HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH ====o0o==== CODE: 15 GRADUATION THESIS TOPIC: A STUDY ON THE CHANGING OF FRENCH LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH Name of student : Nguyễn Thùy Dung Date of birth : 25/06/1992 Class : K18-BPD1 Supervisor : M.A Lưu Chí Hải HÀ NỘI - 2015 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort and the whole content in the study has not been submitted from any other studies Where other sources of information has been used, they have been acknowledges Hanoi, 4th May 2015 Student Supervisor ACKOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thank Management Board of the English Faculty at Hanoi Open University for giving me a great opportunity to study on the loanwords in English I am very grateful to all the teachers at the English Faculty of Hanoi Open University for their interesting and useful lectures which help me to develop ideas for the fulfillment of this paper In addition, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, M.A Lưu Chí Hải, from whom I received enormous kindness and guidance In particular, my special thanks go to my parents and my sister who have encouraged and supported me in all aspects Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends who have shared with me a lot during my studies Hanoi 4th May 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aims and objects of the study 3 Scope of the study Research questions Methods of the study Design of the study PART B DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I AN OVERVIEW OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY AND LOANWORDS 1.1 Vocabulary 1.1.1 Definition of vocabulary 1.1.2 Source of English Vocabulary 1.2 Definition of loanwords 1.3 Reasons for language borrowing 10 1.4 Methods of loanwords’ absorption 11 1.4.1 Direct borrowing 12 1.4.2 Indirect borrowing 13 1.5 Classification of English borrowings 14 1.5.1 On the degree of linguistic aspects 14 1.5.2 On the degree of assimilation 16 1.6 The origin of French language in English 17 CHAPTER II THE ANALYSIS ON THE CHANGING OF FRENCH LOANWORDS INTO ENGLISH LANGUAGE 20 2.1 Middle English Period (1066-1500) 21 2.1.1 Changes in terms of social background 21 2.1.2 Changes in terms of pronunciation 30 2.1.3 Changes in terms of spelling 32 2.1.4 Changes in terms of word-formation 33 2.1.5 Changes in terms of grammar 34 2.2 The Early Modern English period (1500-1800) 35 2.2.1 Changes in history background 35 2.2.2 Changes in terms of pronunciation 37 2.2.3 Changes in terms of grammar 38 2.3 The Modern English/The Late Modern English (1800-present) 39 2.3.1 Changes in history background 39 2.3.2 Changes in terms of pronunciation 40 CHAPTER III APPLICATION OF STUDYING FRENCH LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH 43 3.1 Applying in studying English for students and further research on loanwords in English 43 3.2 Applying in translating English – French and French – English texts 44 3.3 Applying in teaching English 45 3.4 Applying in being a reference for further study 45 PART C CONCLUSION 47 REFERENCE 49 Graduation Thesis - 2015 PART A INTRODUCTION Rationale There are roughly 6,500 spoken languages exist over the world; however, only 13 out of 6,500 languages are considered as the most populous language, including Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, Hindi and English, etc Among those languages, English has always been chosen as the official language in many countries and extensively used by more than billion people nowadays More and more people believe that English is a dominant business language and it is necessary for them to learn English to enter a global workforce Furthermore, learning English also gives people opportunities to access the knowledge source that is currently available in English on the Internet Therefore, it will allow everyone to achieve an incredible amount of information that people may not find in different languages When different cultures have become involved in each other, the result will be a trade of transferring linguistic material from one language to another language The exchange of words has happened between many cultures and left its marks in many modern languages, and English is not an exception in this development English has become a common language for the reason that it absorbed a great quantity of foreign vocabulary or phrases in the process of formation and development It is said that about 80 percent of English vocabulary are borrowed from different foreign languages The loanwords obviously had great benefits for the language since they enriched the English vocabulary sources in different fields and made its impression various, enabling English users to express the ideas relevantly and vividly In general, English has two major characteristics including flexibility and diversity; thus, the feature of any type of languages can be seen in the use Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 Graduation Thesis - 2015 of English English contains a rich vocabulary resource because of its ability to absorb new words from other languages, as well as to accept the customs and cultural concepts of foreign nations These basic features, thus, provide English a potential of borrowing foreign languages According to many surveys, there is a mutual dependence between language and culture The linguistic development would exist unless there were culture and the culture exchange between different countries Thanks to its complex and specific formation and development, the most outstanding feature of English is the mixture of vocabulary, which is named “world-wide vocabulary” In fact, the quantity of borrowing words in English is numerous and it comes from a great variety of language sources It illustrates that the field of loanwords in English is very diverse According to many linguistic figures, Latin, French, Germanic and other languages established up to 29 per cent, 29 per cent, 26 per cent, 16 per cent, respectively The data shows that the connection between English and French is very close The integration of French into English, in the aspects of time and historical background, leads to a great change of French words entering the English In Vietnam, learning French is quite popular, along with learning English The researching in French language is also an interesting field that stimulates students majoring in linguistic For example, a topic about French loanwords in English is rather new to students in Vietnam though there are few documents and research related to this field available Therefore, it is necessary to study the topic carefully and provide correct and helpful information about the origin, development and influences of loanwords in English In this paper, I expect to introduce main aspects of loanwords in English vocabulary source, which help people understand the important role of these words in varying expression Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 Graduation Thesis - 2015 Aims and objects of the study The overall aim of the study is to collect valid and reliable information on the topic of French loanwords in English, including its origins, historical background, classification and development To be more specific, the study elaborates the history of the process of absorbing borrowed words from French in English in different periods It also analyses the process of absorbing loanwords in English and their influences on English pronunciation, grammar, meaning and word-formation During the process of collecting data and information, the research may have some specific purposes The first aim is to understand the process of accepting and forming new words from other languages in English The second aim is to provide more information on the origins, the historical background of the integration of French loanwords in English The final aim is to clarify the changes of French loanwords when being imported to English In short, I hope the thesis will be a helpful document for students to understand further about the importance of loanwords in English and the use of these words in studying English The field of loanwords plays an important part in developing English language and enlarging the language’s vocabulary source Hence, this study will particularly focus on an objective, the loanwords from different countries in English Scope of the study The study was conducted to provide knowledge and information on French loanwords in English language The intended audience of this thesis includes teachers, students of Hanoi Open University or other universities and colleges, who are interested in the topic and expect to read some correct definitions and theories as well as the viewpoints of a student majoring in Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 Graduation Thesis - 2015 English Thus, in the thesis, I hope to provide them an overview of French loanwords in English, which may become a crucial factor to enrich the amount of vocabulary for English language learners Research questions • When were French words borrowed into English? • Why were French words absorbed in English? • What are changes of French loanwords when being absorbed in English? Methods of the study • Gathering and summarizing information available on the Internet or in relevant books, documents, newspaper • Arranging and classifying the data in an appropriate order for every chapter • Data analysis Design of the study My graduation paper is divided into three main parts: Part A: Introduction This part has introduced: Rationale Aims and Objects Scope of the study Method of the study Design of the study Part B: Development This part has three chapters: Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 Graduation Thesis - 2015 Chapter I An overview of English vocabulary and loanwords Chapter II The Analysis on the Changing of French loanwords into English language Chapter III Application of studying French loanwords in English Part C: Conclusion Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 Graduation Thesis - 2015 borrowed words such as soup, cabaret, champagne, ballet, rôle, crayon, cravat, memoirs, pool, denim, attic, mousseline, nom-de-plume and vinaigrette constitute the majority of loans In the eighteenth century, food and cooking continued to attract French loans such as casserole, croquette, ragout, hors d’ oeuvre, liqueur; the same situation happened to literature, music, and art with words like critique, belles letters, connoisseur, vaudeveille, dénouement, précis, brochure It is noticeable that the number of French loanwords in the Early Modern English is relatively minor compared to that in the Middle English, but it still make a very important contribution to the process of developing English Obviously, the source of borrowed words in this period is mainly to provide the richness to the language During the period of Restoration, there are contrasting opinions on the idea – if loanwords were corrupting or enriching the language Nowadays, loanwords have been proved to enrich the English language in many aspects 2.2.2 Changes in terms of pronunciation Due to the differences in spelling and pronunciation of the latter loans, it is quite easy to distinguish French loans between Middle English and Early Modern English and all loans afterwards French loans did not proceed greatly from their sources from Middle English to Early Modern English In other words, the loanwords from Early Modern English and later have not become anglicized like the Middle English ones In most cases, they are spelt the same as the source or something close to it Consequently, the letters [é], [â], and [ï] enter the language’s orthography However, according to Alexander (1962), those letters not belong to the English spelling system; therefore, they should be disposed of It Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 37 Graduation Thesis - 2015 can be proved through the example of some words like café and melee, which are commonly written without accents When the French loans enter the Early Modern English period, the pronunciation remains as close to its original as Norman French because of the English phonological system Thus the [ch] in champagne is pronounced / ʃ / instead of /t ʃ / as in change and chamber, some French words taken over in the Middle English period Similarly, [ge] in rouge is pronounced /Z / instead of /dZ/ as in edge Dipthong /ai/ in Middle English’s words like nice, vine, fine changed into long monophthongal /i:/ in the Early Modern English’s nouns like machine and police Similar shift can be seen in /u:/ to /au/ as in spouse, tower, proud Before the disappearance of the letter [s] before [t] in French, many loans in English were made before this For example: estate - état, forestforêt In the case of two words hostel and hôtel, the [s] in the first word shows that it is an older borrowing from the same root Another typical distinctive feature between Middle English and Early Modern English French loans is the retention of stress on the second syllable, especially in words that end in -et(te), -esque, -oon, ade, For example: cadet, coquette, picturesque, grotesque, buffoon, promenade, and parade In term of pronunciation, considerable effort was made when pronounce these French loans Linguist suggests that /en/ should be pronounced as in hen and the /em/ as in them, as we in resemble and assemble 2.2.3 Changes in terms of grammar During early Middle English, Þe (the) and Þæ t (that) were used to introduce relative clauses until Þæt gradually supplanted Þe At the same time interrogative pronouns, the old forms of Modern English words like who, Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 38 Graduation Thesis - 2015 which were introduced to be used as relative pronouns French might have had some influence here, too Perhaps, the Latin influence prompted the adoption of the wh-relatives and the French influence strengthened its use In the French language the interrogative pronouns qui and que are also used as relative pronouns 2.3 The Modern English/The Late Modern English (1800-present) 2.3.1 Changes in history background In Late Modern English, an important factor is the explosion of French publications in the natural sciences and other areas of technical knowledge in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, followed in the later nineteenth century by a similar explosion of scholarly and technical publication in German In other words, many more loanwords were imported into English during Late Modern English , arising from the Industrial Revolution The modern dominance of English as the first choice language for publication in most areas of scholarship in is a recent phenomenon; in nineteenth century, English still, overall, was considered a language to report important results in international scholarship Among the words which first appeared during the period from 1800-9, there was an enormous expansion in technical vocabulary, corresponding to the rapid expansion of new fields of scientific and technical research, such as centilitre, mastodont, tannin, centimetre, galvanize, lignite, chrome, centigram, urea, vaccine Beside these loanwords, there are names of pieces of furniture, such as chaise-longue, chiffonier and terms in the field of literature and arts such as bibliomane, littérateur, ecossaise, name of drinks such as absinthe, vermouth, or military term fusillade, and a term in historical reference such as suzerain Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 39 Graduation Thesis - 2015 Besides the words mentioned above, some other words were very common vocabulary of this period, such as abattoir, restaurant, surveillance, analogue, retroussé, tirade, escarpment, ultilizer, exigeant, debacle, tour de force From 1850 to 1859, there are some other scientific and technical terms, such as bolide, gyroscope, herbivore, crenellate, dolmen, carnivore, vacuole A group of words in contemporary English, for example, altruism, barrage, beige, chic, milieu, flâneur, extradition, opt, juxtapose, fiancée, derail, ponce, communiqué, delimit, provocateur, and phrases in constructions such as crème de cassis, petit bourgeois, deux, c’est la vie, prix fixe, nom de plume, n’est-ce pas In the two periods, 1900-1909 and 1950-1959, there are new French borrowed words and terms in transport such as metro, garage, marque, motocross; French sport terms such as touché, pestanque; terms from the arts such as pointillism, discotheque, rapportage, musicque concrete, art nouveau, nouvelle vague In this period, terms of food and drinks account for a large proportion, such as Pernod, Viognier, reblochon, oeuf en cocotte, pêche Melba, pistou, rouille, amuse-bouche Some other words like prê-à-porte in fashion, Gaullism and dirigisme in politics and economics, microfiche in new technology, codicology in the field of study Early Modern English and Late Modern English accepted a great variety of vocabulary However, different from the Early Modern Language, thanks for the Industrial Revolution and the technology that created a need for new words as well as international development of the language, more French loanwords were accepted into English during the Late Modern English period 2.3.2 Changes in terms of pronunciation French borrowings coming into English after 1650 retain their spelling Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 40 Graduation Thesis - 2015 Consonants [p], [t], [s] are not pronounced at the end of some words For example: buffet, coup, debris Specifically, French digraph -eau which is pronounced /ou/ can be found in the some borrowings: beau, chateau, troussaeu Some of the digraphs did preserve their French pronunciation In particular, [ch] is pronounced as /sh/, for example: chic, parachute [qu] is pronounced as /k/, for example: bouquet [Ou] is pronounced as /u:/, for example: rouge In contrast, some letters might keep their French pronunciation [i] is pronounced as /i:/, for example: chic, machine [g] is pronounced as /3/, For example: rouge One reason for the difference in the pronunciation and the position of the accent of some words such as saloon, chief is that the French language has experienced numerous changes from Old French The shift in pronunciation can be seen from the typical example of [ch] in Old French was pronounced as / t∫/ as in chief However, in Modern French, the sound of [ch] shifted to / ∫/ as in chef Noticeably, some of the French words have been borrowed into English twice in different periods in the history of English such as salon, saloon, chief, chef Another reason for this double borrowing phenomenon is the fact that the French loanwords up to 1650 were fully naturalized and adapted to the rule of the English pronunciation and accent Summary In conclusion, the Chapter II The Analysis on the Changing of French loanwords into English language illustrates the significant changes of French borrowings when integrated into English, in terms of historical background, pronunciation, spelling, word-formation and grammar during periods of the English language history It is proved that when two countries compete for Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 41 Graduation Thesis - 2015 domination over one another, their culture and language will have influence on each other It would be a great chance for borrowings to find it way to the English language, to color the every aspects of life and to enrich their source of vocabulary By studying the French borrowings and their changes when being adapted to the English language, we know that English language has always been the most adaptable one That is the reason why English is very common and it is spoken by million people around the world Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 42 Graduation Thesis - 2015 CHAPTER III APPLICATION OF STUDYING FRENCH LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH 3.1 Applying in studying English for students and further research on loanwords in English From this study, students will be able to understand the history of English language as well as the process of linguistic transfer between French and English Therefore, they will be aware of the importance of French, beside Latin and other languages, as the “giver” language in certain areas, as well as the lexical gaps in English that have been filled by loanwords from French In my view, the French language is never easy to learn due to its complicated grammar and a wide range of vocabularies on different fields, and so is English Undoubtedly, many students may encounter difficulties and making mistakes when learning English or French This may discourage students when they not have suitable method of learning languages With the information that the study provided, students will have general view of loanwords, especially French loanwords in English language The definition and classification of the term “loanwords” might be easier for students to understand On the other hand, as a lot of English words are originated from French, English learners will be able to distinguish English native words and borrowed words from French by studying the changes of words being absorbed to English Besides, as students learn how to distinguish between French loanwords and native English words, students can avoid making mistakes in spelling and pronouncing difficult words in English, such as stethoscope, thermometer, troposphere, silhouette, recamier, mansard, chauvinism, etc., which are from French Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 43 Graduation Thesis - 2015 Furthermore, when learning about the history of the language and the change of its borrowings, English learners have the chance to know clearly the prefixes and suffixes originated from French, to learn more derived words and enhance their source of vocabulary This will indirectly improve reading skill and listening skill of students, as the understand different meanings of a new words in an English text This also affects the writing and speaking skill of students, as they frequently use academic words or loanwords from French in their writing essays, English conversations and presentations 3.2 Applying in translating English – French and French – English texts The result from this study can also help students in English faculty and amateur translators to understand the importance of French loanwords in English French words, actually, has a lot of influence on the English vocabulary system, because of its domination over English for centuries Furthermore, its influence has never been interrupted, and French loanwords constantly contributed to the English language until the modern time With deep knowledge on the changing of French loanwords in English, students and translators will be able to translate difficult loanwords more correctly In particular, students will overcome the obstacles in translating words in some specific fields like science and technology, politics and economics, cuisine, geography, architecture, etc., which are not easy to understand Besides, they will have a variety of word choices for their translation so that they can produce a better translation in different circumstances This is not only useful for translating English – French or French – English, but also for translating English to other languages Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 44 Graduation Thesis - 2015 3.3 Applying in teaching English The findings from this study can draw the attention of English teachers on the French loanwords and loan register found in English articles Therefore, they can apply the French loanwords in teaching English for students In this way, students can understand concepts that come from the French language when they read English reading materials like reference books, newspapers, magazines, etc 3.4 Applying in being a reference for further study There are several analysis and findings of linguists on loanwords generally and on French loanwords in the English language specifically Nevertheless, most of them are rather long and complicated for students to read With the method finding, analyzing and organizing the most general and important information of French loanwords in English, the thesis might become a useful source of reference for other students who are interested in the topic to develop new ideas and further research In details, students will understand further about periods in English history with the integration of French loanwords into English and significant changes of the loanwords to adapt to a new language – English language In addition, they can compare the influence of French with that of other languages on English Thus, they can research on other relevant fields of loanwords with information from this study Summary In short, the study on the French loanwords in English and on how these loanwords changed when being accepted in English is very important The study will provide readers basic knowledge about the loanwords, so that Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 45 Graduation Thesis - 2015 they can use French loanwords appropriately in studying English, French, and translating texts from English to French or vice versa Not only the listening, reading, writing, speaking of students are improved, but also their vocabulary is expanded The study will make a positive contribution to raise young teachers’ awareness on applying principles of lexical transition from French borrowed words to English words, so as to perfect their knowledge on the lexicology In Vietnam, the study on loanwords is not widespread; therefore, comprehensive studies on loanwords in English are very necessary At the same time, the results from the study will help students to understand the importance of studying loanwords in the English language, particularly loanwords from French so that they will be interested in studying loanwords in English or relevant fields This will increase the quantity of research on lexicological aspects of the world generally and Vietnam particularly The findings will also become an interesting reference for students who write scientific reports, essays and thesis in future Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 46 Graduation Thesis - 2015 PART C CONCLUSION Throughout several periods of English development, we know that the English language has undergone a lots of up and downs, mostly affected by other languages of the world, in order that it becomes one of the most commonly used language English is the result of a complex mixture of several types of languages, such as Latin, German, French, Greek, Italian, and other Asian languages because of a great number of loanwords integrated from those languages into English The English language, thus, has a strong link with other languages of the world, in terms of lexicology Hence, the study on the process of loanword transformation when being absorbed in English should be prioritized and regarded as an integral task because this is a major premise for further studies on the English language France is considered to be a country of age-old culture and a cradle of language Through many years of being dominated by the French-Normans, the English people have been partly imbrued with the French language They have been using the French loanwords in their daily life for thousand years Along with the native English words, French loanwords have greatly contributed to the English language, changing the face of English, diversifying and enriching the language By studying the French loanwords in English, we can understand not only its process of developing, transforming, but the importance of the French loanwords to English Thus, people will have their awareness of enriching their English vocabulary, improving their English skills flexibly After reading reference materials on the English language and loanwords, I analyzed, researched and arranged the viewpoints of previous linguists in an appropriate order, then gave my own opinions on this topic I hope that this study will become a useful reference for students in future Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 47 Graduation Thesis - 2015 In the thesis, I mainly focus on three chapters: Chapter I An overview of English vocabulary and loanwords Chapter II The Analysis on the Changing of French loanwords into English language Chapter III Application of studying French loanwords in English The development and linguistic transition of French loanwords were studied in three periods, including The Middle English (1066-1500), The Early Modern English (1500-1800) and the Modern English (1800-present) Hopefully, the data and information mentioned above will help students to have a holistic and integrated view of French loanwords in English All in all, the study might have shed at least some light on the development of French loanwords in English On the other hand, due to the limit of time and knowledge, shortcomings in the study are inevitable The data analysis and collection might not sufficient to cover all the fields of loanwords Therefore, it should be stressed anew that the results from the thesis can only interpreted as a reflection of one aspect of the English language Contributing ideas and critics from readers to improve the quality of the study, as well as to develop other aspects of loanwords are highly appreciated Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 48 Graduation Thesis - 2015 REFERENCE Advantage Publishers Group (2001) Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged of the English Language Thunder Bay Press Alexander, H (1962) The Story of Our Language New York: Dolphin Books Edition Baugh, A C and Cable, T (1993) A History of the English Language, Routledge Blake, N F (1996) A History of the English Language London: Macmillan Press Ltd Cenoz, J and Jessner, U (2000) English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language Multilingual Matters Clanchy, M T (1979) From memory to written record: England Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Coleman, J (1995) The Chronology of French and Latin Loan Words in English The Philological Society Fox B C (2007) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Longman Gelderen, E.V (2014) A History of the English Language: Revised edition John Benjamins Publishing Company 10 Graddol, D (1996) English: History, Diversity, and Change Psychology Press 11 Gramley, S (2001) The Vocabulary of World English Arnold 12 Haspelmath, M and Tadmor, U (2009) Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook Walter de Gruyter 13 Haugen, E (1950) The analysis of linguistic borrowing Language 14 Hornby S.A (2011) Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English Oxford University Press 15 Hussey, S (1995) The English Language Longman: London and NY Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 49 Graduation Thesis - 2015 16 Jackson, H and Amvela, E Z (2000) Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology A&C Black 17 Jespersen, O (1968) Growth and Structure of the English Language Toronto: Collier-Macmillan, Ltd 18 Katamba, F (1994) English Words Routledge 19 Knowles, G (2014) A cultural history of the English Language Routledge 20 Lerer, S (2008) The History of the English language, 2nd edition The Teaching Company 21 Momma, H and Matto, M (2009) A Companion to the History of the English Language John Wiley & Sons 22 Neufeldt, V (1995) Webster's New World College Dictionary 3rd edition New York: Prentice Hall 23 Poruciuc, A (1999) A Concise History of the English Language, Iaşi, Casa Editorială Demiurg 24 Richards C.J and Richards W.S (2010) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Great Britain 25 Richards, C J (2000) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching &Applied Linguistics Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 26 Sapir, E (2001) Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 27 Schultz, J (2013) Twentieth Century Borrowings from French to English: Their Reception and Development Cambridge Scholars Publishing 28 Summers, Della (1993) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Essex: Longman Group UK Limited 29 Weinreich, U (1953) Languages in contact, findings and problem Linguistic Circle of New York 30 Williams, J M (1975) Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History New York: The Free Press Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 50 Graduation Thesis - 2015 Websites: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudoFrench_words_adapted_to_English http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6362Jurcic1.htm http://people.umass.edu/sharris/in/e412/BC%207%20Middle%20En glish%202.pdf http://stud24.ru/pedagogy/the-role-of-the-borrowings/212608621835-page1.html http://stud24.ru/pedagogy/the-role-of-the-borrowings/212608621835-page1.html http://teachingcompany.fr.yuku.com/topic/1426/9-What-Did-theNormans-Do-to-English#.VTz9p1PBDoE http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Borrowing-In-English437948.html http://www.danshort.com/ie/borrowedwords.htm 10 http://www.doc88.com/p-4744136163372.html 11 http://www.eva.nunnemann.com/wp-content/borrowing-inenglish3.pdf 12 http://www.merriam-webster.com/ 13 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/loanword 14 http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ 15 http://www.ranez.ru/article/id/388 16 http://www.readbag.com/eva-nunnemann-wp-content-borrowing-inenglish3 17 http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html 18 http://www.totalesl.com/e_articles_print.php?id=26 19 https://www.etymonline.com 20 https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/documents/innervate/1011/1011rothhistoryofenglish.pdf Nguyễn Thùy Dung – K18.BPD1 51 [...]... words The Romans was the first one to occupy England, bringing Latin to some English inhabitants The Latin language started influencing the Celt’s native language as the new-arrivals settled in When the Angles, Saxons and Jutes arrived in Britain, they displace the Celts Thus, while the Angles Saxons and Jutes carried the original English language over, the foundation of the modern English language is... and loanwords provides clear definitions, classification, method of absorbing, reason and origin of vocabulary and loanwords/ borrowings in English according to trustful source of dictionaries and famous linguists It is very essential to understand the foundation of loanwords in English so that we can analyze and study about the changing process of French loanwords being accepted to English language Nguyễn... Germanic with a great influence of French language An analysis in Jespersen’s book “Growth and Structure of the English Language” shows that the English language is a “chain of borrowings” as a result of the invasions of Britain by various invaders The invaders failed to impose completely their languages on the British but their languages were intermixed with the native speaker’s language According... out and were replaced by loanwords with same meanings French words have been added to the English lexicon for many reasons cross-cultural communication and economic integration bring French spelling and pronunciation to English, however, many of them emanated from a few centuries ago, as a result of mainly two historical reasons The Norman Conquest could obviously one of the reasons for absorbing loanwords. .. Graduation Thesis - 2015 CHAPTER II THE ANALYSIS ON THE CHANGING OF FRENCH LOANWORDS INTO ENGLISH LANGUAGE Loanwords, which also refer to the term “guests from another language,” invaded the English language Through the history periods of language development, words from other languages were taken to English mainly due to the constant uninvited arrival of invaders to the British island How could a. .. religions As English became a written language of England, and a spoken language of the ruling class, it was influenced by French in different ways A sort of language class welfare was brought to the Bristons by the ruling Normans People believe that once the foreign language conquered the “losing language”, the latter would disappear Nonetheless, the Norman’s conquest could not eliminate the English The. .. person who used the French word The French language had a great influence on the English, even bringing more loanwords to the language than the native words or definitions of the Briton For example, the French loanword “infant” means “child”, and “freedom” in English is “liberty” borrowed from French The transformation and evolution of the English language in the period is considered a dramatic change... loanwords In general, the borrowing of words in this period shows that when two languages, especially French and English, compete for domination over one another, the features of adaptability and adoptability in English played an important role in enlarging the vocabulary source of English During the period of Middle English, the French loanwords imported to the English language because people speaking... 11 Graduation Thesis - 2015 language influenced the English language only by the means of borrowing words Not in all cases, the French words and terms are borrowed into English with its original spelling and notions It is more often the case that only parts of its meaning are transferred Occasionally, the spelling of French words is kept but its meaning in English is changed And other times, the opposite... English a numerous common French words The power of the king France increased and affected the French language, which means that francien spread with central control, and became the standard variety for the whole of France Within a short time, Parisian French became a language that was taught in England as a foreign language After 1250, Walter of Bibbesworth wrote a treatise to help women improve their French