VIEN KHOA HQC XA HQI VIET NAM VIEN NGON NGtT HOC DE TAI CAP BO BXfC TRANH TOAN CANH VE CAC NGON NGtT VIET NAM BAO CAO TOM TAT TONG QUAN BAO CAO BE XUAT KIEN NGHI NHCrNG NGUOI THlTC HIEN: PGS TS BOAN VAN PHUC (chu nhiem) Ths PHAN LlTONG HUNG (Thu ki) Ths NGUYEN MINH HOAT GS.TS NGUYEN VAN KHANG PGS TS HOANG VAN MA Ths BO ANH VU HA N I -2 1 BtTC TRANH TOAN CANH VE CAC NGON NGU* d VIET NAM (BAO CAO TOM TAT T6N G QUAN) TOM TAT VE NHIEM VU VA VIEC TRIEN KHAI BE TAI 1.1 Viet Nam la mot qu6c gia da dan toe va da ngon ngu Cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam thuoc ^5^)igu he: Han-Tang, Thai-Kadai, Hmong-Dao \ r / (Hmong-Mien), Nam Bao va Nam A Vi vay, nghien cuu canh huong ngon r / ngu (CHNN) cr Viet Nam la mot viec het sue quan trong, lien quan true tiep den ca sor de xay dung chinh sach ngon ngu (CSNN) b quoc gia da dan toe, / A da ngon ngu Trong nghien cuu CHNN, mot nhung van de quan f t * nhat la phai chi cho dugc vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu Vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu se la mot ca sa cho viec hoach dinh chinh sach phat trien ngon ngij quoc gia, bao ton va phat huy cac ngon ngu dan toe thieu so (DTTS), bao ton su da dang ve ngon ngu va van hoa Viet Nam _ r * m Tu thap nien sau muai cua the ki XX, da co mot so cong trinh nghien cuu ve van de ngon ngu hoc xa hoi a Viet Nam, de xuat nhieu van de lien quan den CSNN, van de bao ton cac ngon ngu DTTS, gan voi vi the cua cac ngon ngu DTTS Dae biet, tir nhung nam tam muai cua the ki XX, cac van de ve ngon ngu hoc xa hoi ve cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam r > cang dugc nhieu nguai quan tam hon Vao thap ki 90 cua the ki XX va dac biet nhimg nam gan day, hang loat nhung bai viet, nhung cong trinh nghien cuu da chu y den nghien cuu CHNN a Viet Nam Vao nhung nam cuoi thap ki 90, Vien Ngon ngu hoc co mot Be tai doc lap cap nha nude ve "Chinh sach cua Nha nuac CHXHCN Viet Nam ITnh vuc ngon ngir" (da nghiem thu nam 2001) Tuy vay, chirong trinh cung ^hdng^ghien cuu nhieu ve vin de/CHNN)cung nhir vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu, dac biet la cac ngon ngu DTTS G in day, da co hang loat bai viet ve van de nay1 Khi ban ve vi the, chuc nang cua mot so ngon ngu DTTS, chung ta mod chi r ' » t thay dugc mot vai suy nghi, nhan xet buac dau, ma chua the danh gia dugc T thuc_sy vi the, chuc nang cua tieng thong cung nhu ngon ngu DTTS, thai cua ho doifv^Tngdn ngu ma ho dang su dung cong dong, dai song kinh te - xa hoi cua dat nuoc2 Do la li chinh de de tai “Bite \ r r tranh toan canh cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam ” dugc de xuat va ki ket 1.2 Muc tieu va nhiem vu cua de tai • • • 1.2.1 Muc tieu r > f - Dieu tra toan dien, nghien cuu vi the va chuc nang cua tieng Viet va cac ngon ngu DTTS; thai (ngon ngu) cua nhung ngudi su dung ngon ngu (doi vai tieng thong cung nhu doi vai tieng me de - TMD va ngon ngu1 dan toe xung quanh) boi canh dat nuac a thai ki cong nghiep hoa (CNH), hien dai hoa (HDH) va hoi nhap quoc te ■ > z \ r - Ket qua cua nhung nghien cuu tren se la ca sa khoa hoc de de xuat r f \ cac giai phap nang cao vi the, vai tro, chuc nang cua tieng Viet (a vung dong bao dan toe), cung nhu vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS, cung vai van de bao ton su da dang ngon ngu - van hoa - toe nguai D la nhitag bai v ilt cuon "Canh huSng va chinh sdeh ngon n gu a Viet Nam" (N xb KHXH., 2002), hay mpt s6 bai viet HOi thao "Vi t h i cua ngon n gu quSc g ia tron g qudc g ia d a dan tQc - da ngon ngic" (tap Ki y§u HOi thao khoa hoc Viet - N ga \h ngon ngtr hoc xa hgi, 2002), hoSc co th l thSy cac Hoi thao khoa hpc nuac va qu6c te H&u het cac bai viet cung m chi nhin nhan v6 C H N N Viet - dan toe, hay dan toe - Viet a mot vai dja ban nhit djnh Xin xem c&c cong trinh, bai viet cua Nguyen V&n Hieu (1998), Trim Tri D5i (2000, 2004), Hoang Van Hanh (2002), Hoang Thi Chau (2001), N g u y ln Van Khang (1999, 2002, 2003), Bui Thi Minh YSn (2002), N gu yln HOu Hoanh (2002), Ta Van Th6ng (2002), Mai Xuan Huy (2002), Pham Tat T h in g (2002), - Thuc hien cac nghien curu trirong hap (case studies) nhu nhung dien hinh v6 vi th6, chuc nang, thai ngon ngu vai ngon ngu nguy cap nhu nhung diln hinh lam co so loai suy cho nhung truang hop tuang tu - K iln nghi cac van de li luan va thuc tien nham nang cao vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam va bao ton su da dang ngon ngu - van hoa - toe nguai, co van de cac ngon ngu* co nguy ca tieu vong 1.2.2 Nhiem vu nghien cuu f \ De tai se tap trung lam ro mot so noi dung chinh sau day: 1.2.2.1 Giai thieu khai quat nhat nhung dac diem cac dan toe a Viet Nam lien quan tai vi the va chuc nang cac ngon ngu nhu: dan so hoc toe nguai; su phan bo cu dan cua cac dan toe, su phan bo dan xen, su tiep xuc vai cu dan cac toe nguai a ngoai lanh tho quoc gia, cung dac diem coi nguon, cau true, loai hinh cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam 1.2.2.2 Nghien cuu dac diem su dung ngon ngu a cac DTTS xet pham vi ca nuac, xet pham vi vung mien, cac khu vuc dia li (rong, hep), xet pham vi noi bo dan toe; dac diem su dung ngon ngu cua cu •> dan cac dan toe cung cu tru tren mot dia ban, mot khu vuc dia li lanh tho ^ / > 1.2.2.3 Nghien cuu vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet cong dong cac dan toe a Viet Nam vai tu each la ngon ngu giao tiep chu yeu giua cac cong dong cu dan toe nguai khac tren lanh tho nuac ta; va nghien cuu vi the va chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS 1.2.2.4 Nghien cuu de xuat cac giai phap cu the de nang cao vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet va cac ngon ngu DTTS a vung dong bao dan toe; dac biet luu y tai giai phap doi vai cac ngon ngu co qua it nguai su dung dang va se co nguy ca / tiem an nguy ca tieu vong 1.3 Phmmg phap nghien cihi Hai phuang phap ca ban dugc ap dung la: Phucmg phap nghien cuu di6n da d! thu thap tu lieu; va Phucmg phap mieu ta vai cac thu phap luan giai ben va luan giai ben ngoai (phan loai, thong ke, so sanh, thu phap r _ xa hoi - ngon ngu hgc, thu phap tarn li-toc nguai, ) Trong qua trinh viet, de tai ap dung cac phuang phap quy nap, loai suy 1.4 Qua trinh thirc hien de tai De tai da thuc hien cac noi dung nghien cuu gom: 1.4.1 Thu thap va tong hap cac tai lieu nghien cuu truac day (hoac co lien quan) ve vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam, tham khao ve vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu a ca khu vuc Dong Nam A, Trung Quoc va the giai 1.4.2 Tap hap cac tu lieu da co, bo sung cac tu lieu mai qua dien da a r t > ' cac dia phuang, tien hanh phan tich va tong hgp cac tu lieu ve vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet va cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam a) Tren thuc tl, ngoai cac tu lieu da co ve ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam, de tai da tien hanh mot so cuoc khao sat dien da q(lO tinl^de dieu tra, bo sung tu lieu Cac tinh la: San La (cac huyen Moc Chau, Mai Chau, Mai San) de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Thai, Muang, Khang, Kha mu, Dao Lai Chau (huyen Sin Ho, huyen Tam Duong, thi xa Lai Chau) de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Khang, Hmong, Thai, Mang Dien Bien (cac huyen: Tua Chua, Tuan Giao, Thuan Chau, Dien Bien) de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Hmong, Thai, dac biet la sir hoa nhap, tiep xuc ngon ngu co anh huang tai vi the, chuc nang ngon ngu cua cu dan cac DTTS tai dinh cu thuy dien San La, Lai Chau; Cao Bing: Thi xa Cao Bing, huyen Trung Khanh de khao sat vi the chu^nang cac ngon ngu Tay, Nung; D ie Lie (Thanh Buon Ma Thuot va cac huyen: Ea Hleo, Krong f t F ^ Pach, Lac): de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, E de, Mnong, Muang, Tay , _ \ f r f Kon Turn (huyen Sa Thay): doi tuong la vi the chuc nang cua tieng / / Viet, Ra mam, Gia rai, Xa dang , va dac biet luu tam den tieng Ra mam mot ngon ngu co qua it nguai su dung va chi co nuac ta Gia Lai (huyen An Khe, Kong Chro, Krong Pa, thi xa Ayun Pa): de r /s khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, Gia rai, Ba na, E de _ ? f Soc Trang (huyen My Xuyen): de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, Kha me, Hoa TP H6 Chi Minh: de khao sat vi the chuc nang cua tieng Hoa vai tu cach la ngon ngu DTTS a day - ^ Thua Thien Hue (huyen A Luai va Nam Dong): de khao sat vi the chuc nang cac ngon ngu: Viet, Ta oi (bao gom Ta oi, Pa co, Pa hi) va Ca tu r r Tai cac dia phuang, cac doan chu yeu tap trung vao mot so phuang dien cu the: Tinh hinh su dung ngon ngu (TMD; tieng Viet; cac ngon ngu khac) a cac cong dong tai dia phuang, cac boi canh giao tiep khac nhau; vai tro cua viec su dung ngon ngii doi vai dai song xa hoi a cac cong dong, dac biet cac linh vuc van hoa-thong tin, giao due; thai va y _ > \ r nguyen cua cu dan cac DTTS ve ngon ngu (bao gom ca chu viet) b) K6t qua thu thap tu lieu a cac tinh, dia phucmg: - Khao sat, dieu tra ngon ngu hoc-xa hoi d u g cill5 phi§uj(vi the, * chuc nang cua ngon ngu; thai ngon ngu; tinh hinh su dung song ngu; van de day-hoc tieng DTTS thong qua giao vien va hoc sinh thong) - Ghi am dugc[l8 bang cat xetTgfam] 16 bang phong van can bo, nhan dan ve ngon ngu DTTS a dia phuang ve cac ngon ngu: Thai, Khang, Dao, _ _ A Hmong, Tay, Nung, Pa co, Ta oi, E de, Gia rai, Cham Hroi, Ba na, Ra mam, f > Hoa, Kha me; 02 bang ve tu vung tieng Ra mam - Suu tap, tim kiem dugc mot so lugng lcml^ach (khoang 50 cu6n))ve tieng DTTS (sach day-hoc tieng, tu dien dan toe - Viet, Viet - dan toe, kinh Tin Lanh, tai lieu viet bang chu DTTS ), sach nghien cuu chuyen sau ve khoa hgc xa hoi va nhan van a cac dia phuang 1.4.3 X u U tu lieu, viet bao cao, hoi thao nhom - Tien hanh phan loai, thong ke tu lieu theo cac bieu mau dugc thiet r v t #' ke, go bang, tong hgp tu lieu, viet cac bao cao dien da \ t r r r \ - Hoi thao nhom lan de ban bac, thong nhat cac van de, noi dung r > \ \ khai thac tu lieu, de cuang van de cac chuyen de r % 1.4.4 Thuc hien viet cac chuyen ae r r > > Theo du kien, ket qua cua de tai “Buc tranh toan canh ve cac ngon ngu d Viet N am ” la tap bai viet 12 bao cao chuyen de, gom khoang 250 r r trang (che ban giay A4) Tren thuc te, tap 11 bai viet chuyen de da dugc hoan thanh, vai hinh thuc va noi dung tuang doi sat thuc so vai hinh dung ban dau Ket qua cua de tai da dugc the hien chu yeu tap bai viet vai 420 trang Ben canh do, de tai kien nghi cac bien phap nang cao vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS Ve cau true, |^12 chuyen de c^a~Bdo~cdot6ng^ a n | dugc sap xep phan va cac chuong de tien theo doi Phan 1: Mot so van de chung Phan 2: Vi the, chuc nang cua tieng Viet a vung DTTS Phan 3: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS r r Chuong 1: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS vung Bac Bo Chuomg 2: Vi thi, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS vung Trung Bo va Tay Nguyen Chuong 3: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS vung Nam Bo Chuong 4: Vi the, chuc nang cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam Phan 4: Kien nghi 1.5 Mot so tac dong cua ket qua nghien ciru dugc du kien tren co so san pham cua de tai: - De tai “Buc tranh toon canh ve cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam ” la mot nghien cuu co ban, tren co so phan tich va tong hgp cac tai lieu da co va cac tu lieu mai thu thap dugc ve vi thi, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS - Tap bai vilt chuyen de co the dugc su dung nhu mot tai lieu tham khao doi vai cac nha nghien cuu, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, nhung nha quan li va thuc thi cong tac van hoa va giao due doi vai cac cong dong DTTS a Viet Nam boi canh dat nuac va the giai hien 1.6 Then gian, lure ltro'ng va kinh phi thu-c hien: - Theo hap dong, thai gian thuc hien de tai la nam (tu thang 1,0 nam 2008 den het thang nam 2009) - Luc luong tham gia de tai: gom cac can bo va 02 nghien cuu sinh a Vien Ngon ngu hoc - Kinh phi thuc hien de tai: 335.000.000d (ba tram ba muai lam trieu d6ng) Tren thuc te, de tai da dugc thuc hien mot hoan canh dac biet: cac van ban dugc ki ket qua muon (mac du van ban ghi 31/12/2008, song thuc t§ thi cu6i thang 5/2009 mai dugc ki, cham han so vai van ban la thang) Vi vay, kinh phi cho viec trien khai nghien cuu dien da qua cham, r f •> ? * ' anh huang den tien tong ket tu lieu va viet cac chuyen de 1.7 NhCrng diem moi cua de tai De tai co( 1.7.1 L in dau tien, mot de tai cap Bo tien hanh khao sat, nghien cuu tuang doi ki, diy du ca chidu rong lan chieu sau vi the, chuc nang, tinh hinh su dung cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS r > \ f 1.7.2 Chu y dieu tra, khao sat van de vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS theo khu vuc dia li, vung mien mang tinh dai dien Tuy nhien, qua cac nghien cuu trucmg hgp cu the a mot so dan toe, ket hgp vai nhung cong trinh, tai lieu di truac, va theo phuang phap loai suy, cac chuyen de da khai quat dugc vi the khong chi cua mot ngon ngu khu vuc dia li dugc khao sat, ma chi nhung dac diem vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS khu vuc va toan quoc 1.7.3 Da tien hanh nghien cuu tnjO T ^hgpjnotjigoi^gu (hien chi co nhat a Viet Nam) co nguy ca/ tiem an nguy co tiei^yong, bai so luang nguai su dung qua it Dong thai, cung qua truong hop nay, de tai kien nghi cac giai phap nham bao ton ngon ngu nay, cung nhu nhieu ngon ngu khac TOM TAT TdNG QUAN KET QUA NGHIEN Cl'TlJ “BUC TRANH to An canh ve c Ac ngon ngit viet nam ” Sau day la tom tat nhung noi dung chinh da dugc trinh bay r > “ Buc tranh toan canh ve cac ngon ngu a Viet Nam ” la Vj the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS Viet Nam 2.1 ©ac diem cac ngon ngu- dan toe o’ Viet Nam voi vi the, chirc nang cua chung 2.1.1 Dac diem phan bo dan cu va cac ngon ngit - toe nguai Viet Nam la quoc gia da dan toe, da van hoa, da ngon ngu Cac ngon ngu - toe nguai a Viet Nam chiu su tac dong manh me cua mgi bien co lich su, kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa cua dat nuac va khu vuc Sau nam 1975, mot lan song di dan di tim dat mai cua kha nhieu DT a phia bac vao cac tinh a phia nam da lam cho buc tranh ve su phan bo ngon ngu - toe nguai: dan so r hgc toe nguai, nai cu tru hien la het sue phong phu, da dang Co the noi, f f r y cho den thai diem nay, chung ta chua the nam dugc mot cach day du va chinh xac ve dan so, nai cu tru cua hau het cac DTTS su dung cac ngon ngu Nam A, Han Tang, Thai - Kadai, Hmong - Dao Theo cac tai lieu chinh thuc, tren lanh tho Viet Nam co 54 dan toe cung chung song, co 53 DTTS Thuc ve cac ngon ngu - toe nguai, tinh hinh phong phu va s > phuc tap han nen viec xac dinh phan cac dan toe a nuac ta nhieu f > \ f van de can tiep tuc nghien cuu 10 f r y y r tat ca nhung nguai dugc phong van deu nghieng ve su dung tieng Viet, nhu ngon ngu (chu viet) dung giay to hanh chinh thi y kien ve r r ■ » f \ viec dung tieng Viet la bien va gan nhu tuyet doi Tuy nhien, linh vuc giao due, thi y kien cua nhung nguoi dugc hoi khong co su thong nhat ' r y y cao giua hai luong y kien can hoc va khong can hoc TMD • ' ' ' Nhu vay co the thay, a hau khap moi vung, mgi khu vuc dia li (du rong hay hep) thi cu dan cac DTTS co it nguai deu san sang tu nguyen su / r dung ngon ngu cua dan toe so dan so dong de lam phuang tien giao tiep r chung Con a cac tinh phia nam, nhat la a vung Tay Nguyen, vai tro cua cac ngon ngu Gia rai, E de khong qua lan nhu truac day, nhung hau het r _ _ /v cu dan cac DTTS khac tiep xuc vai nguai Gia rai, E de thuang su dung ' ' , ' , tieng Viet, hoac tieng dan toe a nhung pham vi giao tiep xa hoi 2.3.2.5 Su chuyen giao TMD giua cac the he Thuc te, nang luc su dung TMD cua cu dan cac DTTS nhu tren cho f f r \ t f thay: Den nay, van de chuyen giao TMD giua cac the he cac dan toe chua co gi dang bao dong C da so cac dan toe, cac the he nguai DTTS van J r su dung TMD pham vi giao tiep gia dinh, nai nuoi duang chinh TMD cua ho va bao ton ngon ngu cua chinh ho Hien nay, co truang hgp mot bo phan cu dan cua mot so toe nguai, cua mot so DTTS da khong su dung TMD giao tiep gia dinh, toe nguai Ve dieu co the thay ro qua viec khong su dung TMD a nguai du, a nguofi La Ha (tai San La), a mot so nhom nguofi thuoc dan toe Chut, hay a mot bo phan nho cu dan nhieu DTTS tro cua tiSng Thai la mot vi du Tuy nhien, a Binh Lir, n&ng lire tieng Viet cua cu dan Thai (Thai Den, Thai Trang) tai khu vuc khong cao nen mot s6 cu6c hop a c ip xa, huyen, kha nhi6u (50%) CTV vin dung ca tiSng Thai va tiln g Viet Tai P£ Han, giao ti6p vai can bo xa, nguai Khang lai dung tiSng ph6 th6ng hoac tiin g Thdi, vi h iu het ngucri Khang, tir tre em d in nguai gik dSu co thS su dung tiSng me de, tidng Thai va tieng phfi thong N gay ban than ngucri La Ha a N oong Lay (Scm La) each day 30 nam, ho chi co kha nang song ngu La Ha - Thai, tham chi rdt nhiSu ngucri chi noi tieng Thai ma quen mdt tieng me de Hien nay, nang luc tiSng V iet cua nguai La Ha da thay d6i, va trang thai song ngu/ da ngu cua ho la trang thai song ngu: Thai - Vi?t 37 co dan so dong, trinh phat trien cao han cac DTTS khac Do la truang _ w / \ hgp dien a nguai Thai, Tay, Nung, E de, Cham, Gia rai, Ba na, H oa Hien nay, sir chuyen giao ngon ngu giua cac the he van xay mot cach tich cuc a cac dan toe Hau het tre em cac dan toe Tay Nung, Thai, Cham, Gia rai, E de thi ro rang tieng noi bap be dau tien van la TMD cua minh V6n tu tieng dan toe nhieu din, lan dan qua giao tiep gia dinh, lang xom Sau nhung nam 90 (the ky XX), tai hiu het cac xa mien nui vung dan toe deu co truang mau giao Con em nguai dan toe tu ba tuoi tra len d r chu viet da gop phan dang ke vao doi song van hoa cua cac dan toe / > Pham vi su dung va chuc nang cua cac bo chu viet thuoc vao truyen r / \ thong va viec su dung chung doi song van hoa tinh than cua cu dan, \ r \ r cua cac dia phuang, vao cac chu truang ve van de chu viet cua Dang va r Chinh phu doi vai cac dan toe Trong van hoc nghe thuat, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu va chu viet cung tuong tu nhu giao due Day la linh vuc ma chu viet phat huy manh me nhat vai tro cua minh Hien nay, moi tinh vung dan toe deu co Hoi Van hoc Nghe thuat, co tap chi rieng, co Dai phat rieng Hang ngay, cac Dai phat thanh, truyen hinh deu dua len lan song cac chuong trinh bang / / ã ^ô A tieng noi hay cac hinh anh cua cac DTTS co dan so tuong doi dong 2.4 Van de ngon ngir “pho thong vung” Vi th§, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS phu thuoc rat nhieu vao canh huong ngon ngir a cac khu vuc dia li-chinh tri Truac day, nhung di§u kien kinh te chinh tri-xa hoi nen nhieu ngon ngu nhu tieng Thai, Hmong a vung Tay Bac, tieng Tay, Nung a vung Dong Bac, tieng Gia rai, E de Tay Nguyen da tung la nhung “ngon ngu thong vung” a nhung dia ban nhung khu vuc dia li rat rong Hien nay, sir phat trien sau rong cua tieng Viet tai vung DTTS, nen vai tro “ngon ngu thong vung” r r \ * » ' cua chung bi han che di rat nhieu Cai goi la “ngon ngu thong vung” ay hien chi dugc su dung a mot pham vi dia li rat hep, ma bien o cac lang xa, chu it thay a cac khu vuc dia li-hanh chinh rong han Tuy thuoc vao 31 Chang han, a Cao Bang hang v ln phat thii tieng dan t6c la Tay - Nung, Hm ong, Dao Tai cac tinh vung Tay Bac, Nam Bo, Tay N guyen hay cac tinh Trung B o deu co cac chuomg trinh tieng DTTS: Gia rai, E de, Ba na, Cham, K me, H oa a dia phuang Dac biet, cac chuong trinh ca nhac dan tpc dugc dong bao cac dan t6c don nhan vo cung nong nhiet va tran 39 I su phan bo dan cu a moi khu vuc dia li ma cac ngon ngu nhu Thai, Hmong, Tay, Nung, Gia rai, E de, Kha me, Cham, Ca ho, Mnong, Xtieng dugc su dung giao tiep giua cac nhom toe nguai hay cong dong toe nguai Ve dieu nay, co the thay vi tri cac ngon ngu Hmong a Ha Giang, Lao Cai; vi tri cua tieng Thai tai mot so xa a vung Tay Bac, hay tieng E de a mot f r r / > so xa tai Dac Lac; hay tieng Gia rai a nhieu xa tai Gia L Co the noi, hien vai tro cua cai goi la “ngon ngu thong vung” cua mot so ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam da mat tai cac khu vuc dia li rong, ma chi ton tai a nhung khu vuc dia li hep Va ngon ngu thay the vao “ngon ngu thong vung” ca ban la tieng Viet 2.5 Van de cac ngon ngur co nguy co" tieu vong Hien a Viet Nam, co rat nhieu ngon ngu cac DTTS dang dung truac thuc trang co nguy ca bien mat mot tuang lai khong xa, tham chi * ' ' • • r • r \ co mot so ngon ngu da va dang bien mat khoi dai song xa hoi Do la truang hgp tieng du, tieng Tong, hay tieng Ca Lao Trong so ngon ngu cua 53 DTTS a Viet Nam hien nay, co nhieu dieu dang phai luu tam tinh trang khong thdng nhlt su dan xen, chong cheo giua ngon ngu va toe nguai _ f su phan dinh giua ngon ngu va dan toe Theo ket qua cua cac chuang trinh, de tai nghien cuu truac day, ro rang a Viet Nam khong phai chi co 53 ngon ngu tuang ung vai 53 DTTS nhu chung ta van thuang noi32 Cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam co nguy ca tieu vong deu co dac diem chung la: >' 33 - Nhung ngon ngu co so lugng nguai• su dung la rat it 32 Co the M y cac hoi nghi vS viec xa dinh phdn dan toe a Viet Nam; k it qua nghien ciru vS ngon ngtt v6i viec xa dinh phan dan toe cua vien ngon ngtt hoc 33 Do l i cac ngon ngtt cua cu dan thuoc cong dong dan toe Chut, nhu: May, Rue, Sach, A rem, Ma lieng, Kha Phoong; ngon ngtt Poong, Cuoi, Dan Lai, Li H& thuoc c6ng dong dan t6c Th6 a N ghe An; rat nhieu ngon ngtt Bahnaric a V iet N am can tiep tuc dugc nghien cuu khao sat ki han D la cac ngon ngu tieu 40 - Phan lan cu tru rat rai rac34 - Vi th§, chuc nang cua nhieu ngon ngu it nguai su dung tren dang bi giam thilu C) nhidu noi, pham vi giao tiep cua ngon ngu bi thu hep chi lai cong dong nho a lang ban, tham chi chi gia dinh hay sinh hoat tin nguang, ton giao Phan lan cac ngon ngu DTTS thuoc ngu he Nam A a Viet Nam co nguy ca tieu vong la nhung ngon ngu khong co chu viet •t \ (chu co truyen cung nhu he La tinh) - Khong co chu viet, ngon ngu cac dan toe khong the dugc ghi lai, nen nguy ca tieu vong lai cang rat Ion 2.6 Ket luan 2.6.1 Vi the cua cac ngon ngu DTTS a Viet Nam hien ve ca ban chi dugc su dung a pham vi giao tiep khong quy thuc: gia dinh, thon ban, tin nguang, van hoa van nghe dan gian r / 2.6.2 Vi the “ngon ngu thong vung” cua mot so ngon ngu co dong nguai su dung va co truyen thong van hoa truac day hien chi phat / huy tac dung mot pham vi dia li hep chu yeu a xa, ban nhom Ba na B&c nhu: Ha lang, Ca dong, T o dra (X a ra) cung nhu cac ng6n ngu Gie (Jeh), Trieng, Banoong, V e, M a nam, Brau, R a mam 34 ChSng han, cu dan cua cac nh6m toe n guai thuoc dan toe Chut (m ot dan toe sir dung nhieu ngon ng& kM c nhau) hien cu tru rai rac tai hai huyen m iln nui Tuyen Hoa va M inh H 6a (thuoc tinh Quang Binh), va huyen H uang Khe thuOc tinh Ha Tinh34 Hien chung ta chua c6 s6 lieu chi tiSt vS s6 lugng nguai noi cac ngon ngir May, Rue, Sach, A rem, Ma liin g , Kha Phopng N nguai duac goi la Ma li€ng a ban Rao Tre xa H uang Lien (huyen H uang Khe, tinh H i Tinh), e6 dan so thong ke han 100 nguai song khong phai ho&n toan la nhung ngirai d6ng toe Ho bao gom ca nguai May, nguiri Ma coon g nua Hay truong hap tai xa Dan Hoa huyen Minh H6a chi co vai ngan dan, nhung bao g6m: nguai Sach, nguai M£y, nguai Ngu6n, nguai Kinh, nguai M a coong, nguiri Khua, nguai Tri, cu tru tren mot khu vuc dia li trai dai tai 50km, va m oi nhom nhu vay a mot so ban D ie biet co nhiing nhom nguai May cu tru rung sau, cach xa qu6c lo ca mdy n g iy ducmg rung V tinh trang cu tru xen lln tan man di£u kien dan s6 qua it nen tinh trang hon nhan hon hop la h6t sue phd biSn, rdt cuoc cung gay nen tinh trang ngon ngu cua nhung cong d6ng c6 s6 lugng nho bi lan at v i co thS b iln mdt tuong lai gan 41 * 2.6.3 Cac ngon ngu dang co nguy co tieu vong hoac tiem an nguy co y r f tieu vong deu la nhung ngon ngu co so luang nguai su dung it va rat it, phan f •* r bo phan tan, chuc nang xa hoi bi giam thieu ro ret, khong co chu viet 2.7 K ien nghj GIAI PHAP NANG CAO VI TH t , CHlTC NANG CAC N G 6N NGlT VIET NAM TRONG TH^I KI C6NG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA VA HOI NHAP Q U6C TE 2.7.1 N tien < li luan va thuc tien te 2.7.1.1 Nhung tien de li luan a) Song ngu la hien tugng mot nguai co the biet va su dung hai hoac r a tren hai ngon ngu qua trinh giao tiep Mat khac, noi den song ngu nguai ta noi tai song ngu mot cong dong xa hoi Khi noi hien tugng song ngu, nguai ta thuang noi tai nang luc cua nguai song ngu Thuc r r •> y te, co nguai co kha nang song ngu kha tot, va tham chi co the tu bang i r f ngon ngu thu hai, thu b a , co the chuyen ma rat nhanh giao tiep Do la “nguai co nang luc song ngu van hoa” Ngugc lai, co nhung nguai chi co the dung TMD tot, su dung ngon ngu thu hai (khong phai TMD) thi hg chi co the nghe, hieu dugc y cua nguai noi, hoac chi co the dien dat de nguai doi thoai hieu dugc Do chinh la nguai song ngu tu nhien Noi nang luc song ngu la noi tai kha nang su dung hern mot ngon ngu cua cong dong cu dan Tren thuc te a Viet Nam, nguai song ngu la nguai ngoai TMD co the biet them ngon ngu khac cr muc du de hg co the trao doi dugc ve mot nhung linh vuc nao ma hg quan tam Kieu nguai song ngu dugc ggi la nguai song ngit khong hoan toan hay nguai song ngu bo phan, song ngit 42 » » / r \ tie nhien, song ngu bi dong Day la kieu song ngu bien nhieu quoc r gia da dan toe, da ngon ngu tren the giai va cung la trang thai song ngu dan toe - Viet bien a dong bao cac DTTS a nuac ta hien r Co nhung nguai song ngu vira co kha nang giao tiep noi vira co kha nang giao tilp vilt Tuy nhien, co nhung nguai song ngu chi co kha nang giao tiep khiu ngu, kha nang giao tiep van ban thi co chi biet mot cac van tu cua mot ngon ngu nao hoac co hoan toan “mu chu” Day la mot thuc te a khap cac vung DTTS a nuac ta Khi noi den hien tuong song ngir, nhu la mac nhien, co mot ngon ngu dugc goi la "ngon ngu thu nhat", va co ngon ngu dugc ggi la “ngon ngu ngon thu hai” Noi den ngon ngu thu nhat, nguai ta thuang nghi la TMD TMD thuang dugc hieu la tieng cua cha me minh, va vay, cung la tieng cua dan toe minh Tuy nhien, thuc te nhieu lai khong dien dan gian nhu vay b) Quan diem cua Dang va Nha nude ve phat trien song ngu *Doi vai tieng Viet Vai vi the la ngon ngu quoc gia, tieng Viet vai tu cach la "ngon ngu f f \ thong", ngon ngu giao tiep chung giua tat ca cac cong dong dan toe f / ca nuac Vi vay, viec giao due tieng Viet co mot vi tri het sue quan trong giao due ngon ngu noi chung, va su dung ngon ngu giao tiep giua cac dan toe a Viet Nam Trong cac Van kien, Chi thi, Nghi quyet cua Dang, hay cac van ban phap quy cua nha nuac co the thay su khang dinh vai tro cua tieng Viet moi llnh vuc hoat dong cua dai song xa hoi, dac biet giao due Quyit dinh 53-CP 22/02/1980 cung chi ro: "Tieng va chu thong la ngon ngu chung cua cong dong dan toe Viet Nam Vi vay \ > moi cons dan Viet Nam deu co nshia vu va auven lai hoc tap va su duns tiens thons" (chung toi gach duai) 43 *Doi vai tieng va chit DTTS Dang va Nha nuac Viet Nam cung da co nhieu Van kien, Chi thi, r r Nghi quyet, Quyet dinh, cung cac van ban quy pham phap luat the hien su chu y dac biet den viec bao ton ngon ngu va van hoa cac DTTS, co viec day va hoc tieng va chu cac DTTS truang hoc Chang han, cac Quyet dinh 153-CP (1969), Quyet dinh 53-CP (1980), Luat cap giao r r due tieu hoc (1991); Luat giao due so 11/1998/QH10; Luat Giao due so 38/2005/QH11; Quyet dinh 53/CP; Thong tu so 01/GD-DTBen canh do, co hang loat nhung van ban, chi thi khac cua cac ca quan Dang va Nha nuac co tham quyen Cung vai cac van ban, chi thi cua Dang va Nha nuac a trung uang, co cac van ban, chi thi cua cac ca quan dia phuang lien quan den r y r van de day-hoc ngon ngu va chu viet cac dan toe a *+ * r r 2.7.1.2 Thuc tien vi the, chitc nang cac ngon ngu dan toe thieu so r r t f So vai tieng Viet thi vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu DTTS chiem vi the thap han, cac moi truang, pham vi, linh vuc giao tiep cua dai song xa hoi hep han rat nhieu Phan lan cac ngon ngu DTTS thuang chi dugc su dung pham vi sinh hoat gia dinh, lang ban, giua nhung nguai dong toe, va it khoi pham vi lang ban hay moi truang khac toe nguai O mot so khu r r vuc dia li, co mot so ngon ngu DTTS co so lugng nguai su dung lan lai co r r mot vi the khac nhu mot “ngon ngu thong vung” Co mot so ngon ngu DTTS vai so lugng nguai su dung qua it dang tinh trang mat dan vi r r ' the, chuc nang xa hoi, pham vi giao tiep cua chung dang bi thu hep dan Mot so it so cac ngon ngu dang tieu vong, va nhieu ngon ngu tinh ' • trang dung truac nguy ca tieu vong, hoac tiem an nguy ca tieu vong35 Tinh 35 Trong bai "C ac ngon n gu nguy cdp va viec bao ton su da dang van hoa, ngon ngu toe nguai o Viet N a m ’’ cua N gu yln V&n L in C anh huong va chinh sach ngon ngfl' 6' V iet N am , KHXH., H 2002 44 r m r ' hinh cang dien manh hem, quyet liet hem boi canh kinh te thi thuang cua dat nuac, boi canh CNH, HBH va hoi nhap quoc te Co khong it cu dan nhieu DTTS vi muu sinh, vi cong an viec lam ma san sang bo tieng me de (TMD) de hoe tieng Viet, ngoai ngu f ? 2.7.2 Giai phap nang cao vi the, chirc nang ngon ngir dan toe thieu so & Viet Nam Be nang cao vj th§, chu>c nang cac ngon ngtp 6* vung DTTS (bao gdm ca tidng Viet va ngon ngu* cac DTTS), chung ta elm phai nang cao nang lye song ngu» Dan toe - Viet cho nhan dan cac DTTS 2.7.2.1 Giao due song ngu va vai trd cua giao due song ngu Trong su nghiep phat trien kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi a mot quoc gia da dan toe, da van hoa, da ngon ngu thi ro rang giua cac ngon ngir co su tuong tac, su phan cong chuc nang de tao nen mot moi trucmg ngon ngu Moi y r \ nguai dan cong dong quoc gia dan toe Viet Nam deu co trach nhiem, nghia vu phai hoc tieng Viet Con ngon ngu cac dan toe a Viet Nam co the dugc dung pham vi tung vung, tung khu vuc, hay chi gia dinh, noi bo cua cac dan toe Dieu hoan toan phu thuoc vao so lugng nguoi su dung ngon ngu, vao su phat trien cua ngon ngu, va uy tin cua moi ngon ngu, cung nhu chuc nang xa hoi hien cua chung Giao due song ngu la mot f f r ^ tat yeu qua trinh giao due ngon ngu doi voi nhan dan cac DTTS mot cong dong quoc gia da dan toe, da van hoa, va da ngon ngu Thuc hien / y ' dugc giao due song ngu, se true tiep gop phan nang cao dan tri, gop phan \ y r vao bao ton van hoa truyen thong cua cac dan toe cho biet: Nhieu ngon ngir cua nhttng toe nguai rat nho da bi mat h5n, hoSc dang dan bi mai mot Do la tinh trang cua nhidu ngon ngir DTTS a cac tinh mien nui phia Bac nhu: Pu Peo, C a Lao, La C hi hay a cac tinh Bac Trung Bo nhu cac ngon ngu thuoc tieu chi Viet M uang, cac ngon ngu a Tay N guyen va Trung Trung B6 thuoc tieu chi Ba n a 45 r • » Giai phap nang cao vi the cac ngon ngu a vung DTTS phai dugc giai quyet ca a tam vi mo va vi mo tam vi mo, tuc can giai quyet moi quan he vi the giua tieng Viet vai cac thu tieng DTTS, cung nhu vai ngoai ngu tam vi mo, van de day-hgc tieng DTTS cac truang thong co lam r r r anh huang den nang luc su dung tieng Viet, kha nang tiep thu va nang cao _ _ trinh ngoai ngu cua hoc sinh DTTS ? De nang cao nang luc song ngu dan toc-Viet hoac dan toc-dan toc-Viet cho dong bao DTTS, chung ta can phai: _ 2.7.2.2 Giao due nang cao nang luc sic dung TMD cho dong bao cac DTTS a) Vai tro cua giao due tieng me de Nang cao nang luc TMD cho cu dan cac DTTS chinh la tang cuang r r va ma rong vai tro, chuc nang giao tiep cua ngon ngu DTTS mot so linh vuc, hoat dong cua xa hoi, co bien phap kiem soat, phat trien, phan cong chuc nang giua cac ngon ngu Giao due TMD khong co nghla la phai dua TMD vao nha truang Xoa mu bang TMD cho nguai DTTS la mot viec lam can kip De phat trien trang thai song ngu dan toe - Viet a vung DTTS, phai tao mgi dieu kien cho cac the he nguai DTTS nang cao nang luc TMD Chi co nang cao nang lire TMD cho nguai DTTS, ket hgp vai viec su dung tieng r Viet cac pham vi, moi trucmg giao tiep thi nang lire song ngu dan toe Viet cua nguai dan toe mai phat trien va dan dan tra trang thai song r \ \ ngu van hoa Trong tinh hinh ngon ngu cac DTTS hien nay, co van de can dugc quan tam la: Giao due TMD doi vai nhung ngon ngu DTTS co chu viet; _ r r Giao due TMD doi vai cac ngon ngu DTTS co so nguai su dung lan nhung chua co chu viet; 46 Giao due TMD doi voi cac ngon ngu DTTS co so nguoi su dung it nhung chua co chu viet, ma thuang goi la nhung ngon ngu co nguy co tieu vong Duai day, ta xem xet tung truang hap cu the r r ' *Gido due tieng me de doi vai nhung ngon ngir co chit viet ■ y r Mot mat can nang cao viec su dung TMD giao tiep (khau ngu) gia dinh; co bien phap xoa mu bang chu dan toe, giup cho ho co the su dung chu vi£t cua chinh dan toe minh de ghi chep van hoc dan gian cua dan toe r > r \ Dieu kho khan nhat chinh la co so vat chat (dieu kien truang lap, sach giao khoa, dung day hoc ), va dieu quyet dinh lai la nhan to nguoi: doi ngu giao vien du chuan Vi vay, giai phap cho van de day-hoc chit DTTS chinh la: tao dieu kien can thiet de dua chit viet DTTS den vai tat ca cu dan cac DTTS chu khong phai chi la day cho hoc sinh Va nang lire su dung TMD (bao gom ca su dung chu viet va van ban) dugc nang cao, thi vi the cua cac ngon ngu DTTS dugc nang len r f \ *Giao due tieng me de doi vai nhitng ngon ngu co nhieu nguai su r dung chua co chu viet r - Xay dung chu viet r r Doi voi ngon ngu cac DTTS co so nguoi su dung dong nhung chua co chu viet (nhu Muang, Dao, Kha mu, Giay, Ma, Xinh mun ) can phai xay r r r dung chu viet cho ho Chu viet chinh la phuang tien tiep sue cho ngon ngu •> y t va van hoa phat trien, de roi chinh no cung voi ngon ngu tieng lai tro mot to chu yeu cua van hoa Trong thoi dai phat trien nhu vu 47 bao cua khoa hoc va ki thuat, tot han ca la lua chon xay dung cac bo chit f viet co tu dang La tinh cho cac ngon ngit dan toe r > r - Truyen ba, bien va sic dung chu viet Be truyen ba va su dung chu cac DTTS, c&n phai chu y din dac dilm: tao co> so* kinh t§ - xa hoi cho bo chu> sdng va hoat dong kho hen r it nhiiu so vai viec c h i tac, biin va truyin ba no D§ mot bo chu DTTS sau r f r dugc che tac (hoac cai tien) “song dugc” va phat huy tac dung dai r /• song xa hoi va chinh nguai dan toe dugc thu huang lgi ich tu cac bo chu viet F A ay + Ve trat tu, nen truyen ba chu viet cho nguai Ion truac, nhat la nhung r r y nguai da biet chu quoc ngu, roi mai day cho tre em i _ f + To chuc day-hgc tieng (va chu) DTTS tai cac ca so giao due ngoai cong lap *Giao due TMD cho cu dan cac DTTS co qua it nguai sic dung dang dung truac nguy ca tieu vong va tiem an nguy ca tieu vong Trong so 53 DTTS a Viet Nam co DT co dan so duai 1000 nguai _ r / Day la cac DTTS chua co chu viet, co dan so qua it, va ngon ngu cua hg dang bi tieu vong hoac dang dung truac nguy ca tieu vong, hay tiem an t > r / t r y nguy ca tieu vong Can phai che tac chu viet cho hg, phai bien, truyen r r ba bo chu ay den vai nguai lan la dac biet quan trgng r _ b) Tang cucmg sic dung tieng DTTS tren cac phuang tien thong tin ■ y tuyen truyen va hoat dong van hoa van nghe 2.7.2.3 Nang cao nang luc tieng Viet cho dong bao DTTS a) Nang cao trinh hoc van cho dong bao DTTS 48 / X A Doi vai dong bao DTTS, can phai nang cao nang luc su dung ngon ngu cho ho bang viec tiep tuc nang cao trinh hoc van Noi nang cao trinh r r * ' hoc van cho nguai DTTS, thuc chat la nang cao trinh hoc van bang tieng Viet cho ho r *Doi vai nguai lan Phai tiin hanh xoa mil chip va chdng tai mu (bang chip Qudc ngip hay chip dan toe d6i vo»i cac dan toe co chip v iit) mot cach q u y it liet D6i vo>i nhipng ngipd1 mu chi> tuoi xoa mil (14 - 35), c§n co cac bien } phap van dong ho di hoc cac lop xoa mu chip, co cac bien phap de ti§n tai xoa mu vu»ng chdc Can co cac bien phap de tien hanh xoa mu chu mot cach quyet liet va r r r r t vung chac Do la ket hop viec xoa mu cung vai viec xuat ban cac an pham phuc vu cho viec tri nang luc ngon ngu viet cho nguai dan Nhu vay, xoa mu chit va chdng tai mu cho dong bao DTTS da co chit viet la mot nhiem vu het site cap bach de nang cao trinh hoc van, phat trien trang thai song ngir Dan toe - Viet cho ho r *Doi vai tre em Day manh phat trien giao due tieng Viet cho hoc sinh DTTS, phai tao moi dieu kien de cho cac chau hoc sinh DTTS co the dugc den truang, khong de tinh trang cac chau mu chu tu nho Vi vay, de phat trien giao due a vung cac DTTS, ngoai nhung ho trg ve ca sa vat chat, trang thiet bi cho cac truang hoc, can co nhieu giai phap ho trg, uu tien dong bo tu cac ca che chinh sach, chuong trinh du an cung nhu cac giai phap ve chuyen mon nghiep vu giao due va dao tao, xay dung va ban hanh cac chinh sach dac thu ve giao due 49 b) Tang cucmg su dung tieng Viet tren mang luai truyen thong Tiep tuc phat trien mang luai truyen thong tai tan vung sau a mien nui d§ gop phan bien tieng Viet tai tan dong bao cac dan toe a vung cao, gop phan nang cao nang luc song ngu cho nguai DTTS Bo tri thai gian, tan , \ r ■ > so phat song cho phu hop vai dieu kien san xuat Mo hinh phat trien song r r ngu dan toe - dan toe - Viet day se la mot mo hinh tat yeu nang luc tieng Viet cua nhieu DTTS thap 2.7.2.4 Bao ton va phat huy ngon ngu cac DTTS a Viet Nam co nguy co tieu vong Buc tranh ngon ngu - toe nguai a Viet Nam giong nhu “mot khu rung nguyen sinh luu giu nhieu "gen" qui ve ngon ngu” va giong nhu “mo/ thien duang ngon ngu hoc Ve phuang dien ngon ngu hoc, Viet Nam la / hinh anh thu nho cua khu vuc Dong Nam A a) Chinh sach bao ton ngon ngu cac DTTS a Viet Nam co nguy ca tieu vong *Quan diem Bao ton su da dang ngon ngu, van hoa, toe nguai la mot yeu cau cap thiet hien vi vai tro cua su da dang khong chi ve van hoa, toe nguai, ma ca ve li luan ngon ngu hoc Can co quan diem binh dang ngon ngu, tuc su binh dang su dung ngon ngu giao tiep xa hoi theo su lua chon cua chinh nguai su dung ngon ngu 50 A Vai cac ngon ngu qua it nguai su dung, can lira chon uu tien, dac biet cac ngon ngu co duai mot ngan nguai su dung vai thuc te sir song cua no a cac nuac khac khu vuc va tren the giai *Bien phap Can phai co nhung giai phap dac biet: Chinh phu can xay dung va ban hanh cac chinh sach dac thu ve giao due cho cac cap hoc va dao tao can bo cho cac dan toe To chuc nhung cuoc dieu tra nghien cuu ti mi ve cac ngon ngu co duai 5.000 nguai su dung: du, Brau, R a mam, Pu Peo, Si La, Cong, Bo Y, Ca Lao, Mang, Lo Lo, dac biet chu y tai dan toe dan so duai 1.000 nguai la O du, Brau, R a mam, Pu Peo, Si La Can khao sat cac r * r thu tieng thuoc cong dong nguai Chut, tieng noi cu dan Cuoi, Tay Poong, Dan Lai-Li Ha, mot so cong dong nguai su dung cac thu tieng Ha lang, To dra, Ra ngao Co k§ hoach de nang cao vi the, chuc nang cua cac ngon ngu thong qua viec tang cuang su dung TMD giao tiep gia dinh, lang ban > \ / Khan truang khao sat mot each day du, toan dien ve cau true va chuc nang cac ngon ngu de thu thap tu lieu giup cho dat chu viet va bien soan cac sach bien chu viet Tao chu viet cho cac DTTS va tien hanh bien de cu dan cac DTTS co the su dung chu viet de ghi chep tieng noi, van hoa toe nguai cua chinh dan toe 51