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Khóa luận tốt nghiệp về đề tài Hiệp định thương mại xuyên Thái Bình Dương (TPP) và phân tích triển vọng quan hệ thương mại giữa Việt Nam và Hoa Kỳ Khóa luận tập trung phân tích: + Những vấn đề cơ bản về TPP + Quan hệ thương mại Việt Mỹ + Cơ hội và thách thức trong quan hệ Việt Mỹ khi VN tham gia TPP + Một số đề xuất dành cho VN khi tham gia vòng đàm phán TPP Khóa luận được viết bằng Tiếng Anh, gồm 94 trang, bố cục rõ ràng, mạch lạc, trích dẫn Harvard, có minh họa cụ thể về số liệu, được đánh giá với số điểm cao (9,410)
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES iii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Free trade agreement (FTA) 1.1.1 Origin and concept of free trade agreement 1.1.2 Types of free trade agreement 1.1.3 Main characteristics 1.1.4 Main contents of a free trade agreement 1.1.5 Impacts of free trade agreement 11 1.1.6 The trend of free trade agreement 13 1.2 Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) 16 1.2.1 Concept of Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement 16 1.2.2 Origin 17 1.2.3 Membership and main characteristics of TPP members 18 1.2.4 Scope of Trans-Pacific Partnership 22 1.2.5 Negotiating process and the main results 23 1.2.6 Main features of Trans-Pacific Partnership 29 1.2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of TPP for participating members 30 CHAPTER 2: PROSPECTS FOR TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN VIETNAM AND THE UNITED STATES 35 2.1 Overview about U.S market 35 2.2 Brief history of bilateral trade relations 38 2.3 Turn over trade between Vietnam and U.S 40 2.3.1 U.S – VN trade in relation to TPP 40 2.3.2 Bilateral turn-over in trade 48 2.4 Opportunities and challenges of VN – U.S trade relations in the context of TPP 57 2.4.1 U.S.’s objectives and interests in TPP 57 2.4.2 Challenges Vietnam and the United States have to face in TPP 59 CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETNAM IN TPP NEGOTIATIONS TO PROMOTE TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES 66 3.1 Attitudes of Vietnam towards TPP and U.S market 66 3.1.1 Attitudes towards TPP 66 3.1.2 Attitudes towards U.S market 71 3.2 Personal recommendations for the TPP negotiation in order to promote Vietnam – U.S relations 71 3.2.1 Process of preparation 72 3.2.2 Process of negotiation 73 3.2.3 Process of implementation 78 CONCLUSION 81 REFERENCE iv APPENDIX viii i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is difficult to imagine how this thesis could be completed without the help and support of some very significant people First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Ms/ Mr A - my instructor, who has not only devotedly given me guidelines and advices by knowledge of a predecessor but also encouraged me by dedication of a lecturer It is sure that without her support from the first steps, this thesis cannot go smoothly to the end Additionally I would like to send my sincere thanks to all my teachers in University of A, particularly teachers in Faculty of Economics and International Business for the fundamental knowledge as well as soft-skills that I have accumulated at university My respect is also intended for many authors, writers and international organizations for providing many precious data relating to aspects of the thesis Not only these documents save me a lot of time in searching information but they also play as an important foundation for my points of view I am really indebted to my parents, my close relatives and all my friends for their great supports Their material and spiritual encouragement is a strong motivation for me to get over all difficulties during my period of studying Anyhow I myself hold the sole responsibility for shortcomings and drawbacks of the study and highly appreciate the feedback of readers which can help to better this thesis Student (name) ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty CEP Closer Economic Partnership EPA Economic Partnership Agreement FTA Free Trade Agreement GATT General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GPA Government Procurement Agreement GSP Generalized System of Preferences IPR Intellectual Property Right MFN Most Favored Nation MUTRAP Multilateral Trade Project NGO Non Government Organization NMPF National Milk Producer Federation PNTR Permanent Normal Trade Relations PPP Power Purchasing Power SME Small and Medium Enterprise SOE State-owned Enterprise SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary TBT Technical Barriers to Trade TPA Trade Promotion Authority TPP Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement TRQ Tariff rate quota USTR United States Trade Representative VCCI Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WTO World Trade Organization iii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Tables Page Table 1.1 APEC Member Economic Statistics, 2010 20 Table 2.1 Economic indicators of the United States 36 Table 2.2 Trade profiles of current TPP Negotiating Partners 40 Table 2.3 Top U.S.-TPP trade categories in 2010 45 Table 2.4 Growth in Bilateral Trade between Vietnam and the United States 50 Table 2.5 Top 10.U.S Exports to and Imports from Vietnam in 2010 52 Table 3.1 Proposed open level of negotiated sectors in TPP 69 Table A.1 Trade agreement in TPP countries viii Table A.2 Intra-TPP Merchandise Trade, 2010 Figures x Page Figure 1.1 TPP countries in 2010 18 Figure 1.2 Membership in TPP 19 Figure 1.3 Existing FTAs among TPP members 21 Figure 2.1 Top 10 economies in the world in 2010 35 Figure 2.2 Milestones in Vietnam – U.S trade relations 38 Figure 2.3 Import turnover with TPP countries 41 Figure 2.4 U.S Export turnover with TPP countries 42 Figure 2.5 Bilateral U.S Merchandise Exports to TPP Countries 43 Figure 2.6 Bilateral U.S Merchandise Imports from TPP Countries 44 Figure 2.7 Total U.S Merchandise Imports from and Exports to TPP Countries 47 Figure 2.8 Vietnam’s major trading partners, 2009 48 Figure 2.9 U.S Clothing Imports from Vietnam 53 Figure 3.1 Approval rate for TPP 62 Figure 3.2 Negotiated sectors in TPP 68 INTRODUCTION Rationale International integration has become an indispensible trend in modern economy where success of trade agreements is the prerequisite tool to promote bilateral trade relations With a perception that if Vietnam remains out of this trend, the country will be absolutely lagged behind, according to official statistics of the country, Vietnam has established diplomatic relations with 171 countries and territories, become official members of ASEAN (1995), APEC (1998) and WTO (2006) In addition, Vietnam has actively negotiated free trade agreements with important partners One of recent achievements is Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) which is considered as a turning point in the country’s development Firstly, in the context of Doha Round’s deadlock, TPP is regarded as a 21st century FTA or a next generation FTA with a wider scope and a higher level of liberalization Secondly, Asia - Pacific region which emerged from the global financial crisis as a growth driver and anchor of stability of the global economy accounted for 62.3 percent of Vietnam’s total export-import turnover in 2011 (Vu Thang Trung, 2011) When all things are taken into account, negotiation in TPP may contribute to a potential opportunity in promoting trade relations with member countries, especially the United States – the most powerful member as well as the most important trading partner of Vietnam It is a large but strictly competitive market where privileges can act as strategic strengths In addition, although Vietnam – U.S trade agreement (2001) and WTO’s agreements were signed and implemented, there have still existed a lot of barriers such as tariff and non-tariff measures, anti-dumping policy and so on which limit market access of the two countries As a consequence, both governments and businesses have paid much attention to the progress of TPP ass well as its negotiated issues with a question whether it can improve the current situation or not With the urgency of the issue, the topic: “Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement TPP: Prospects for trade relations between Vietnam and the United States”, therefore, is considered as a practical choice for the study Literature review TPP is a quite new issue which has hardly been mentioned in comprehensive researches or studies and just appeared in reports of several related organizations In U.S., there are some reports from Congressional Research Service such as “The Trans-Pacific Economic Strategic Partnership Agreement” written by Ian F Fergusson and Bruce Vaughn in December 2009 and “Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) countries: Comparative trade and Economic analysis” written by Brock R Williams in February 2012 The former introduces the origin, membership and controversial issues in TPP as well as the participation of U.S while the latter focuses on the whole economy of the Asia-Pacific Rim and detailed economies of each economy as well as the trade relations between this region and U.S In Vietnam, reports from Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) can be considered, including “The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negations: Opportunities and Challenges for Vietnam” sponsored by this organization and Miller & Chevalier Charted which mentions overview about TPP; objectives, interests and policies of U.S and challenges, opportunities to Vietnam or “Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement TPP: Recommendations for negotiations” which results from the cooperation of VCCI and MUTRAP, introducing the basic contents of TPP and focusing mainly on suggestions in the negotiations In addition, there is graduation thesis “Trade relations between Vietnam and participating countries in the TPP: Situation and Solutions” written by Pham Cong Minh, the contents of which are about the parties in TPP negotiations, their current trade relations with Vietnam and solutions to improve the situation Relating to Vietnam – U.S trade relations in the context of TPP, there are also “Vietnam in the TPP: opportunities, priorities and challenges for U.S business” sponsored by National Foreign Trade Council and Miller & Chevalier Charted in February 2011 or “U.S – Vietnam Economic and trade relations: Issues for 112th Congress” by Michael F Martin in April 2011 However, the first study mainly focuses on the difficulties confronting U.S economy when this country takes part in TPP while the second one investigates the bilateral trade relations under the effects of many other factors such as VN-U.S trade agreement, APEC, WTO and so on All in all, this thesis, therefore, is the first one to focus on TPP and the prospects this agreement brings about for trade relations between Vietnam and the United States The aim of the study The study is carried out in order to: - Do research on basic issues of FTA and TPP In the case of FTA, origin, concept, classification, characteristics, contents, impacts and the trend of development are considered while concept, origin, membership, negotiating process and main results, features as well as advantages and advantages for participating parties are the main aspects of TPP; - Analyze the role and impacts of TPP on trade relations in globalization, and opportunities and challenges for Vietnam-U.S cooperation in details; - Offer some suggestions for Vietnam in the next negotiation rounds The subject of the study The study mainly focuses on four objectives: (i) TPP with origin, membership, major contents, results from negotiation rounds and effects to member countries; (ii) the current situation of Vietnam – U.S trade relations with brief milestones and trade turnovers in recent period; (iii) prospects for trade development between the two countries with opportunities and challenges from controversial issues; and (iv) the recommendations for the next negotiation rounds from preparation, negotiation to implementation The scope of the study In terms of time: TPP is currently under negotiation so in the framework of thesis, the study focuses on basic issues in the first 10 rounds from 2009 to 2011 In terms of concerning aspects: The concept “trade relations” include a wide inner meaning which can refer to FDI, exchange of goods and services or investment Moreover, Vietnam-U.S trade relations can be affected by many other factors such as political and social events or other trade agreements However, the thesis will focus on the opportunities and challenges in merchandise trade with U.S that TPP negotiations bring about from the view of Vietnam Data and methodology This thesis follows the methodology of collecting and analyzing documents in order to understand the contents of P4 agreement, professional reports and academic studies In addition, methodology of comparing is popularly used with the aim of giving assessments for pros and cons of TPP and the development in the bilateral trade relations Last but not least, synthesizing is inevitable method to give conclusions for the whole study and the recommendations for Vietnam in the next rounds These data and figures are collected mainly from the Internet, reports and articles of some organizations such as WTO, Congressional Research Service, VCCI and WTO center as well as studies of students and lecturers in Hanoi Foreign Trade University The structure of the study Besides the introduction, conclusion, list of tables and figures and references, the study is divided into three main parts, including: Chapter 1: Theoretical background on FTA and TPP Chapter 2: Trade relations between Vietnam and the United States Chapter 3: Recommendations for Vietnam in the next TPP negotiations to promote trade relations with the United States CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Free trade agreement (FTA) 1.1.1 Origin and concept of free trade agreement In the context of globalization, free trade agreement (FTA) is not a new concept which has appeared for decades It first appeared in GATT (1994, Article XXIV, clause 8) through the provision of free trade area: “A free-trade area shall be understood to mean a group of two or more customs territories in which the duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated on substantially all the trade between the constituent territories in products originating in such territories” In other words, in a free trade area, member countries commit to eliminate taxes and other commercial rules for “products originating in such territories” which maintains favorable trade policies among them In addition, GATT mentions mainly trade in goods; however, when WTO was established on the first of January 1995, concept was widened to trade related issues After that, each country depending on their viewpoint and development can understand in their own way provided that the core values are remained According to opinion of Australian government on official website of this country (DAFF, 2011), “FTAs are international agreements between two or more countries to eliminate tariffs on substantially all trade between them Modern FTAs generally go beyond eliminating tariffs to include commitments on services, customs cooperation, intellectual property, foreign investment, and other issues that will assist trade” Although issues are not limited in trade in goods, elimination of commercial barriers is applied for “substantially all trade” It means that there are items that are regarded as sensitive and automatically applied protectionism The United States, a FTA pioneer, has established its own style with additional conditions that in order to promote market access, technical factors such as regulations of Sanitary and Phytosanitary, labor rights; Intellectual Property Rights, government procurement and dispute settlement are also 75 these countries and establish a particular group in negotiations with larger countries, particularly with the United States in the issues relating to special treatment for less developed countries Like negotiating by groups, Vietnam should access thorny issues by cooperation with members that have common concern, which is an advantage of TPP negotiation instead of a BFTA with the United States According to some U.S representatives in FTA negotiation, this country seems to be very strict in certain issues and not accept a two floor agreement which includes differential and special treatments in bilateral negotiations with partners at much lower development level However, U.S cannot obviously apply this opinion in a regional FTA as TPP where developing countries are also its target market if these countries cooperate in certain objectives Thirdly, the number of participants can change in the future, which changes the interest balance of involving countries in TPP As a result, Vietnam should carry out consideration in both position and approach of negotiations when TPP includes a new member This is more important if Vietnam applies a common for all TPP partners because the more members involve the more opening impacts on the economy In addition, although the openness of TPP provides Vietnam easier access to negotiate with as many partners as possible at the same time, it can cause difficulties in ending the negotiations The more ideas there are, the more difficult it is to conclude a general point and the more TPP lasts; the more difficult it is to control Suggestion - Establish a mechanism to collect opinions of business community; - Perform this mechanism effectively in negotiation round Although Vietnam takes part in TPP at the beginning period, it only plays a role as “an observer” Until the forth round, after the impulse of many other TPP partners, especially U.S., Vietnam announced to participate as an official members in APECT summit 2010 in Japan It is believed that the period of over one year was useful for government, authorities and negotiators to investigate completely and thoroughly the potential impacts of TPP on Vietnam economy In fact, there was no official 76 consultation for interest groups in particular and business or civilian community in general The consideration is carried out just in inner negotiating agencies and related ministries This makes it more urgent to collect public opinion from enterprises as well as the citizens so that the most beneficial methods and necessary compromises are made to avoid adverse effects on economy or overcome factors nullifying potential benefits from the TPP negotiation Suggestion - Enhance the protectionism to vulnerable groups in integration period such as farmers and rural areas; - Express detailed opinion about whether a new member should be allowed to participate or not in TPP The involvement of potential members and attitudes of existing members towards this problem plays a meaningful role in negotiating schedule as well as future results of TPP In the case of Vietnam, problem of potential membership contributes to important issues The first issue is that the decision whether Vietnam should accept the participation of a country or not should be investigated from the private interests of Vietnam, not the general attitudes of all TPP partners For example, in the case of Canada, access to milk market is not so important, but exploiting other benefits is quite meaningful to Vietnam Another example is Japan where Vietnam takes quite advantageous position in framework of VJEPA It means that approaching to milk market of this country is no longer the issue that should be emphasized in Vietnam The second issue is lesson from countries such as Canada or Japan which always pay special attention to their national agriculture It means that Vietnam should protect the vulnerable sectors in the economy from negative impacts on trade liberalization Compared to other countries, Vietnam has not yet spent reasonable support for agriculture and farmers Therefore, limitation in opening level of these sectors should be taken into account Moreover, protectionism policy in two above countries reminds that protectionism should focus on sensitive objectives (particularly farmers and rural 77 areas), not concentrate on limited ability objectives which cannot compete because of being subsidized for such a long time Suggestion - Vietnam does not have to offer any proposal relating to access to services and investment market in TPP partners; - This is an adding mark for Vietnam when it negotiates by the whole package in the TPP as well as a condition for Vietnam to focus on barriers of trade in goods Suggestion - Opening domestic market can bring about a lot of indirect benefits, so it should not be regarded as the cost Depending on certain case, it may be an advantage Vietnam can make use of, which should be emphasized when other TPP partners (mainly the United States) have different strengths from Vietnam; - Pressure form opening market may be a natural motivation for economy and enterprises as well as management mechanism to create an innovation Therefore, only sensitive sectors or the ones relating to vulnerable factors in integration need to be protected (farmers and rural region for example) Suggestion - More decisive in liberalization of trade in services, especially services in infrastructure supporting development; - Restrict protected services within sensitive sectors (for example, relating to security, national defense or monetary stability Suggestion - Accept negotiations concerning about environment, labor with explanation about obtained achievements and requirement on implementing schedule as well as technical support; 78 - Agree on strengthening procedures when promulgation or implementation of TBT, SPS and safeguard are performed provided that these commitments are beneficial in domestic market and not dangerous for Vietnam in foreign markets - Permit TRIPS + with longer schedule of implementation, necessary technical supports and exceptions according to international trends; - Accept to open government procurement at a reasonable level, at least in issues relating to transparency and condition to apply this activity However, Vietnam should notice some problems and emphasize in the following points Firstly, it should persuade TPP partners that it has obtained many improvements in these sectors Therefore, the incompletion of high requirements is beyond expectation and current ability can not meet these standards With above persuasion, offering for lower standards or longer schedule may be more practical Secondly, Vietnam should actively accept the requirements that can be met at the time being and not remain conservative attitudes in the whole problems For example, according to Vietnamese enterprises, they can meet labor standards such as elimination of forced labor, child labor or indiscrimination in recruitment and so on It means that application of these regulations will not be a big problem for all enterprises 3.2.3 Process of implementation Recommendations for government Firstly, management mechanism and policies should be reviewed in order to get tied with provisions in signed FTAs Although TPP is currently under negotiations, existing problems cannot be solved in one or two days, so policy framework should be oriented as soon as possible Even if TPP does not come to a result, from the global trend, requirements for modern FTAs seem to increase, not decrease To sum up, the sooner Vietnam prepares, the better it will be for it in future implementation TPP as well as other FTAs As mentioned, there is stratification of benefits from TPP; as a result, there need be supporting policies for vulnerable sectors such as agriculture and farmers In 79 addition, promoting policies should be issued so that key industries can develop their all abilities Secondly, training high quality labors should be invested, which helps to make use of benefits and incentives which are obtained from the negotiations Some activities can be mainly named such as investing into educations, the infrastructure of researches and training administration staffs Although they just bring about indirect results, improper investment can cause serious problems In the context of openness, only experienced labors can give solutions to more and more complicated situations They are the people who can keep the commitments in the right directions as well as minimize the disadvantages and maximize the advantages of TPP Last but not least, chronic problems in Vietnamese trading environment should be solved as soon as possible Investment environment should be improved from legal framework, information supporting to insurance for long – term investment Domestic and foreign businesses should be treated without discrimination, set up fair competition by perfecting competition law, especially in basic construction and merchandise trade Furthermore, equitization in enterprises need to be speeded up, or at least an ideology should be determined that there is no discrimination between State owned and private sectors SMEs need encouraging in time to overcome the open period with variety of fluctuation and challenges Recommendations to Enterprises Firstly, knowledge about TPP should be propagated more popularly so that understanding of public, especially businesses should be enhanced Although there has been no official result of TPP, enterprise should be ready in all circumstances Benefits from TPP distribute differently for each industry It means that some industries receive profits while others have to bear losses Therefore, enterprises should update the situations so that they can give methods to minimize these effects In 80 addition, businesses can forecast adjustment in government’s policies to avoid being shocked, and even being bankrupt Secondly, enterprises should overcome their own weaknesses in order to catch up with international standards It means that they should by themselves strengthening competitive abilities by training employees, focusing on quality and price, enhancing customer services and so on Especially, standards on environment, TRIPs and labor should be gradually improved to prove that Vietnamese enterprises are the advanced and modern ones which pay attention to common issues in the world In addition, industry associations should perform more efficiently to support each other in development To sum up: TPP is highly appreciated by both Vietnamese Government and Business Community with high approving rate in almost every negotiated issue Moreover, Vietnam has regarded U.S as a strategic market with identifying characteristics of this country With the aim of achieving the most efficient results from TPP, Vietnam should perform well in all three processes: preparation, negotiation and implementation In order to achieve this, it is necessary that all society including government, enterprises and citizens should participate and cooperate In process of preparation, the aim is to avoid shock for concerned people and organizations when agreement comes in to effect Consequently, updating information on time is the most important factor In process of negotiation, the country should cooperate with parties in common interests in order to increase possibility that the issues can be passed In addition, Vietnam should persuade other partners that all concerning issues are in process to modify to get tied with standards in the negotiations and call for supports from other members to complete the targets Last but not least, it is necessary that sensitive objectives should be paid more attention to avoid unexpected damages In process of implementation, while Government should improve legal system as well as management ability, Enterprises should also make efforts on enhancing their own competitive ability These are just the determinative factors for the success of an agreement 81 CONCLUSION With all the results from the first 10 rounds, TPP has proved itself as a high standard, 21st century FTA with a short time of negotiation and long-term visions and targets With wider scope and deeper openness, TPP offers members countries with both opportunities and challenges, and Vietnam is not an exception Unlike other FTAs, Vietnam has been more active in this agreement and proved its voice and position Although negotiations include parties, the major partner of Vietnam is actually the United States Since normalization was established, trade relations between the two countries have been improved remarkably, especially in merchandise trade However, there have still existed some barriers including tariff, anti-dumping and strict rules of origin or TBT, SPS for Vietnamese goods exported to U.S market These issues stem from the fact that U.S has not recognized Vietnam as a market economy due to issues such as SOEs, SMEs and other cross-cutting problems As a consequence, TPP, besides its advantages in tariff and market expansion, is expected to be a chance for Vietnam to make an innovation and improve the trade relations with U.S This needs the solidarity of all concerned individuals from enterprises, specialists to government as well as a careful preparation from the period before and in negotiations and the period of implementation With clear direction from the beginning, the thesis has already analyzed the basic issues of TPP during the last 10 negotiation rounds as well as the prospects for trade relations, particularly merchandise trade between Vietnam and the United States However, achieved results have just been the framework; as a consequence, the thesis has only justified the prospect for trade in goods in general and summarized the most considerable features of each industry, not coming into details It means that it is better if the next studies can come into specific a sector or an industry, analyzing their opportunities and challenges in the context of TPP and give suggestions for concerned parties such as enterprises, authorities as well as consumers With the current speed of negotiations, the expectation to perform these targets is totally possible iv REFERENCE English documents Brock R Williams, 2012 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) countries: Comparative Trade and Economic Analysis U.S Congressional Research Service Ian F Fergusson and Bruce Vaughn, 2009 The Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement U.S Congressional Research Service James K Jackson, 2010 Trade Agreements: Impacts on the U.S Economy U.S Congressional Research Service Jay L Eizenstat, 2011A Vietnam in the TPP negotiations: Opportunities, Priorities and Challenges for U.S Business National Foreign Trade Council and Miller and Chevalier Chartered Jay L Eizenstat, 2011B The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations: Opportunities and Challenges for Vietnam Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Miller and Chevalier Chartered Henry Gao, 2009 Trans-Pacific Economic Strategic Partnership Agreement: High standard or missed opportunities Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Mark E Manyin, 2008 U.S – Vietnam Relations: Background and issues for Congress” U.S Congressional Research Service Mark E Manyin, 2010 U.S – Vietnam Relations in 2010: Current Issues and Implications for U.S Policy U.S Congressional Research Service Meredith Kolsky Lewis, 2011 The Trans-Pacific Partnership: New Paradigm or Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, 34 (8), p 27 10 Michael F Martin, 2011 U.S – Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the 112th Congress U.S Congressional Research Service 11 Miller and Chevalier Chartered, A Opportunities and Challenges for Vietnam v 12 Nicole J Sayres, 2002 The Vietnam-U.S textile Agreement Debate: Trade Patterns, Interests, and Labor Rights U.S Congressional Research Service 13 Sallie James, 2010 Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership Worth the Fuss? Center for Trade Policy Studies, Cato Institute 14 Sebastian Herreros, 2011 The Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement: a Latin American perspective Division of International Trade and Integration 15 William H Cooper, 2007 Free trade agreements: Impact on U.S trade and Implications for U.S Trade policy U.S Congressional Research Service 16 Do Minh Tuan, 2008 Free Trade Agreement (FTA): An overview and the trend of development along with globalization Graduation thesis Ha Noi Foreign Trade University Vietnamese documents Dinh Thi Ngoc Diep, 2006 Hiệp định thương mại tự (FTA) nước Đông Nam Á học cho Việt Nam (Free trade agreements in South East countries and the lesson for Vietnam) Graduation thesis Ha Noi Foreign Trade University Hoang Thi Hai, 2006 Hiệp định thương mại tự FTA: Thực trạng xu phát triển quan hệ kinh tế quốc tế (Free trade agreement: Situation and developing trend in international economic relations Graduation thesis Ha Noi Foreign Trade University Pham Cong Minh, 2011 Quan hệ thương mại Việt Nam nước tham gia đàm phán, ký kết hiệp định đối tác xuyên Thái Bình Dương TPP Thực trạng giải pháp (Trade relations between Vietnam and countries participating in TPP negotiations: Situation and solution) Graduation thesis Ha Noi Foreign Trade University Ho Lan Ngoc, 2010 Chính sách nhập Mỹ giải pháp đẩy mạnh xuất hàng Việt Nam sang thị trường Mỹ (U.S Import Policy and solutions to vi strengthen exporting Vietnamese goods into U.S market) Graduation thesis Ha Noi Foreign Trade University Pham Thi Huyen Trang, 2008 Thực trạng xu phát triển hiệp định thương mại tự FTAs khu vực ASEAN (Situation and developing trend of free trade agreements in ASEAN) Graduation thesis Ha Noi Foreign Trade University MUTRAP, 2009 Quá trình đàm phán hiệp định thương mại tự (FTA) Việt Nam nhu cầu hỗ trợ kỹ thuật trình đàm phán triển khai cam kết FTA (Process of negotiating FTAs in Vietnam and demand for technical support in negotiating and implementing commitments) [online] Available at [Accessed 15 March 2012] MUTRAP, 2011 Giới thiệu chung Hiệp định TPP (Introduction about TPP) [online] Available at [Accessed at 22 April 2012] International Economics and Law Academy Lợi ích thách thức từ FTAs (Advantages and challenges from FTAs) [online] Available at [Accessed 17 March 2012] Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2010 Bản dự thảo số - Khuyến nghị sách Cộng đồng doanh nghiệp Việt Nam đàm phán Hiệp định đối tác xuyên Thái Bình Dương (The first draft: Recommendations of Vietnam Business Community for TPP negotiations) [online] Available at [Accessed at April 2012] 10 Nguyen Vu, 2010 Ngành gỗ hoàn thành mục tiêu xuất năm 2010 (Wood industry completed exporting target in 2010) Industrial Review of Vietnam [online] Available at [Accessed at 26 April 2012] vii Websites World Trade Organization: http://www.wto.org International Monetary Fund: http://www.imf.org World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org Federation of International Trade Associations: http://www.fita.org/ Department of Agricultures, Fisheries and Forestry: http://www.daff.gov.au The United States International Trade Commission: http://www.usitc.gov The United States Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov The United States Trade Representatives: http://www.ustr.gov The World Factbook CIA: https://www.cia.gov 10 The United States Department of Commerce: http://www.commerce.gov 11 Embassy of the United States Hanoi – Vietnam: http://vietnam.usembassy.gov 12 Ministry of Industry and Trade: http://www.moit.gov.vn 13 Multilateral Trade Project: http://www.mutrap.org.vn 14 WTO Center: http://wtocenter.vn 15 Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry: http://www.vcci.com.vn 16 General Statistics Organization: http://www.gso.gov.vn 17 Vietnam Leather and Footwear Association: http://www.lefaso.org.vn 18 International Business and Law Academy: http://www.ibla.org.vn 19 VTC news: http://vtc.vn 20 E-newspaper of Industry and Trade: http://www.baocongthuong.com.vn 21 Industrial Review of Vietnam: http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn viii APPENDIX Table A1.Trade agreement in TPP countries Country Existing Trade Agreements Peru Andean Community Canada Chile China Cuba EFTA Mercosur Mexico Singapore South Korea Thailand United States AFTA Australia China EFTA India Japan Jordan New Zealand P-4 Panama Peru South Korea United States Australia Bahrain CAFTA-D Chile Israel Jordan Morocco NAFTA Oman Peru Singapore AFTA Japan Australia and New Zealand China India Japan South Korea Singapore* United States Vietnam* ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Agreements In Negotiation or Awaiting Implementation Costa Rica El Salvador European Union Guatemala Honduras Japan Panama TPP Canada Costa Rica Gulf Cooperation Council Mexico Pakistan Ukraine TPP Colombia Panama South Korea TPP Chile TPP European Union ix Source: Websites of TPP member countries; WTO online trade agreements database; and Organization of American States, Foreign Trade Information System cited in Brock R Williams, 2012, p.30-34) Notes: Agreements with other TPP countries are in italics TPP countries that are also members of ASEAN are marked with an asterisk (*) x Table A2.Intra-TPP Merchandise Trade, 2010 Unit: million USD Country Australia Brunei Chile Malaysia Exports to United States New Zealand Singapore Malaysia Vietnam Chile Peru Brunei Darussalam Australia New Zealand Singapore Malaysia United States Vietnam Peru Chile United States Peru Australia Vietnam Malaysia Singapore New Zealand Brunei Darussalam Singapore United States Australia Value 8,464 7,365 4,445 3,347 1,404 257 92 31 979 415 118 44 12 0 7,008 1,637 786 230 206 64 25 26,597 18,989 7,473 Imports from Value United States Singapore Malaysia New Zealand Vietnam Brunei Darussalam Chile Peru Singapore Malaysia United States Australia Vietnam New Zealand Chile Peru United States Peru Australia Malaysia Vietnam Singapore New Zealand Brunei Darussalam 23,602 10,785 9,162 7,298 3,154 1,076 941 155 1,040 496 137 34 16 0 9,869 1,375 327 141 115 69 43 Singapore United States Australia 18,805 17,540 3,188 Vietnam New Zealand Brunei Darussalam Peru Chile New Zealand 3,549 930 451 86 84 Vietnam New Zealand Chile Brunei Darussalam Peru 2,616 611 229 48 12 Australia United States Singapore Malaysia 7,243 2,705 596 559 Australia United States Singapore Malaysia 5,571 3,216 1,185 1,073 xi Vietnam Peru Chile Brunei Darussalam 304 57 45 Brunei Darussalam Vietnam Chile Peru 457 164 31 19 Peru United States Chile Australia Vietnam New Zealand Malaysia Singapore Brunei Darussalam 4,870 1,250 141 63 17 11 11 United States Chile Australia Malaysia New Zealand Singapore Brunei Darussalam Vietnam 7,424 1,801 101 95 63 33 0 Singapore Malaysia United States Australia Vietnam New Zealand Brunei Darussalam Chile Peru Singapore 41,913 23,005 12,585 7,387 1,717 946 39 30 29,150 Malaysia United States Australia Vietnam New Zealand Chile Brunei Darussalam Peru Malaysia 36,358 35,633 3,451 1,604 574 159 130 12 26,628 Australia 21,807 Singapore 17,747 Malaysia 13,982 Vietnam 15,888 Chile 10,872 Australia 8,872 Peru 6,749 Chile 7,671 Vietnam 3,710 Peru 5,357 New Zealand 2,821 New Zealand 2,941 United States Brunei Darussalam Vietnam United States 124 14,238 Brunei Darussalam 13 Singapore 4,101 Australia 2,704 United States 3,767 Singapore 2,121 Malaysia 3,413 Malaysia 2,093 Australia 1,444 New Zealand 123 New Zealand 353 Chile 94 Chile 291 Brunei Darussalam 14 Peru 69 Brunei Darussalam 10 Peru Source: IMF’s Direction of Trade Statistics cited in Brock R Williams, 2012, p.30-34