Phan Thanh co vk l h at so vdi p h i n NQi dinh - tirc ye"u t6 "iml' (5) Con Hue", khu Ngoai tri&u nam b6n ngoai Ti, Ci'm - tinh tir Ngo M6n de"n he"t dien Thai Hoa (6), chi gem ng6i dien nhgt - tirc s6 18, s6 du'dng - nhu'ng lai co de"n mie"u thd t6 dgt b6n (Trieu Mi&, Huhg Mie"l~,Thai M i va The" Mi&) Ne"u kh6ng tinh khu vqc mie"u thd, thi kich thu'dc khu vgc kh6ng ldn ldm, khoing 72 trwng x 60 tru'dng (305m x 254m) (7) Kich thu'dc tham chi nh6 hdn khu Nei dinh (Hgu ta"m), du'dc Dai Narn nhi't th6ng chi tinh la bao g6m c i Ti, Ca"m Thanh, vdi kich thu'dc khoing 81 t r q n g x 72 trwng (343,5m x 305m) Khu Ti, Ca"m Thanh hay Nei dinh cba Hue" g6m cung la cung Can Thanh va cung Kh6n Thai - tirc dimg the0 s6 chin, s6 i m Nhu' vgy, xem cach b6 tri cha cung dien Hue"tu'dng quan giiia ye"u t6 i m - du'dng co vk c i n bang hdn (xem sd d6 2) C b truc Ti&n tri&u - Hgu t8m cda cung dien Hue" ciing the0 ki6u "ti6n nhi't dien, ha11nhj cung" chQ khbng phii ki6u "tien tam dien, h$u tam cung" cha cung dien Bdc Kinh V6 cach b6 tri cung dien, ngoai s q chi ph6i cha tu' t d n g I6 giao va thuye"t Am du'dng ngii hanh, chju Hnh h d n g s i u sdc cha truygn thdng kie"n truc Theo tac g i i cu6n '"rung Qu6c c6 kie"n truc thgp nhj giing", cach b6 tri cung dien Bdc Kinh, truyen thdng "hoa gia vi qu6cc"d w c the" hien ra"t r6 Ngu'di ta li'y p h i n Nei dinh - v6n du'dc xem la ngBi nha cha Hoang de" - lam chu8n mgc de" kie"n tao Hoang cung Bhi v$yl phin Ngoai tri&u chinh la hinh i n h cha Nci dinh nhuhg n h h lsn 16n v& quy m6; hay ne"u cung Can Thanh la tirn di6ni cha khu Nei dinh thi dien Thai Hoa la t i m di6m cda Ngoai tri6u (xem sd d6) Ngoai ra, cach b6 tri phsn Ngq uye"n phia sau ciing bi6u hien sq i n h hu'6ng cha truy6n th6ng kie"n truc Trung Qu6c Tuy nhien, c i n chu y rang, chii "gia" "hoa gia vi qu6c" la ng6i nha c6a hoang de", la kie"n truc cung dinh vdi d&ng ci'p rgt cao chQ kh6ng phii la kie"n truc d i n gian cha Trung Hoa Hue",cach bai tri cung dien ciing bi6u hien r2't rr6 truyen th6ng kie"n truc Viet nhu'ng la vdi vk binh dj gsn giii vdi kie"n truc d i n gian, chQ khBng d&ng c2'p va xa cach ki6n truc d i n gian nhu' cung dien Bdc Kinh Quan sat sd d6 Hoang - Ti, Ci'm ,thanh Hue", ta thi'y sq hi - Vhi suy ngh7v& chch bBi tri cung d i t n b6 tri cac khu vqc du'bng nhu' mang hinh i n h cach bai tri c6a met ng6i nha RLIbng c6a Hue" Ciing la kie"u b6 tri danh p h i n phia trllClc va phin trung tirn lam ndi don khach va thqc hien cac nghi 16,tin ngu'ang; phin phia sau va hai b6n danh Mm ndi sinh hoat cho chh n h i n va gia dinh, b6n hk-phia T i y danh cho n i i gidi, b6n t8-phia D6ng danh cho nam gidi (8) Di6u dac biet hdn cach bai tri kie"n truc cung dinh Hue" la viec dgt h6 Thai Djch sau ci,a Ngo Men, ci,a chinh c6a hoang D i y la met hien t w n g dgc biet va chu'a h6 thi'y ljch si, kie"n truc Trung QIJ~C Hoang Lan Tu'dng, met nha nghien c h ljch si, ki&n truc ngclai Dai Loan - ciing la met ngclbi Han chinh g6c, d2 thira nhgn rhng, d8y la cach ph6i tri doc dao va hoan toan the0 truyen th6ng kie"n truc Viet! Nhmg d i u la n h i n t6 cd b i n lam n6n sq khac giiia kie"ntruc truy6n thdng Viet Nam va kie"n truc Trung Qudc? Theo chung t6i, chinh la s g khac phu'dng phap tu' va cach img xi, vdi thi6n nhi6n c6a ngu'di Viet va ngclai Han V6 phu'dng phap tu' duy, ngu'di Viet khac h&n ngu'di Han si, dung he thu'dc - met thir c6ng cu he"t sac quan d6 tu' - co gia trj r2't khhe nhau, da v& t6n goi co vk nhu' hoan toan gidng (d&u la iy - trugng - t h ~ d c- t i c - phlin - ly ) C i y thu'dc ma ngllbi thd mec Trung Hoa ding d6 thie"t ke" va b6 tri cung dien BBC Kinh thdi Minh, Thanh co gia trj tu'dng du'dng 32cm; c i y thu'dc ma ngclbi thd Viet Nam dang de" thi6t ke" va b6 tri cung dien Hue" thdi guye en c6 gia trj de"n 42,4cm! (9) Chinh sq khac d2 dsn de"n n h h g t3 khac cach bai tri va b6 cuc cac c6ng trinh Con cach img xi, vdi thi6n nhi6n cha kie"n truc cung di$n Viet Nam va Trung Qu6c ciing c6 nhiing diem khac Kie"n truc cung dien Viet Nam, ma ti6u bi6u la Hue", luBn cb quy m6 va chie"m tg kha khi&m t6n so vdi cac y&u t6 t q nhi6n xung quanh, lu6n tim cach hoa hdp vdi thi6n nhien, chQ khdng tim cach " v w t 16n" nhu' ki6n truc cung dien Trung Hoa - lu6n co quy m6 to Idn vdi v6 ph6 tru'dng hang vi Quan sat khu Ngoai tri&u cha hoang cung C chung ta s6 nhgn Hue" va B ~ Kinh, di&u Ngoai tri&u cha hoang cung Bdc Kinh chi c6 Tam dai dien s h g simg uy nghi tr6n met n6n dai ci'p cao ddn 8,5m; ri6ng dien Thai le (Xem tigp trang 85) Tap c h i Di i n Van hha 3(nam 0 ) Binh dign Hoang va Ti, Ci'm Hug thigt l$p tr6n cd sd kh5o sat dac cda Trung t i m B i o ten di tich c6 d6 Hug va Dai hoc Waseda (Nhat Bin) 1- C i u Kim Thhy 2- Thien An M6n 3- Doan M6n 4- Ngo M6n Thai Hoa M6n 6- Thai Hoa dien 7- Trung Hoa dien Bho Hoa dien 9- Can 'rhanh m6n 10- Can Thanh cung 11- Kh6n Ninh cung 12- Than VQ M6n 13- Tay Hoa m6n 14- M n g Hoa m6n 15- X i tat dan 16- Thai Migu (3) Trong kien truc truyen thdng Trung Qubc, co Hoa co tong chi& cao dbn 35m! Trong khu vqc hinh th$c ket cau mai la Vll dien, Nganh Sdn, Yet sdn va Huyen Son; m6i hinh thirc mai tren lai co ki6u tuyet nhi2.n khBng co ch8 cho cby xanh va ddn diem (mai don) va trung diem (mai kep) ~ i u cac ybu t6 thi2.n r1hi6n(thsm chi khBng c6 c i Trung diem v0 dien la loai cao cap nhat, chi dung c6!) Con b Ngoai tridu b hoang cung Hub, cho cac cung dien clja hoang de b trung t l m Hoang khBng chi co day cay xanh, hoa c6 ma c6 cung (4) Nguyen Trung quan b thu'dng gidi co khu c8 hb Thai Djch vbi mat nlrCrc t h i hoa sen, dign vgc: Thu'qng vien thai dien, Trung vign th' huy va Ha Thai Hoa thi quy m6 to khdng to qua met ngbi vien thien de Nhu vay v! tri trung tam c6a v0 tru la dinh Iang ca Ibn bao nhieu, dat tr2.n met be dai Trung vien tb huy, vi the cung dien c6a hoang de tam c5'p co chi6u cao chu'a dbn 2,5m, va chi6u phhi dgt b vj tri trung t i m va thu'bng g i n vdi chb'"tb'" cao c i a dien, tinh dbn dinh noc, van chu'a dbn Nhu' cung Vi Udng thdi Han goi la cung Ta Huy, thdi Minh, Thanh goi la Tb C l m Thanh 13m TSt c i tao n2.n met khBng gian co uy cung b Viet Nam, cilng dien cha hoang d6 cllng goi la T b nghiem nhmg v6n kha gan gOi va t q nhi2.n Cdm b phan Hsu ~ y g ntuy , c i hoang cung deu (5) Phan Ngoai trieu cda hoang cung BBC Kinh dat khu vlfdn ngy' phia sau, nhu'ng b Hoang g6m tam dai dien tirc bb tri theo sb 16 - sb du'dng cung Hub, khBng chi c6 met ma c6 dbn bdn, Nguyen p h l n Hgu t8m cUng chi co nhi cung la cung ngni khu vu'dn, chibm dbn g i n 114 t6ng dien Can Tha~ihva Kh61iNinh, tirc b b t r i theo s6 than s6 l m , nhung ve sau lai xay them cung Giao Thai b tich toan khu vy'c (lo), tirc t$ ldn hdn giira hai cung tren Cach b6 tri cang cho thay sg nhieu so vdi hoang cung Bac Kinh Hdn naa, Ian at clja yeu tb "du'dng" kien truc cung dien C cac ngq uy6n cfia Hub deu khBng co v& vuBng B ~ Kinh (6) Hoang Lan Tu'dng bai k h i o ciru Lu'dc van ma thlrbng c6 hinh dang ty' nhi2.n the0 khu dgt, lai luBn gan vbi dien tich mat nu'bc rat k h i o Hue :qubc d6 cua Viet Nam the kq XIX, lai cho ring, phan Ngoai trieu cda cung dien Hue bao reng, n2.n luBn tran d i y v& tu'di mat ty' nhi2.n g6m c i dien c Q ~Chanh !rong,Tu' can1 Thanh Chinh khu vqc ki6n truc mang day chgt thi2.n Nhung sach Oai Nam n h i t th6ng chi c i a trieu nhii2.n d2 lam cho hoang cung Hub co Nguyen ghi rd ring, NQi dinh hay Oai NQidu'dc tinh quy mB nh6 chi bang 112 Th' Cam Thanh Bac g6m c i Tb Cam Thanh vdi cung: cung Can tinh tirdien Trung Hoa (tirc dien Can Thanh) Kinh (36ha so vbi 72ha) nhu'ng v6n d i y v& Thanh, phia tru'dc den Oai Cung M6n; cung KhBn Thai, khoang dat, va dac biet, khBng gian &y ,th$t tinh tir sau dien Jrung Hoa phia sau (Qubc Sb binh! quan trieu Nguyen, Oai Nam nhaj thbng chi - Kinh *** Su' B i n dich c6a Tu Trai Nguyen Tao, Sai Gon, Nhu'vsy, co th6 noi, chinh truy&n thdng kibn 1960, tr22) (7) Trong the" kq XIX, du'di thdi ~ g u y g n 1, tru'dng truc d2 lam n2.n sy' khac biet cd b i n cach = 4,24m Tir nam 1898, trb di, theo quy dinh c6a bb cuc cung dien c i a Bac Kinh va Hub Va sy' Toan quyen Phap, Bac Kjl t r q n g = 4m (xem khac bigt gy cd b i n la sq khac bigt them chu thich 9) (8) Xem so 66 mat bhng Hoang Hue chung phu'dng phap tu' duy, cach irng xir vbi thi2.n nhien, hay noi cho cung la ca tinh d i n ta c0ng sB thay cach b6 tri tu'dngJy': Khu phia tru'dc, trung t i m va ben la khu nghi Ie va mieu thd; khu tec tao n2.n trung t l n i lui pliia sau la ndi sinh hoat c i a hoang COng vi thb, ndu chi nhin v& hinh thirc bb6 de va gia dinh (tirc Tb Cam Thanh), khu phia T l y la ngoai thi bb cuc cung dien Bac Kinh va Hub co cung dien clja thai haul thai hoang thai hau; khu v& tlrdng tq nhu' nhau, nhmg ky thqc, cang phia D6ng la nai nghi ngdi, sinh hoat c6a hoang de, phdn tich lai cang thsy chhng rat khac hoang tb (vu'dn Cd Ha, Hau H6) va kho tang c i a Bay chinh la vgn de ma chung t8i hy vong cac hoang gia (9) Du'di thdi ~ g u y g n he , thu'dc mQc va thu'dc h?c gi8 s6 tibp tuc nghi2.n ciIu va phan tich sdu dQ dai c i a ngu'di Viet co gia trj tu'dng du'dng 42,4cm sac hdn va tir~htheo he thgp p h i n (1 tru'dng = 10 xich - hay P.T H thu'dc = 100 phan = 1000 ly ) Xin xem them Phan Than! H i i , He thbng thu'dc Viet Nam thdi Nguyen, Tap chi Nghien ciru Hue, so" (2003) (10) Cac khu vu'dn ngg la: vu'dn Thieu Phu'dng, Ngg Vien (nhm Tb Cam thanh), vu'dn (1) Xem them: Phan Thanh H i i , Cb cl.lng Trung Cd Ha, Hau H6 - hay Doanh Chau - va cung Tru'dng Hoa - Hoang cung Hue, tu'dng d6ng va dj biet Tap Ninh ( n i m Hoang Thanh) ~ d n dien g tich cac chi S6ng Hu'dng, sb 102 - 1997 khu vu'dn ngg uybn lbn tdi hdn 88.000m2, so vdi (2) Trong kien truc Trung Quo"c, cha "Gian" d w c tdng dien tich Hoang thanh, T b Cam la djnh nghia la khoing kh6ng gian giaa cot tru 360.000m2 thi chiem den gan 114 Xin xem them Trong tru'dng hop no bi6u thj chi& rQng c i a Phan Thanh H i i , Vu'dn Ngg - dang hoa vien-quy toc cong trinh: so" gian cang nhieu tirc c6ng trinh cang c6a Hue xua - In sach Dau i n Nguyen rong Con "xa" ( l m Han - Viet la 'gia"), thi bi6u thi van hoa Phu Xu%n.NXB Thuan Hoa, Hue-2002 chieu sau cda c6ng trinh: sb "xa" cang nhieu tirc c6ng trinh cang s i u (tiep trang 44) % I kt -+ 1 , - !-A :":A