S1242210 Checkboxes & Related Question Types Passage Backgrounds S1 大脑的体操训练（科技类） True / False / NG List of Headings Summary Paragraph Matching Matching Multiple Choices MENTAL GYMNASTICS A The working day has just started at the head office of Barclays Bank in London Seventeen staff are helping themselves to a buffet breakfast as young psychologist Sebastian Bailey enters the room to begin the morning's training session But this is no ordinary training session He's not here to sharpen their finance or management skills He's here to exercise their brains B Today's workout, organized by a company called the Mind Gym in London, entitled "having presence" What follows is an intense 90-minute session in which this rather abstract concept is gradually broken down into a concrete set of feelings, mental tricks and behaviours At one point the bankers are instructed to shut their eyes and visualize themselves filling the room and then the building They finish up by walking around the room acting out various levels of presence, from low-key to over the top C It's easy to poke fun Yet similar mental workouts are happening in corporate seminar rooms around the globe The Mind Gym alone offers some 70 different sessions, including ones on mental stamina, creativity for logical thinkers and "zoom learning" Other outfits draw more directly on the exercise analogy, offering "neurotics" courses with names like "brain sets"and "cerebral fitness" Then there are books with titles like Pumping Ions, full of brainteasers that claim to "flex your mind", and software packages offering memory and spatial-awareness games D But whatever the style, the companies' sales pitch is invariably the same - follow our routines to shape and sculpt your brain or mind, just as you might tone and train your body And, of course, they nearly all claim that their mental workouts draw on serious scientific research and thinking into how the brain works E One outfit, Brainergy of Cambridge, Massachusetts (motto: "Because your grey matter matters") puts it like this: "Studies have shown that mental exercise can cause changes in brain anatomy and brain chemistry which promote increased mental efficiency and clarity The neuroscience is cutting-edge." And on its website, Mind Gym trades on a quote from Susan Greenfield, one of Britain's best known neuroscientists: "It's a bit like going to the gym, if you exercise your brain it will grow." F Indeed, the Mind Gym originally planned to hold its sessions in a local health club, until its founders realized where the real money was to be made Modem companies need flexible, bright thinkers and will seize on anything that claims to create them, especially if it looks like a quick fix backed by science But are neurotic workouts really backed by science? And we need them? G Nor is there anything remotely high-tech about what Lawrence Katz, co-author of Keep Your Brain Alive, recommends Katz, a neurobiologist at Duke University Medical School in North Carolina, argues that just as many of us fail to get enough physical exercise, so we also lack sufficient mental stimulation to keep our brain in trim Sure we are busy with jobs, family and housework But most of this activity is repetitive routine And any leisure time is spent slumped in front of the TV H So, read a book upside down Write or brush your teeth with your wrong hand Feel your way around the room with your eyes shut Sniff vanilla essence while listening intently to orchestral music Anything, says Katz, to break your normal mental routine It will help invigorate your brain, encouraging its cells to make new connections and pump out neurotrophins, substances that feed and sustain brain circuits I Well, up to a point it will "What I'm really talking about is brain maintenance rather than bulking up your IQ," Katz adds Neurotics, in other words, is about letting your brain fulfill its potential It cannot create super-brains Can it achieve even that much, though? Certainly the brain is an organ that can adapt to the demands placed on it Tests on animal brain tissue, for example, have repeatedly shown that electrically stimulating the synapses that connect nerve cells thought to be crucial to learning and reasoning, makes them stronger and more responsive Brain scans suggest we use a lot more of our grey matter when carrying out new or strange tasks than when we're doing well-rehearsed ones Rats raised in bright cages with toys sprout more neural connections than rats raised in bare cages - suggesting perhaps that novelty and variety could be crucial to a developing brain Katz, And neurologists have proved time and again that people who lose brain cells suddenly during a stroke often sprout new connections to compensate for the loss especially if they undergo extensive therapy to overcome any paralysis J Guy Claxton, an educational psychologist at the University of Bristol, dismisses most of the neurological approaches as "neuron-babble" Nevertheless, there are specific mental skills we can loam, he contends Desirable attributes such as creativity, mental flexibility, and even motivation, are not the fixed faculties that most of us think They are thought habits that can be learned The problem, says Claxton, is that most of us never get proper training in these skills We develop our own private set of mental strategies for tackling tasks and never learn anything explicitly Worse still, because any learned skill - even driving a car or brushing our teeth-quickly sinks out of consciousness, we can no longer see the very thought habits we're relying upon Our mental tools become invisible to us K Claxton is the academic adviser to the Mind Gym So not surprisingly, the company espouses his solution - that we must return our thought patterns to a conscious level, becoming aware of the details of how we usually think Only then can we start to practise better thought patterns, until eventually these become our new habits Switching metaphors, picture not gym classes, but tennis or football coaching L In practice, the training can seem quite mundane For example, in one of the eight different creativity workouts offered by the Mind Gym - entitled "creativity for logical thinkers" one of the mental strategies taught is to make a sensible suggestion, then immediately pose its opposite So, asked to spend five minutes inventing a new pizza, a group soon comes up with no topping, sweet topping, cold topping, price based on time of day, flat-rate prices and so on M Bailey agrees that the trick is simple But it is surprising how few such tricks people have to call upon when they are suddenly asked to be creative: "They tend to just label themselves as uncreative, not realizing that there are techniques that every creative person employs." Bailey says the aim is to introduce people to half a dozen or so such strategies in a session so that what at first seems like a dauntingly abstract mental task becomes a set of concrete, learnable behaviours He admits this is not a short cut to genius Neurologically, some people start with quicker circuits or greater handling capacity However, with the right kind of training he thinks we can dramatically increase how efficiently we use it N It is hard to prove that the training itself is effective How you measure a change in an employee's creativity levels, or memory skills? But staff certainly report feeling that such classes have opened their eyes So, neurological boosting or psychological training? At the moment you can pay your money and take your choice Claxton for one believes there is no reason why schools and universities shouldn't spend more time teaching basic thinking skills, rather than trying to stuff heads with facts and hoping that effective thought habits are somehow absorbed by osmosis Questions - Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage In boxes - on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agree with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the view of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this Mind Gym coach instructed employees to imagine that they are the building Mind Gym uses the similar marketing theory that is used all round Susan Greenfield is the founder of Mind Gym All business and industries are using Mind Gym's session globally According to Mind Gym, extensive scientific background supports their mental training sessions Questions - 13 Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A - D) with opinions or deeds below Write the appropriate letters, A - D, in boxes - 13 on your answer sheet NB You may use any letter more than once A Guy Claxton B Sebastian Bailey C Susan Greenfild D Lawrence Katz We not have enough inspiration to keep our brain fit The more you exercise your brain like exercise in the gym, the more brain will grow Exercise can keep your brain health instead of improving someone's IQ It is valuable for schools to teach students about creative skills besides basic known knowledge 10 We can develop new neuron connections when we lose old connections via certain treatment 11 People usually mark themselves as not creative before figuring out there are approaches for each Person 12 An instructor in Mind Gym who guided the employees to exercise 13 Majority of people don't have appropriate skills-training for brain 贵学预测服务阅读文章对应答案 APPLYING FOR THE IELTS TESTS ON 2015 年大范围预测文档 S1242210 & Related Question Answers NO YES NO NO NOT GIVEN D C D A 10 D 11 B 12 B 13 A S1264304 Passage Backgrounds Checkboxes & Related Question Types S1 引人深思的事（社会类） True / False / NG List of Headings Summary Paragraph Matching Matching Multiple Choices Questions - The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A - G Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A - G from the list below Write the correct number, i - xi, in boxes - on your answer sheet List of Headings i Why better food helps students' learning Paragraph A ii A song for getting porridge Paragraph B iii Surprising use of school premises Paragraph C iv Global perspective Paragraph D v Brains can be starved Paragraph E vi Surprising academics outcome Paragraph F vii Girls are specially treated in the program Paragraph G viii How food program is operated ix How food program affects school attendance x None of the usual reasons xi How to maintain academic standard Food of thought A THERE are not enough classrooms at the Msekeni primary school, so half the lessons take place in the shade of yellow-blossomed acacia trees Given this shortage, it might seem odd that one of the school's purpose-built classrooms has been emptied of pupils and turned into a storeroom for sacks of grain But it makes sense Food matters more than shelter B Msekeni is in one of the poorer parts of Malawi, a landlocked southern African country of exceptional beauty and great poverty No war lays waste Malawi, nor is the land unusually crowded or infertile, but Malawians still have trouble finding enough to eat Half of the children under five are underfed to the point of stunting Hunger blights most aspects of Malawian life, so the country is as good a place as any to investigate how nutrition affects development, and vice versa C The headmaster at Msekeni, Bernard Kumanda, has strong views on the subject He thinks food is a priceless teaching aid Since 1999, his pupils have received free school lunches Donors such as the World Food Programme (WFP) provide the food: those sacks of grain (mostly mixed maize and soyabean flour, enriched with vitamin A) in that converted classroom Local volunteers the cooking - turning the dry ingredients into a bland but nutritious slop, and spooning it out on to plastic plates The children line up in large crowds, cheerfully singing a song called "We are getting porridge" D When the school's feeding programme was introduced, enrolment at Msekeni doubled Some of the new pupils had switched from nearby schools that did not give out free porridge, but most were children whose families had previously kept them at home to work These families were so poor that the long-term benefits of education seemed unattractive when set against the short-term gain of sending children out to gather firewood or help in the fields One plate of porridge a day completely altered the calculation A child fed at school will not howl so plaintively for food at home Girls, who are more likely than boys to be kept out of school, are given extra snacks to take home E When a school takes in a horde of extra students from the poorest homes, you would expect standards to drop Anywhere in the world, poor kids tend to perform worse than their better-off classmates When the influx of new pupils is not accompanied by any increase in the number of teachers, as was the case at Msekeni, you would expect standards to fall even further But they have not Pass rates at Msekeni improved dramatically, from 30% to 85% Although this was an exceptional example, the nationwide results of school feeding programmes were still pretty good On average, after a Malawian school started handing out free food it attracted 38% more girls and 24% more boys The pass rate for boys stayed about the same, while for girls it improved by 9.5% F Better nutrition makes for brighter children Most immediately, well-fed children find it easier to concentrate It is hard to focus the mind on long division when your stomach is screaming for food Mr Kumanda says that it used to be easy to spot the kids who were really undernourished "They were the ones who stared into space and didn't respond when you asked them questions," he says More crucially, though, more and better food helps brains grow and develop Like any other organ in the body, the brain needs nutrition and exercise But if it is starved of the necessary calories, proteins and micronutrients, it is stunted, perhaps not as severely as a muscle would be, but stunted nonetheless That is why feeding children at schools works so well And the fact that the effect of feeding was more pronounced on girls than on boys gives a clue to who eats first in rural Malawian households It isn't the girls G On a global scale, the good news is that people are eating better than ever before Homo sapiens has grown 50% bigger since the industrial revolution Three centuries ago, chronic malnutrition was more or less universal Now, it is extremely rare in rich countries In developing countries, where most people live, plates and rice bowls are also fuller than ever before The proportion of children under five in the developing world who are malnourished to the point of stunting fell from 39% in 1990 to 30% in 2000, says the World Health Organisation (WHO) In other places, the battle against hunger is steadily being won Better nutrition is making people cleverer and more energetic, which will help them grow more prosperous And when they eventually join the ranks of the well off, they can start fretting about growing too fat S3254609 Checkboxes & Related Question Types Passage Backgrounds S3 公司创举（科技类） True / False / NG List of Headings Summary Paragraph Matching Matching Multiple Choices Company Innovation A In a scruffy office in midtown Manhattan, a team of 30 artificial-intelligence programmers is trying to simulate the brains of an eminent sexologist, a well-known dietician, a celebrity fitness trainer and several other experts Umagic Systems is a young firm, setting up websites that will allow clients to consult the virtual versions of these personalities Subscribers will feed in details about themselves and their goals; Umagic's software will come up with the advice that the star expert would give Although few people have lost money betting on the neuroses of the American consumer, Umagic's prospects are hard to gauge (in ten years' time, consulting a computer about your sex life might seem natural, or it might seem absurd) But the company and others like it are beginning to spook large American firms, because they see such half-barmy "innovative" ideas as the key to their own future success B Innovation has become the buzz-word of American management Firms have found that most of the things that can be outsourced or re-engineered have been (worryingly, by their competitors as well) The stars of American business tend today to be innovators such as Dell, Amazon and Wal-Mart, which have produced ideas or products that have changed their industries C A new book by two consultants from Arthur D Little records that, over the past 15 years, the top 20% of firms in an annual innovation poll by Fortune magazine have achieved double the shareholder returns of their peers Much of today's merger boom is driven by a desperate search for new ideas So is the fortune now spent on licensing and buying others' intellectual property According to the Pasadena-based Patent & Licence Exchange, trading in intangible assets in the United States has risen from $15 billion in 1990 to $100 billion in 1998, with an increasing proportion of the rewards going to small firms and individuals D And therein lies the terror for big companies: that innovation seems to work best outside them Several big established "ideas factories", including Save money Live better 3M, Procter & Gamble and Rubbermaid, have had dry spells recently Gillette spent ten years and $1 billion developing its new Mach razor; it took a British supermarket only a year or so to produce a reasonable imitation "In the management of creativity, size is your enemy," argues Peter Chemin, who runs the Fox TV and film empire for News Corporation One person managing 20 movies is never going to be as involved as one doing five movies He has thus tried to break down the studio into smaller units - even at the risk of incurring higher costs E It is easier for ideas to thrive outside big firms these days In the past, if a clever scientist had an idea he wanted to commercialise, he would take it first to a big company Now, with plenty of cheap venture capital, he is more likely to set up on his own Umagic has already raised $5m and is about to raise $25m more Even in capital-intensive businesses such as pharmaceuticals, entrepreneurs can conduct early-stage research, selling out to the big firms when they reach expensive, risky clinical trials Around a third of drug firms' total revenue now comes from licensed-in technology F Some giants, including General Electric and Cisco, have been remarkably successful at snapping up and integrating scores of small companies But many others worry about the prices they have to pay and the difficulty in hanging on to the talent that dreamt up the idea Everybody would like to develop more ideas in-house Procter & Gamble is now shifting its entire business focus from countries to products; one aim is to get innovations accepted across the company Elsewhere, the search for innovation has led to a craze for "entrepreneurship" - devolving power and setting up internal ideas-factories and tracking stocks so that talented staff will not leave G Some people think that such restructuring is not enough In a new book Clayton Christensen argues that many things which established firms well, such as looking after their current customers, can hinder the sort of innovative behaviour needed to deal with disruptive technologies Hence the fashion for cannibalization - setting up businesses that will actually fight your existing ones Bank One, for instance, has established Wingspan, an Internet bank that competes with its real branches (see article) Jack Welch's Internet initiative at General Electric is called "Destroyyourbusiness.com" H Nobody could doubt that innovation matters But need large firms be quite so pessimistic? A recent survey of the top 50 innovations in America, by Industry Week, a journal, suggested that ideas are as likely to come from big firms as from small ones Another skeptical note is sounded by Amar Bhide, a colleague of Mr I Christensen's at the Harvard Business School and the author of another book on entrepreneurship Rather than having to reinvent themselves, big companies, he believes, should concentrate on projects with high costs and low uncertainty, leaving those with low costs and high uncertainty to small entrepreneurs As ideas mature and the risks and rewards become more quantifiable, big companies can adopt them I At Kimberly-Clark, Mr Sanders had to discredit the view that jobs working on new products were for "those who couldn't hack it in the real business." He has tried to change the culture not just by preaching fuzzy concepts but also by introducing hard incentives, such as increasing the rewards for those who come up with successful new ideas and, particularly, not punishing those whose experiments fail The genesis of one of the firm's current hits, Depend, a more dignified incontinence garment, lay in a previous miss, Kotex Personals, a form of disposable underwear for menstruating women J Will all this creative destruction, cannibalisation and culture tweaking make big firms more creative? David Post, the founder of Umagic, is skeptical: "The only successful entrepreneurs are ones who leave and become entrepreneurs." He also recalls with glee the looks of total incomprehension when he tried to hawk his "virtual experts" idea three years ago to the idea labs of firms such as IBM - though, as he cheerfully adds, "of course, they could have been right." Innovation - unlike, apparently, sex, parenting and fitness - is one area where a computer cannot tell you what to Questions 28 - 33 The reading Passage has ten paragraphs A - J Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A - J, in boxes 28 - 33 on your answer sheet NB You may use any letter more than once 28 Approach to retain best employees 29 Safeguarding expenses on innovative idea 30 Integrating outside firms might produce certain counter effect 31 Example of three famous American companies' innovation 32 Example of one company changing its focus 33 Example of a company resolving financial difficulties itself Questions 34 - 37 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 34 - 37 on your answer sheet, write TRUE FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN 34 if the statement agrees with the information if there is no information on this Umagic is the most successful innovative company in this new field 35 Amazon and Wal-Mart exchanged their innovation experience 36 New idea holder had already been known to take it to small company in the past 37 IBM failed to understand Umagic's proposal of one new idea Questions 38-40 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write your answers in boxes 38 - 40 on your answer sheet 38 What is author's opinion on the effect of innovation in paragraph C A It only works for big companies B Fortune magazine has huge influence globally C It is getting more important D Effect on American companies is more evident 39 What is Peter Chemin's point of view on innovation A Small company is more innovative than big one B Film industry need more innovation than other industries C We need to cut the cost when risks occur D New ideas are more likely going to big companies 40 What is author's opinion on innovation at the end of this passage A Umagic success lies on the accidental "virtual experts" B Innovation is easy and straightforward C IBM sets a good example on innovation D The author's attitude is uncertain on innovation 贵学预测服务阅读文章对应答案 APPLYING FOR THE IELTS TESTS ON 2015 年大范围预测文档 S3254609 & Related Question Answers 28 F 29 C 30 G 31 B 32 F 33 E 34 NOT GIVEN 35 NOT GIVEN 36 FALSE 37 TRUE 38 C 39 A 40 D S3276311 Checkboxes & Related Question Types Passage Backgrounds S3.新产品营销心理（社会类） True / False / NG List of Headings Summary Paragraph Matching Matching Multiple Choices Psychology Of New Product Adoption A In today's hypercompetitive marketplace, companies that successfully introduce new products are more likely to flourish than those that don't Businesses spend billions of dollars making better "mousetraps" only to find consumers roundly rejecting them Studies show that new products fail at the stunning rate of between 40% and 90%, depending on the category, and the odds haven't changed much in the past 25 years In the U.S packaged goods industry, for instance, companies introduce 30,000 products every year, but 70% to 90% of them don't stay on store shelves for more than 12 months Most innovative products - those that create new product categories or revolutionize old ones - are also unsuccessful According to one study, 47% of first movers have failed, meaning that approximately half the companies that pioneered new product categories later pulled out of those businesses B After the fact, experts and novices alike tend to dismiss unsuccessful innovations as bad ideas that were destined to fail Why consumers fail to buy innovative products even when they offer distinct improvements over existing ones? Why companies invariably have more faith in new products than is warranted? Few would question the objective advantages of many innovations over existing alternatives, but that's often not enough for them to succeed To understand why new products fail to live up to companies' expectations, we must delve into the psychology of behavior change C New products often require consumers to change their behavior As companies know, those behavior changes entail costs Consumers incur transaction costs, such as the activation fees they have to pay when they switch from one cellular service provider to another They also bear learning costs, such as when they shift from manual to automatic automobile transmissions People sustain obsolescence costs, too For example, when they switch from VCRs to DVD players, their videotape collections become useless All of these are economic switching costs that most companies routinely anticipate D What businesses don't take into account, however, are the psychological costs associated with behavior change Many products fail because of a universal, but largely ignored, psychological bias: People irrationally overvalue benefits they currently possess relative to those they don't The bias leads consumers to value the advantages of products they own more than the benefits of new ones It also leads executives to value the benefits of innovations they've developed over the advantages of incumbent products E Companies have long assumed that people will adopt new products that deliver more value or utility than existing ones Thus, businesses need only to develop innovations that are objectively superior to incumbent products, and consumers will have sufficient incentive to purchase them In the 1960s, communications scholar Everett Rogers called the concept "relative advantage" and identified it as the most critical driver of new-product adoption This argument assumes that companies make unbiased assessments of innovations and of consumers' likelihood of adopting them Although compelling, the theory has one major flaw: It fails to capture the psychological biases that affect decision making F In 2002, psychologist Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in economics for a body of work that explores why and when individuals deviate from rational economic behavior One of the cornerstones of that research, developed with psychologist Amos Tversky, is how individuals value prospects, or choices, in the marketplace Kahneman and Tversky showed, and others have confirmed, that human beings' responses to the alternatives before them have four distinct characteristics G First, people evaluate the attractiveness of an alternative based not on its objective, or actual, value but on its subjective, or perceived, value Second, consumers evaluate new products or investments relative to a reference point, usually the products they already own or consume Third, people view any improvements relative to this reference point as gains and treat all shortcomings as losses Fourth, and most important, losses have a far greater impact on people than similarly sized gains, a phenomenon that Kahneman and Tversky called "loss aversion." For instance, studies show that most people will not accept a bet in which there is a 50% chance of winning $100 and a 50% chance of losing $100 The gains from the wager must outweigh the losses by a factor of between two and three before most people find such a bet attractive Similarly, a survey of 1,500 customers of Pacific Gas and Electric revealed that consumers demand three to four times more compensation to endure a power outage - and suffer a loss - than they are willing to pay to avoid the problem, a potential gain As Kahneman and Tversky wrote, "losses loom larger than gains." H Loss aversion leads people to value products that they already possess - those that are part of their endowment - more than those they don't have According to behavioral economist Richard Thaler, consumers value what they own, but may have to give up, much more than they value what they don't own but could obtain Thaler called that bias the "endowment effect." I In a 1990 paper, Thaler and his colleagues describe a series of experiments they conducted to measure the magnitude of the endowment effect In one such experiment, they gave coffee mugs to a group of people, the Sellers, and asked at what price point - from 25 cents to $9.25 - the Sellers would be willing to part with those mugs They asked another group - the Choosers - to whom they didn't give coffee mugs, to indicate whether they would choose the mug or the money at each price point In objective terms, all the Sellers and Choosers were in the same situation: They were choosing between a mug and a sum of money In one trial of this experiment, the Sellers priced the mug at $7.12, on average, but the Choosers were willing to pay only $3.12 In another trial, the Sellers and the Choosers valued the mug at $7.00 and $3.50, respectively Overall, the Sellers always demanded at least twice as much to give up the mugs as the Choosers would pay to obtain them J Kahneman and Tversky's research also explains why people tend to stick with what they have even if a better alternative exists In a 1989 paper, economist Jack Knetsch provided a compelling demonstration of what economists William Samuelson and Richard Zeckhauser called the "status quo bias." Knetsch asked one group of students to choose between an attractive coffee mug and a large bar of Swiss chocolate He gave a second group of students the coffee mugs but a short time later allowed each student to exchange his or her mug for a chocolate bar Finally, Knetsch gave chocolate bars to a third group of students but much later allowed each student to exchange his or her bar for a mug Of the students given a choice at the outset, 56% chose the mug, and 44% chose the chocolate bar, indicating a near even split in preferences between the two products Logically, therefore, about half of the students to whom Knetsch gave the coffee mug should have traded for the chocolate bar and vice versa That didn't happen Only 11% of the students who had been given the mugs and 10% of those who had been given the chocolate bars wanted to exchange their products To approximately 90% of the students, giving up what they already had seemed like a painful loss and shrank their desire to trade K Interestingly, most people seem oblivious to the existence of the behaviors implicit in the endowment effect and the status quo bias In study after study, when researchers presented people with evidence that they had irrationally overvalued the status quo, they were shocked, skeptical, and more than a bit defensive These behavioral tendencies are universal, but awareness of them is not Questions 28 - 31 Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A - C) with opinions or deeds below Write the appropriate letters A - C in boxes 28 - 31 on your answer sheet A Richard Thaler B Everett Rogers C Kahneman and Tversky 28 stated a theory which bears potential fault in application 29 decided the consumers several behavior features when they face other options 30 generalised that customers value more of their possession they are going to abandon for a purpose than alternative they are going to swap in 31 answered the reason why people don't replace existing products Questions 32 - 36 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 32 The products of innovations which beat existing alternatives can guarantee a successful market share 33 Few companies calculated the possibility of switching to new products more than in economic judgment 34 Gender affects the loss and gain outcome in the real market place 35 Endowment-effect experiment showed there was a huge gap between seller's anticipation and the chooser's offer 36 Customers accept the fact peacefully when they are revealed the status quo bias Questions 37 - 40 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write your answers in boxes 37 - 40 on your answer sheet 37 What does paragraph A illustrated in business creative venture A above 70% products stored in warehouse B only US packaged good s industry affected C roughly half of new product business failed D new products have long life span 38 What specialists and fresher tend to think how a product sold well A as more products stored on shelf B being creative and innovative enough C having more chain stores D learning from famous company like Webvan 39 According to this passage, a number of products fail because of following reason A They ignore the fact that people tend to overvalue the product they own B They are not confident with their products C They are familiar with people's psychology state D They forget to mention the advantages of products 40 What does the experiment of "status quo bias" suggest which conducted by Nobel prize winner Kahneman and Tversky A about half of them are willing to change B student are always to welcome new items C 90% of both owners in neutral position D only 10% of chocolate bar owner are willing to swap 贵学预测服务阅读文章对应答案 APPLYING FOR THE IELTS TESTS ON 2015 年大范围预测文档 S3276311 & Related Question Answers 28 B 29 C 30 A 31 C 32 FALSE 33 TRUE 34 NOT GIVEN 35 TRUE 36 FALSE 37 C 38 B 39 A 40 D