez ils/elles trayaient CONDITIONAL je tu trairais trairais iUelle/on trairait nous trairions vous trairiez ils/elles trairaient PAST PARTICIPLE trait PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT je le tu vaincs vaincs illelle/on vainc nous vainquons vous vainquez ils/elles vainquent illelle/on il:: ar valncu as vaincu i.:1Ti,^-,, :Yuilfl:;" ils/elles ont vaincu varnquars vainquais illelle/on vainquait :::: vous :1:::::l' valnqulez ils/elles vainquaient le tu vaincrai vaincras illelle/on vaincra nous vaincrons vous vaincrez ils/elles le tu CONDITIONAL FUTURE je tu ils/elles vainquent TMPERFECT PERFECT , tu vainque vainques iUelle/on vainque nous vainquions vous vatnqutez ""i^ir""t vaincrais illelle/on vaincrait nous vatncnonS vous vaincriez ils/elles vaincraient PAST PARTICIPLE IMPERATIVE vaincs / vainquons varncrars / vainquez vaincu PRESENT PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE trayant vainquant EXAMPLE PHBASES EXAMPLE PI{BASES A lo ferme, on o appris d troire les vaches We learnt to milk cows on the farm Elle trsit les voches d six heures du motin She milk the cows at am L'ormde o 6t6 vaincue The army was defeated Lo France s vaincu la Corde trois buts q deux France beat Korea goals ieli'=l tu=you il=he/it ellb=she/it on=we/one nous=we vou$=you ils/elles=they to ie/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we y6u3=|ou ils/elles=they Vene Vene TneLrs Taelrs > vendF€ (to sell) p, waloif (to be worth) PRSSHN}T $ PRESf;hIT je tu vaux vaux il/elle/on vaut le tu I",' RJU N#TNVE vaille vailles illelle/on vaille nous valons vous valez nous valions vous valiez ils/elles valent ils/elles vaillent IIMPERFEET PERFECT j' tu illelle/on nous vous ils/elles valu as valu a valu avons valu avez valu ont valu FUTURg" je tu vaudrai vaudras illelle/on vaudra nous vaudrons vous vaudrez ils/elles vaudront IIV?PERATNVE vaux/valons lvalez je tu valais valais illelle/on valait vends venos vend nous vendons vous venoez Je tu il/elle/on ils/elles I tu illelle/on nous vouS ils/elles ils/elles valaient je tu as vendu a vendu avons vendu avez vendu ont vendu vendrai vendras illelle/on vendra nous vendrons vous vendrez nous vaudrions vous vaudriez ils/elles vendront ils/elles vaudraient valu vendu je tu illelle/on vaudrait IMPERATIVE vends/vendons/vendez PI4HSHNT FANTfiCIPtffi PRESET\IT' PAffiT f;!PI.H valant vendant EXAMPLE FHtrA$T'S EXAMPI-E FFffi'llsgs vout combien? How much is it worth? (.o voudroit Io peine d'essoyer lt would be worth a try Il vout mieux ne pas y pensei: lt's best not to think about it Il Qo ieli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6u5=lou ils/elle$=they ie tu vende vendes illelle/on vende nous vendions vous vendiez ils/elles vendent IMPERFECT FUTURE vaudrais vaudrais PIA$T P'$,i{T!fifi?tE vendent PERFECT nous valions vous valiez c0rumlTl0niA[- PRE$ENT SU B-IU I\'CTIVE PRESEfUT je tu venoars vendais illelle/on vendait nous vendions vous vendiez ils/elles vendaient cor!DtfloNl\L je tu vendrais vendrais il/elle/on vendrait nous vendrions vous vendriez ils/elles vendraient PAST PAHTICIPTE vendu son vdlo pour 50 euros He sold me his bike for 50 euros' que vendez des piles? Do you sell batteries? vous Est-ce EIle voidrait vendre ss voiture She would like to sell her car m'u vendu ie/j,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vene Tneues Vens Tasles gfefiXfrffi" @ Pfd ffi,S E PHF$nihqT je tu > (to come) viens viens illelle/on vient nous venonS vous venez ils/elles viennent r'j'f le tu illelle/on nous vous ils/elles $ Uc tiJ [."r vienne viennes vienne venions veniez ,e suis venu(e) TU es venu(e) est venu(e) sommes venu(e)s 6tes venu(e)(s) sont venu(e)s illelle/on nous vous ils/elles je tu illelle/on nouS vous ils/elles venats venais venait venions veniez je tu je viendrai viendras illelle/on viendra nous viendrons vous viendrez IU viendrais viendrais il/elle/on viendrait ils/elles viendront ils/elles ilf,"'[FF:&:fr"&T$Vlr viens/venons /venez $Hfsl'f nous VOUS ,Pl-l$l; i' viendrions viendriez illelle/on l:;jl,iR'1"[r*llB]["ffi venu P$?ffi vetes illelle/on v€te vOt nous v6tions vous v6tiez ils/elles v€tent F[WPH}TFK*T PEffiFfr#'T je tu j' tu v6tu as v€tu il/elle/on a v€tu nous avons v€tu v€tais nous v6tions vous v€tiez avez vOtu ils/elles v€taient (": {:., f d FUT["0m8 f } }T q je tu je tu v€tirai v€tiras illelle/on v€tira nous v6tirons vous v€tirez t v€tirais v€tirais nous v6tirions vous v6tiriez ils/elles v€tiraient F"dh$}' F,ft ilvtF!8trV"\.{ti/F; fi:iT tr$lP[.H v6tu v6ts/v€tons/v€tez ifi[[pt {:} h} A illelle/on v6tirait ils/elles v€tiront r{"r{.\$f v6tais illelle/on v€tait ils/elles ont vOtu pftfj*ig:i\j'l v€te tu ils/elles v6tent vous $tr$$.d' ${."lSJ{.Jfi,{#T{l/fi je v€ts v6ts nous v€tons vous v€tez viendraient FhqFi-['F*l PC-H F: v€tant venant ff-;9*4,,14Ph f,: je tu venaient fl:$i\trm['ffi0rsA{" g1(_i?'L!ffiH (to dress) PRH$$IFiT viennent $MiPffiffiFtrCT $jlHffirrtrflT F!il{fr zu*T[Vr, w&$;na" i#j"d&4$Sr$ viendro pas cette ann,Ae She won't be coming this year Fatou et Malik viennent du S6ndgol Fatou and Malik come from Senegal Je viens de manger l've just eaten EIle ne EK,4/WpA€ Fddffi/q$s.f; It litt 6tait v\tu d,un pantalon et d'un pull He was wearing trousers and a iumper' fout se lever, se'lover et se votir e'n minutes You have to get up, get washed and get dressed in 10 minutes () ie/i'-ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they see pages 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive verb se vQtir ie/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vens TagLrs Vpne Tneles F vivre pnFsEtuT je tu PFIESEh{T' S{"I EJU Nfr TIVH vis vis illelle/on vit nous vivons vous vivez ils/elles vivent ar vecu as v6cu illelle/on a v6cu nous avons v6cu vous avez v6cu ils/elles ont v6cu je tu vives vlvral vivras illelle/on vivait illelle/on vivra nous vivrons vous vivrez ils/elles vivront IMFERAT[VH vis/vivons lvivez vivrais vivrais illelle/on vivrait nous vivrions vous vivriez PN-E v6cu fiffNm[Tlsl\!Al- je tu verrai verras verrais verrais illelle/on verrait illelle/on verra nous verrons vous verrez nous verrions vous verriez ils/elles verraient ils/elles verront PA$T PAffiTIEtPLg llVfi Pffi F&l''\:I" j\itF.: vois/voyons /voYez fi'i 1(;lF !.H PF{ENiL:}ii"t n'll vivant voyant EXAMFLE f'F'fr.ASFS F.{:i^wF{ { u .r:: rr i, venez me voir quand vous serez d Paris Come and see me when you're in Paris ne vois rien sans mes lunettes I can't see anything without !Y glasses le 'Est-ce que tu l'os vu? Did you see him? or Have you seen him? Est-ce que cette tache se voitT Does that stain show? r) ieli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ils/elles voyaient FL'Tti*nfr PRESETST PART'CIPI-H Ma seur vit en Espagne My sister lives in Spain ll o vdcu dix ans d Lyon, He lived in Lyons for 10 years Les gorilles vivent surtout dqns Ia fordf Corillas mostly live in the forest voyais nous voytons vous voyiez avons vu avez vu ils/elles ont vu je tu voyais illelle/on voyait nous vous ils/elles vivraient Pld$,"i &:'A*{Tlel le tu vu as vu il/elle/on a vu ils/elles vivaient voies TfuXPERFSCT i' ru nous vivions vous viviez voie ils/elles voient PtrFgFffiCT' je vivais tu vivais IUETIVE nous voyions vous voyiez ils/elles voient ils/elles vivent IJ il/elle/on voie nous voyons vous voyez nous vivions vous vtvtez HSHIUT $U EJ le tu vois vois illelle/on voit illelle/on vive le tu PIft PF?H$HTST" vlve c0Fdmtfl0NAL FUTLIRE le tu ,e tu tMPEnFd:Cl' PERFECT , tu ts v'ffifir (to see) (to live) see pages 88-91 for informotion on how to form the reflexive verb se voir ielj,-ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one 6qu5=w€ vous=you ils/elles=they Vrne lNoex Vens TneLrs b qdf'}*.fifi#xq" i:'Fl F:jSi (to want) ,:,ffi E|'* T' ils/elles veuillent ils/elles veulent I voulu a voulu avons voulu avez voulu ont voulu a5 nouS vous ils/elles 'Fcr f i.lffif,! voudrai tu illelle/on voudraS voudront ils/elles Fi fi tlil ils/elles voulaient i' F),pl, "ffi r,.,} ni ["] il T T[ * i fi # fld s" [- nous voudrions vous voudriez ils/elles voudraient il"l"fl fi $ pF- H voulu $] [- ]"n With the exception of reflexive verbs which always take 6tre, all verbs have the same auxiliary (6tre or avoir) as their model verb There are a few exceptions which are inilicated by a superior number or An asterisk (*) means that the verb takes avoir when it is used with a direct object, and 6tre when it isn't r) For more information on verbs that take either avoir or €tre, see page 114 abaisser abandonner abattre ab0tir abimer abolir abonder abonner aborder aboutir aooyer abreuver abriter abrutir x,jn fu,{ia{ ft frffi{$sw All the verbs are in alphabetical order For reflexive verbs like s'asseoir (to sit down) or se taire (to siop talking),look under asseoir or taire, not under s' or se ab16ger voulant a: t$te Werh rusm The verbs in bold are the model verbs which you will find in the verb tables All the other verbs follow one of these patterns, so the number next to each verb indicates which pattern fits this particular verb For example, aider (to help) follows the same pattern as donner (number 29 in the verb tables)' voudrais voudrais illelle/on voudrait !ltl:$ ll' ft:l [\{il / veuillons / veuillez &: nous voulions vous vouliez je tu voudra voudrons voudrez nous vous voulais voulais illelle/on voulait {: je n je tu voulu tu illelle/on tm Superior numbers (1, etc) refer you to notes on.page 107 These notes explain any differences between the verbs and their model lR'XPffiFlFI:ICT ft:nr$q{:;Efr"r $r,' nJ[j t\jfi i"]idn nous voulions vous vouliez nous voulons vous voulez $MF fiF{$:8 $iF,J veuille veuilles illelle/on veuille veux illelle/on veut veuille F$fr ru"f je tu Je veux tu ff-Bmqnr ,f,i{ ff ll,$ &;$ pour Nodl.She wants a bike for Christmas lls voulaient aller qu cindma They wanted to go to the cinema Tu voudrqis une tasse de th6? Would you like a cup of tea? Elle veut un v6lo ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nou$=we v6u5=lou ils/elles=they absenter (s') absorber absoudrea abstenir (s') abstraire abuser accabler accaparer acc6der acc6l6rer accepter accompagner accomplir accorder 10 accoter 20 accoucher 29 accouder (s') ?q accourtr29 accoutumer accrocher 29 )9 accroitre6 accroupir (s') 39 accueillir 54 accumuler 67 29 accuser acharner (s') 29 36 29 39 29 29 29 29 | / 39 acheminer 29 29 acheter 29 29 22 39 23 29 29 29 29 achever 44 71 acqu6rir actionner 84 86 29 29 29 35 ?q 29 29 )q adorer 29 aoosser 29 adoucir 39 29 90 adresser adveni13 aerer affaiblir affairer (s') affaisser (s') affamer aff16ter 35 39 29 29 29 affermir 39 afficher 29 29 affirmer affliger affoler affranchir affronter 46 29 39 35 29 13 adh6rer ?< agacer agenouiller (s') agir agiter agrandir adjoindre admettre admirer adopter 4) ag16er 48 ahurir 29 29 aider 39 29 39 19 39 29 aigrir 39 activer adapter additionner 29 29 29 29 aiguiser aimanter aimer aiouter ajuster 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ennuyer 6noncer enqu6rir (s') enqueter enraciner enfa9er enregistrer 13 29 29 46 29 enrichir enrouler enseigner ensevelir ensuivre (s')3 entamer entasser entendre enterrer enthousiasmer entourer entrainer entraver entrelacer 39 39 29 39 29 29 39 82 29 29 89 29 29 29 29 29 13 (s') 48 entreprendre 66 33 84 93 entremettre entrer* entretenir entrevoir 6num6rer 35 39 envahir envelopper 29 envisager 46 envoler (s') envoyer 6pandre 6panouir 6pargner 6parpiller 6pater 6peler 6plucher 6ponger 6pouser dpouvanter 6preindre 6prendre (s') 6prouver 6puiser 6quilibrer 6quiper 6quivaloir esclaffer (s') escorter esp6rer esquisser esquiver essayer essorer essouffler essuyer estimer estroprer 6tablir 6taler 6tayer 6teindre 6tendre 6ternuer 6tiqueter 6tirer 6toffer 6tonner 6touffer 6tourdir 6trangler €tre 6treindre 6tudier 6vader (s') 6valuer 6vanouir (s') 6vaporer 6veiller 6venter 6vertuer (s') 29 34 89 39 29 29 29 29 46 29 29 61 66 29 29 29 29 88 29 29 35 29 29 60 29 29 54 29 zv 39 29 60 61 89 29 42 29 29 29 29 39 29 36 61 20 29 29 39 29 29 29 29 Vene lNpex VeRe lNosx fermenter 29 29 29 14 f6ter feuilleter fiancer ficeler 42 froncer frotter frustrer 13 fuir 29 29 40 fumer 29 excommunier 20 ficher fier figer filer fileter 29 fusiller gAcher gagner galoper 29 29 fermer 29 excuser 35 ex6crer 29 ex6cuter 29 exempter 29 financer exhiber 29 finir exhorter 46 fixer exiger 29 flairer exiler flamber 29 exister 35 fldner exon6rer 20 flanquer exp6dier exp6rimenter 29 flatter fl6chir 29 expirer 29 fl6trir expliquer 29 fleurirla exploiter 29 flotter exploser foisonner 29 exporter 29 fomenter exposer 29 foncer exprimer fonctionner 29 expulser exterminer 29 fonder 86 fondre extraire forcer 29 exulter forger 29 fabriquer formaliser (se) 29 fdcher 29 former faciliter formuler 29 fagonner fortifier 29 facturer faillirr3 poge 107 foudroyer 37 fouetter faire 38 fouiller falloir 20 fourmiller falsifier familiariser 29 fournir fourrer 39 farcir fourvoyer 29 fasciner 29 fracasser fatiguer 29 franchir faucher 29 frapper faufiler 29 frayer fausser freiner 29 favoriser 29 29 29 29 \ 20 46 29 13 39 29 29 39 grossir grouiller grouper gu6rir guerroyer guetter guider guinder habiller 29 43 29 manier manifester manigancer 20 29 manipuler man€uvrer 29 39 46 manquer gauchir 39 influencer 13 labourer 29 29 informer ing6nier (s') tacer 13 l6cher )q 29 inhaler 29 20 29 20 20 29 29 29 lamenter (se) 29 29 29 tancer 13 languir 39 54 29 35 l6cher 3I l6gatiser 29 l6gif6rer l6siner 39 29 h6berger h6b6ter gaufrer g€ner g6n6raliser g6rer )a to 54 29 giboyer gifler givrer 70 13 gracer glisser 13 46 29 glorifier gommer gonfler go0ter 29 39 29 60 29 42 je0ner 29 20 29 g6mir 54 leter 29 39 29 39 29 maltraiter manger giter hiter 29 ?a ?q gaspiller gouverner gracrer grandir gratifier gratter )a 29 29 20 29 29 29 29 20 39 20 29 nausSer +o ?( hennir 39 h6risser 29 h6riter h6siter heurter hocher 29 29 29 nonorer horrifier nuer humaniser humidifier humilier hurler hypnotiser id6aliser identifier ignorer illuminer 29 lv 20 29 29 20 20 29 29 29 20 9raver gravir greffer gr€ler 29 39 29 29 illustrer imaginer griffonner grignoter griller 29 29 imiter immigrer 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 grimacer l3 immiscer (s') immobiliser 29 13 infirmer infliger initier iniurier innover inoculer inonder inqui6ter inscrire insensibiliser ins6rer insinuer insister inspecter 35 29 29 29 Insprrer )o installer instituer 29 29 instruire t1 insurger insulter (s') int6grer intensifier 29 46 interc6der 35 interdire 28 29 29 int6resser interloquer interroger interrompre intervenir 37 44 29 jaunir 29 29 indiquer induire 84 29 29 29 29 29 24 29 29 29 46 haleter handicaper hanter harceler harmoniser hasarder bl 44 54 29 29 infecter infeaster isoler jaillir 39 29 29 20 inculper Incorporer incriminer investir 4"1 geindre geler 29 29 laser incommoder invertir hair gausser (se) 29 29 29 inventer hacher 39 1q 't3 maitriser majorer malfaire malmener 29 29 29 29 29 9aranur garoer garer garnir )9 29 29 29 39 inciter incliner inclurel6 't 29 29 29 habiter habituer 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 20 39 )o magnifier maigrir maintenir J> 54 29 39 29 35 35 39 39 29 impressionner fendre ferler 29 29 29 29 13 mijoter mimer inviter invoquer irriter 29 29 29 friser frissonner froisser f16ler 1A 29 ?o 9rommeler gronoer f6liciter macher machiner 29 29 29 29 't4 gro9ner 29 29 35 f6ler meuftnr improviser inaugurer griser feinter 29 29 29 eo 20 29 imprimer 81 61 lubrifier lutter intituler intriguer introduire 29 feindre 29 29 24 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 grimper grincer 29 29 29 fr6mir fr6quenter frirerr immoler impatienter impliquer implorer importer 39 29 6viter 6voluer 6voquer exag6rer exalter examiner exasp6rer exc6der excepter exciter exclamer (s') exclure 35 20 ioindre louer jouir juger jumeler JUrer iustifier laisser larmoyer taver lever lib6rer licencier lier ligoter limer limiter liqu6fier liquider lire livrer loger lorgner lotir 46 loucher louer 76 rouPer 90 louvoyer 46 29 39 29 29 29 54 13 29 29 manufacturer 29 manutentionner 29 marcher 29 maner marquer marteler masquer 20 29 massacrer masser 29 29 29 mat6rialiser 29 maudire 47 maugr6er m6caniser 35 29 m6connaitre 35 m6contenter 29 m6dire M m6diter m,6faire 35 20 m6fier (se) 20 29 29 29 20 29 45 29 M m6langer m€ler menacer m6nager mendier mener mentionner mentir m6prendre (se) m6priser m6riter mesurer mettre meubler meugler 19 29 15 29 28 29 37 20 40 29 13 46 20 44 39 29 29 29 29 29 29 miauler miner minimiser mobiliser modeler mod6rer moderniser 29 modifier 20 moisir moissonner 39 29 39 monopoliser 60 29 49 mollir monnayer monter* montrer moquer (se) mordre morfondre (se) 29 50 70 20 mortifier motiver moucher moudre mouiller 29 fo 51 29 52 mourir mouvoirl muer 29 T multiplier munir m0rir murmurer museler 29 20 39 39 29 muter mutiler 29 29 mystifier nager 20 46 naitre nantir 53 39 29 29 29 29 narrer navrguer navrer n6cessiter 46 29 78 66 29 n6gliger n69ocier neiger 29 nier niveler noircir 20 nommer 29 29 29 4A 29 29 nettoyer normaliser 20 46 54 39 lF|n l l l Vene lNoex Vene h{oex nouer 29 29 nourrir 39 noter noyer ^ nuirel6 numeroter ob6ir obiecter obliger oblit6rer obscurcir obs6der observer obstiner (s') obtenir occuper octroyer offenser offrir omettre op6rer opposer opprimer oroonner organiser 54 24 29 39 29 46 35 39 29 29 84 29 54 29 55 48 35 palpiter panser parachever parachuter paver pavoiser poser 29 29 publier punrr 39 poss6der ?< purifier posler 29 pouoroyef 54 89 qualifier quereller 20 20 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 pourfendre questionner quCter POUtt r,o 29 pouvorr'- 65 raccommoder peindre 6"1 pratiquer 29 raccompagner peler pencher penqre p6n6trer penser percer percevorr 44 p16c6der prOcher p16ciser ?< raccorder 29 29 28 J5 raccourctr raccrocner racheter racler racoter raconter raffermir raffiner rafler rafraichir ragaillardir 89 13 pr6dire pr6f6rer pr6juger 68 p16lever 35 29 20 46 56 29 pervertir 1q peser 44 20 20 39 29 29 peuprer photographier picoter pi6ger pi6tiner pincer placer plaider plaindre 57 pararyser 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59 29 29 orner orthographier 6ter oublier outrager partir promener pfomettre 2? promouvorr-prononcer 35 29 19 29 29 +z 46 44 48 JZ 13 29 39 proposer proscrire 29 prott6ger 67 31 quitter rabattre 39 29 29 29 29 39 29 29 39 39 raidir 39 railler ratsonner rajeunir raiouter rajuster ralentir rallier rallonger rallumer 29 29 39 29 29 39 20 46 ramasSer 29 29 ramener 44 ramollir 39 ranrmer rappeler 29 rapponer rappfocner 29 29 29 29 raser rassembler rass616ner rasSurer rater rationaliser rattraper ravir ravitailler r6agir 35 29 29 29 29 39 29 39 16aliser 29 rebattre t0 rebondir 39 rebuter receler 29 recenSer 29 recevoir 68 16chapper 16chauffer 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 rechercher 16citer 16clamer 16colter recommanoer recommencer 16compenser 16concilier reconduire 16conforter reconnaitre reconquCrir reconstruire 29 20 24 29 20 16 17 56 r,6c16er 19 16crier (se) 16crire 20 rectifier recueillir recuire reculer 20 16cup6rer 5) recycler redescendre r6diger redire redoubler ?o 1A retourner* renommer 29 ?o 29 renoncer renouer renouveler retrancher retransmettre 29 r6t16cir retrousSer 169ir 16gler 169ner 39 16nover )o rerouver renseigner 29 16unir rentrer* 69 16ussir ?o renverser revaloir r6veiller 88 29 16habiliter 16habituer 29 29 29 29 29 renausser 29 16imprimer 16int6grer relaillir 29 reparaitre rdparer 12 z+ 29 retancer 13 16partir repeindre repenore 10 61 rev€tir 91 eo r6viser repentir (se) 78 reperdre 62 revivre revotr r6volter rhabiller ridiculiser 29 92 93 29 29 29 29 75 35 35 reproduire l4 risquer )q 20 20 29 16pudier 20 rivaliser 29 29 76 29 37 remuer i 74 29 za 24 20 29 revenir rever 16v6rer repartir remanier remarier remarquer rembourser rem6dier remercier remettre remmener r6duire refaire r6f6rer refermer r6fl6chir refl6ter refondre r6former refuser 29 89 reluire23 remplir remployer remponer r6fugier (se) 35 revendiquer revenore rep16senter ?o refroidir r6v6ler reprendre redresser 29 20 29 89 57 29 58 20 45 redouter 70 7C 16organiser 16pandre 70 29 66 29 remordre remorquer remoudre rempracer 35 renvoyer repousser +b 28 29 29 29 39 IJ 73 29 48 39 29 29 39 44 remonter* remontrer ?( 35 39 relicher rel69uer relever relier relire 3.1 35 42 43 39 29 rr5jouir a/ recopier recouore recourir recouvrir renifler )a rejoindre 15 39 29 regretter fegrouper 13 reconvertir r6futer regagner regaillardir regarder r6g6n6rer rdpondre )9 IU r6server 16sider 29 29 29 20 29 29 20 r6signer r6silier 48 16sister 44 49 29 50 29 16sonner ressaisir 39 ?o 51 ressembler 29 IJ ressemeler ressenUr 39 renaitre24 54 29 29 53 rench6rir 39 rencontrer rendormir 29 rendre renfermer renfler renforcer renler requ€rir 16soudre respirer resplendir ressortir rester 29 29 restreindre r6sulter r6sumer resurgir r6tablir retaper retarder retenir 13 reUrer 20 retomber 30 71 29 rigoler rire rogner rompre ronfler ronger r6tir i rougrr rourer rousp6ter rouvrtr rutner Saccager saisir salir 78 Satuer 80 72 sanctifier sangloter 61 satisfaire sauter 46 39 39 29 35 56 29 46 39 39 29 20 39 39 sauver savoir 29 37 29 29 29 77 29 29 84 29 85 scier 20 scinder scintiller 29 29 s6cher Secouer 29 29 29 sauvegarder VrRe lNoex Vene lNoex Semer 17 24 29 44 sentir 78 s6parer Serref 29 29 secourir s6duire sembler vendre 13 24 verdir 39 54 traire 29 86 verooyer v6rifier vernir verrouiller traiter 29 verser 29 31 v€tir 9^l 35 VCXCT 29 48 vibrer vider vieillir 29 29 29 tournoyer 81 35 tousser 82 20 tracer sugg6rer suivre tracaSser traduire trahir trainer sertir 39 servir 79 supplier supposer surcharger surenchErir surfaire s6vir sevrer 39 surgerer 44 surqir 39 transcrire transf6rer o/ surmonter' 49 transformer 29 29 29 surpaS5er 59 surprenore surveiller survenir survtvre susciter suspendre tacher tacher tailler taire (se) taper 66 29 transmettre transparaitre transprrer transplanter tater taxer teindre teinter t6l6phoner 29 29 si6ger siffler signaler signer signifier simplifier simuler soigner sombrer sommeiller songer 50nner 20 20 29 29 29 29 -1 29 46 39 37 90 92 29 89 29 transporter traquer travailler traversef 39 57 29 29 vitrifier vitup6rer vivifier vivre 20 29 29 29 soupeser 44 tenir a4 sourire 75 souscrire 3l tenter terminer ternir 29 29 39 29 20 35 ulc6rer 39 29 29 unifier unir 35 user tomber 85 tondre tonner tordre torpiller tortiller torturer toucher tourmenter tourner 70 29 usiner utiliser vacciner 50 vaincre 29 29 29 29 29 29 valoir 29 29 29 87 88 vanter 29 varier v6g6ter veiller vendanger 20 sous-entenclre 89 souStrarre 86 84 soutenir souvenir (se) sp6cialiser sp6cifier standardiser stationner st6riliser stimuler stup6fier subir submerger subsister 84 29 20 29 29 29 29 20 39 46 29 substituer subvenirl succ6der 29 90 sucer 13 35 terrassef terrifier t6ter ti6dir timbrer tirer tol6rer 29 29 29 89 urbaniser 39 29 29 29 29 t6moigner tendre t6l6viser 61 virer 29 29 29 29 29 46 44 29 48 violer 20 39 29 visser 55 83 29 venir viser visiter souffrir souhaiter souiller soulager soulever souligner soumettre soupgonner sortir* 29 29 venger 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 20 tr6bucher trembler tremper tricher tricoter trier triompher tripoter tromper troquer trotter troubler trouer trouver truffer truquer tuer tutoyer 46 29 80 89 46 90 54 29 29 suer suffire 35 20 92 Notes t) Auxiliary=avoir 2) Auxiliary = €tre 3) Only infinitive and 3rd persons of each tense used 4) Past participle: absous, absoute s) Conjugated with either avoir or etre 6) No circumflex on: j'accrois, tu accrois, and accru z) Hardly used except in the infinitive and the 3'd persons of the present, future and conditional 8) e) Past participle: circoncis Past participle: confit 10) No circumflex on: je d6crois, tu d6crois, and d6cru 11) When demeurer means to live, the auxiliary is avoir; when it means to remain, the auxiliary is €tre vocif6rer 35 voiler 29 voir voter 93 l9 vomir voter 39 29 29 29 vouer vouloir 29 94 14) When fleurir means to prosper, the present participle is florissant, and the imperfect is florissait 29 vouvoyer voyager 54 1s) 46 29 29 29 29 29 29 54 35 20 39 29 29 29 46 vrombir 39 vulgariser z6brer 29 z6zayer 60 ztgzaguer 29 35 12) Past participle: dissous, dissoute 13) Present participle: faillant; past participle: failli; future: je faillirai, conditional: je faillirais, efc NB: f'ai failli tomber = | nearly fell etc; Past participle: frit; used mainly in the present tense singular and in compound tenses 16) Past participle: inclus 17) Past participle: m0, rnue, mus, mues 18) Past participle: nui tr) In questions, je peux can be replaced by ie puis: Puis-je vous aider? May I help you? 20) Subjunctive: je pr6vale, efc 21 ) Future: je pr6voirai, etc; conditional: je pr€voirais, etc 22) Used only in the infinitive, present and past participles, and compound renses 2r) Past participle: relui 24) No past participle, no compound tenses ilt" o*rH What is the pa: The passive is a is the person o qtven, we we' [J ruote that des meanings, sur something is ) For moro de changes to o most words stai Je r n'ai pas d'r sBN 978-0-00-719644-9 E ,ll[il[ilililtlilLllilll,