The active and the passive sentences ( Câu chủ động câu bị động) A Definition: ( Định nghĩa) 1/ The Active form: ( Thể chủ động ) dạng câu mà chủ từ câu ngời / vật thực hành động gây tác động lên ngời vật khác Ex: - Ann writes a letter - Some farmers are working in the rice field 2/ The passive form: ( Câu bị động) dạng câu mà chử từ câu nhận tác động ngời vật khác chịu tác động ngời vật khác lên Ex: - John is punished by his father - I was followed by an old man Lu ý: Sử dụng câu bị động, quan tâm nhiều đến hành động đợc thực nh mà không ý đến tác nhân gây hành động Ex: - Rice is produced in Vietnam B Quy tắc chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động Muốn chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động, ta thực bớc sau: Active: S Passive: + S VA + + Be VPII O + By O (tác nhân/ ngời làm) Be + V Past Participle / PII Form: V-ed V cột3 (ĐTBQT) B1: Lấy tân ngữ câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ câu bị động B2: Nếu cố trợ động từ câu chủ động, đặt trợ động từ sau chủ ngữ câu bị động B3: Chia động từ To be theo trợ động từ câu chủ động Câu củ động chia thì động từ to be câo bị động chia B4: Đặt động từ câu chủ động dạng V PII (Động từ chia phân từ 2) B5: Chuyển chủ ngữ câu chủ động thành dạng by O sau động từ câu ( bỏ by O không quan trọng đợc hiểu ngầm) C Cấu trúc câu bị động chia theo trợ động từ: Simple present tense (thì đơn) S + is/ am / are + V p2 Ex: A: Ann writes a letter P: A letter is written by Ann Present continuous tense: ( Thì tiếp diễn) S + is/ am / are + being + V p2 Ex: A: P: Ann is writing a letter A letter is being written by Ann Simple past tense: ( Thì khứ đơn) S + were/ was + Vp2 Ex: A: Ann wrote a letter P: A letter was written by Ann Past continuous tense: ( Thì khứ tiếp diễn) S + were/ was + being + Vp2 Ex: A: Ann was writing a letter P: A letter was being written by Ann Present perfect tense: ( Thì hoàn thành) I/ We/ You/ They + have He/ she/ it + has + been + Vp2 Ex: A: Ann has written a letter P: A letter has been written by Ann Past perfect tense: ( Thì khứ hoàn thành) S + had + been + Vp2 Ex: A: Ann had written a letter P: A letter had been written by Ann Simple future tense: ( Thì tơng lai đơn) Ex; I/ We He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will/ shall + + will be + Vp2 A: Ann will write a letter P: A letter will be written by Ann Future of intention: ( Thì tơng lai có dự định) S + is/ am/ are + going to + be + Vp2 Ex; A: Ann is going to write a letter P: A letter is going to be written by Ann Future perfect tense: (Thì tơng lai hoàn thành) I/ We + will/ shall + have + been + Vp2 He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will Ex: A: Ann will have written a letter P: A letter will have been written by Ann 10 Modal verbs: ( trợ động từ/ động từ khuyết thiếu) Can/ may/ must/ ought to/ should/ would/ could/ might S + modal verbs + be + Vp2 Ex: Lu ý: A: You can see him now P: He can be seen (by you) now - Ta bỏ by me/ by him/ by her/ by it/ by us/ by you/ by them/ by some one/ by somebody/ by people câu bị động - Trong trờng hợp, câu chủ động có trạng ngữ nôi chốn ta đặt trạng ngữ nơi chốn trớc by O Ex: The police found him in the forest He was found in the forest by the police - Trong trờng hợp, câu chủ động có trạng ngữ thời gian ta đặt trạng ngữ thời gian sau by O Ex: My parents are going to buy a new car tomorrow A new car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow - Trong trờng hợp, câu chủ động có trạng ngữ nôi chốn trạng ngữ thời gian Thì chuyển sang câu bị động vị chí xếp trạng ngữ phải tuân theo quy tắc sau: S + be + VP2 + địa điểm + by O + thời gian Ex: Lan was taken to the park by her mother yesterday morning S be VP2 địa điểm by O thời gian - Nếu tân ngữ câu bị động vật việc ta dùng giới từ With thay dùng by trớc objects Ex: Smoke filled the room The room was filled with smoke - Nếu động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ hai tân ngữ làm chủ ngữ câu bị động Tuy nhiên tân ngữ ngời đợc u tiên sữ dụng nhiều Ex: I am writing her a letter O1 O2 She is being written a letter A letter is being written to her - Các động từ: ask/ tell/ give/ send/ show/ teach/ pay/ offer thờng có hai tân ngữ - chủ ngữ câu chủ động thể phủ định ( no one, nobody, none of chuyển sang câu bị động, chia động từ bị động dạng bị động Ex: No one can answer this question This question cant be answered Một số dạng bị động khác 1/ Dạng nhờ bảo: ( Causative form) Have / Get/ make Active: S + have + O (ngời) + bare infinitive + O (ngời/ vật) Passive: S + have + O (vật) + Vp2 + ( by O ngời ) Ex: - I had him repair my bicycle yesterday I had my bicycle repaired (by him) yesterday Active: S + get + O (ngời) + to infinitive + O (vật) Passive: S + get + O (vật) + Vp2 + (by O ngời ) Ex: - I get her to make some coffee I get some coffee made (by her) Active: S + make + O (ngời) + bare infinitive + O2 (ngời/ vật) Passive: S + be made + to infinitive + O2 + ( by O ngời ) Ex: - He makes this boy clean the car The boy is made to clean the car 2/ Động từ giác quan: (see/ watch/ hear ) Active: S + verb + O + bare infinitive / V-ing + Passive: S (OA) + be + Vp2 + to infinitive/ V-ing + Ex: - They saw her come in She was seen to come in 3/ Động từ ý kiến: (say/ think/ believe/ report/ .) Active: Passive: Ex: S + verb + That + clause ( S2 + V2 + O2) * It + be + Vp2 + that + clause * S2 + be + Vp2 + to infinitive to have Vp2 - People say that he is a famous doctor It is said that he is a famous doctor He is said to be a famous doctor - They thought that Mary had gone away Marry was thought to have gone away It was thought that Marry had gone away 4/ Câu mệnh lệnh: a/ Active: Passive: Verb + O + Let + O + be Vp2 + Ex: write your name here Let your name be written here b/ S + let + O(ngời) + + something S(O) + be + let + to something S(O) + be + allowed + to something Ex: He let me go out I was let to go out I was allowed to go out "Ni ng t" thng khụng dựng cõu b ng theo cỏch dựng ca ngi núi ting Anh Mt s ng t thng khụng dựng dng b ng theo cỏch dựng ca ngi bn ng nh: appear, arrive, become, come, disappear, exist, happen, remain, stay, occur, take place Some of items I ordered arrived two days later (Mt vi sn phm tụi ó t n mun hn hai ngy) All the participants remained in their seats during the recess (Tt c ngi tham gia ngi ti ch sut thi gian ngh hp gia gi) Nhng ng t th hin ý ngha ch s s hu, s tn ti, hay mt li tuyờn b, cng khụng th dựng th b ng Nhng ng t ny bao gm: become, belong to, have, lack, meet, resemble These files and discs belong to the Sale Department (Nhng tin ny v a ny thuc b phn bỏn hng) We had the meal with the buyers from the Philippines (Chỳng tụi ó n ti vi nhng khỏch hng n t Philippines) The manager became the general manager when I got back from my business trip (Ngi qun lớ ó tr thnh tng giỏm c tụi tr li t chuyn cụng tỏc ca mỡnh) Bài tập I/ Change the following sentences from active into passive form Somebody has taken my briefcase The teacher returned our written work to us She had finished her report by soon The mad dog bit the little boy The police have arrested five suspects The doctor ordered him to take a long rest lightening struck the house A group of students have met their friends at the rail way station They didnt allow Tom to take these books home 10 The teacher wont correct exercises tomorrow 11 Marry has operated Tom since 10 oclock 12 This is the second time they have written to us about this 13 Mr Smith has taught us French for two year 14 They didnt look after the children properly 15 Nobody swept this street last week 16 People drink a great deal of tea in England 17 People speak English all over the world 18 Tom was writing two poems 19 She often takes her dog for a walk 20 They cant make tea with cold water 21 The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plan 22 Somebody has taken some of my book away 23 They will hold the meeting before the May Day 24 They have to repair the engine of the car 25 The boys broke the window and took away some pictures 26 People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday 27 They may use this room for the classroom 28 The teacher is going to tell a story 29 Marry is cutting the cake with a sharp knife 30 The children looked at the women with a red hat 31 She used to pull my hat over my eyes 32 For the past years, I have done all my washing by hand 33 A pair of Robins has built a nest in the porch since last week 34 The police havent found the murderer yet 35 They sold one of her paintings at $1,000 36 I will put your gloves back in the drawer 37 People speak English in almost every corner of the world 38You mustnt use the machine after 5.30 p.m 39 Luckily for me, they didnt call my name 40 After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board 41 You must clean the wall before you paint it 42 They told the new pupil where to sit 43 I knew that they had told him of the meeting 44 Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness 45 No one believes this story 46 A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam 47 We must take good care of books borrowed from the library 48 A man I know told me about it 49 We can never find him at home for he is always on the move 50 They use milk for making butter and cheese II/ Change the following sentences from active into passive form 1.Yes No questions 1.Do they teach English here? 2.Will you invite her to your wedding party? 3.Did the teacher give some exercise? 4.Is she going to write a poem? 5.Have they changed the window of the laboratory? 6.Is she making big cake for the party? 7.Has Tom finished the work? 8.Are the police making inquires about the thief? 9.Must we finish the test before ten? 10.Will buses bring the children home? Wh question : 11 When will you the work? 12 How many days did she spend finishing the work? 13 How you spend this amount of money? 14 What books are people reading this year? 15 How did the police find the lost man? 16 Who looked after the children for you? 17 How long have they waited for the doctor? 18 What time can the boys hand in their paper? 19 Why didnt they help him? 20 Who are they keeping in the kitchen? Sentences with verbs continue and begin 21 Well continue to use this computer 22 They began to plant rubber trees in big plantation 23 People can continue to enjoy natural resources 24 People will continue to drink coca cola in the 21st century 25 American people began to love football Sentences with phrasal verbs 26 They gave up the research after three hours 27 Someone should look into the matter 28 Dont speak until someone speak to you 29 A neighbor is looking after the children 30 Your story brings back pleasant memories Sentences with verbs of perception: (giác quan) 31 I have heard her sing that song several times 32 People saw him steal your car 33 The teacher is watching them work 34 He wont let you that silly thing again 35 People dont make the children work hard 36 They made him work all day 37 The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag 38 The terrorists made the hostages lie down 39 Police advise drivers to use an alternative route 40 She helps me all these difficult exercises Sentences with advise, beg, order, urge, agree, decide 41 She advised me to sell that house 42 They beg us to help them 43 He orders us to clean the floor 44 He recommends me to the job 45 She urged him to visit her parents as soon as possible Sentences of imperative: 46 Open your book! 47 Take off your hat! 48 Dont that silly thing again! 49 Let tell them about it! 50 Dont let the other see you!] Some special sentences: 51 It is dangerous for us to take the short cut 52 You need to have you hair cut 53 You must see it to believe it 54 John wants someone to take some photographs 55 We enjoy writing letter III Read the sentences then write another sentences with the same meaning It is believe that the wanted man is living in New York - The wanted man It is said that many people are homeless after the flood - Many people It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law - The Prime Minister It is expected that the government will lose the election - The government It is thought that the prisoner escaped climbing over the wall - The prisoner It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen - The thieves It is alleged that he drove through the town at 90 miles an hour - He It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident - Two people It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion - Three men 10 It is said that he is 108 years old - He 11 They rumored the man was still living - The man 12 They declared that she won the competition - She 13 People believed that13 is an unlucky number - Number 13 14 They saw that John is the brightest student in class - John 15 People believed that the earth stood still - The earth III Change the following sentences into passive voice (5points) She has to pick fruit very early in the morning The house was dirty because she hadnt cleaned it for weeks She is taking care of the baby girl Children should treat old men with respect She was wearing her new T-shirt when I met her yesterday