We can’t exist without water Formula: Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen The name water typically refers to the liquid state of the compound The solid phase is known as ice and gas phase is called steam The importance of water: Water supply: Water is the most common substance on Earth Water makes up about 50% 90% of the weight of things Regardless of language or culture, all humans share this basic need that is essential for survival Water is a key component in determining the quality of our lives We drink water, cook with it, bathe in it, sprinkle our lawns with it, fill our backyard swimming pools with it – even create theme parks base on it All living things need water  Water is over 70% of body  Involved in the metabolism: oxygen, minerals,…  Involved in most of the systems in the organism’s body Without water, there can be no life In fact, every living thing consists mostly of water Your body is about two-thirds water A chicken is about threefourths water and a pineapple is about four-fifths water Most scientists believe that life itself began in water, in the salty water of the sea Water helps keep the earth’s climate from getting too hot or too cold Land adsorbs and releases heat from the sun quickly But the oceans adsorbs and release the sun’s heat slowly So breezes from the oceans bring warmth to the land in winter and coolness in summer Water is vital as well as the start of human civilization From the past, people living in concentrated areas near rivers and the sea because there is abundant food sources, convenient for living and production Typical is the civilization of the Nile River, Yellow River, India river , the Mediterranean, the Gulf Coastal… They have worshiped rain gods and prayed for rain Often, when rains have failed to come, crops have withered and starvation has spread across a land Sometimes the rains have fallen too heavily and too suddenly Then rivers have overflowed their banks, drowning large numbers of people and causing enormous destruction of property Today, more than ever, water is both slave and master to people We use water in our homes for cleaning, cooking, bathing, and carrying away wastes We use water to irrigate dry farmlands so we can grow more food Our factories use more water than any other material We use the water in rushing rivers and thundering waterfalls to product electricity Water in agriculture It is estimated that 70% of world-wide water use is for irrigation In some areas of the world, irrigation is necessary to grow any crop at all, in other areas it permits more profitable crops to be grown or enhances crop yield Various irrigation methods involve different trade-offs between crop yield, water consumption and capital cost of equipment and structures Most of the plants that people raise need great quantities of water For example, it takes 115 gallons (435 liters) of water to grow enough wheat to bake a loaf of bread People raise most of their crops in areas that have plenty of rain But to raise enough food for their needs, people must also irrigate dry areas The rainfall that crops use to grow is not considered a water use, because the water does not come from a country's supply Irrigation, on the other hand, is a water use because the water is drawn from a nation's rivers, lakes, or wells The water a nation uses for irrigation is important to its water supply because none of the water remains for reuse Water for industry It is estimated that 15% of world-wide water use is industrial Major industrial users include power plants, which use water for cooling or as a power source (i.e hydroelectric plants), ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent The industry in turn uses water in many ways It uses water for cleaning fruits and vegetables before canning and freezing them It uses water as a raw material in soft drinks, canned foods, and many other products It uses water to air-condition and clean factories But most of the water used by industry is for cooling For example, water cools the steam used in producing electric power from fuel It cools the hot gases produced in refining oil, and the hot steel made by steel mills Although industry uses a lot of water, only per cent of it is consumed Most of the water used for cooling is piped back to the rivers or lakes from which it is taken The water consumed by industry is the water added to soft drinks and other products, and the small amount of water that turns to vapor in the cooling processes Water for hydroelectricity Water power, or hydropower, furnishes about percent of the world's commercial energy Where water flows from a high place to a lower one, the gravitational energy of the falling water can be captured and used to produce other forms of energy Most waterpower is used to generate electric power Waterpower supplies energy without pollution and without using up the water in the process But costly dams and other structures are required to harness waterpower People also use water to produce electric power to light homes and to run factories Electric power stations burn coal or other fuel to turn water into steam The steam supplies the energy to run machines that produce electricity Hydroelectric power stations use the energy of falling water from waterfalls and dams to produce electricity Water for transport After people learned to build crude small boats, they began using rivers and lakes to carry themselves and their goods Later, they built larger boats and sailed the ocean in search of new lands and new trade routes Today, people still depend on water transportation to carry such heavy and bulky products as machinery, coal, grain, and oil Water for tourism Marine, lakes, flooded forests… tourism state contribution to the development of the tourism industry as well as each country's economy People travel not only to entertain but also to explore life in the ocean, aquatic organisms and the culture of the people who live there People build most of their recreation areas along lakes, rivers, and seas They enjoy water sports, such as swimming, fishing, and sailing Many people also enjoy the beauty of a quiet lake, a thundering waterfall, or roaring surf Water in our daily live Every plant, animal, and human being needs water to stay alive This is because all the life processes, from taking in food to getting rid of wastes, require water But people depend on water for more than just to stay alive We also need it for our way of life We need water in our homes, to brush our teeth, cook food, and wash dishes Every living thing must keep its water supply near normal, or it will die Human beings can live without food for more than two months, but they can live without water for only about a week If the body loses more than 20 per cent of its normal water content, a person will die painfully Human beings must take in about 2.4 liters of water a day This intake can be in the form of beverages we drink, or water in food Water appears all over the world The arrangement of water There are compartments to arrange water in the world Oceans Glaciers, ice, snow • • • • • Under ground Rivers and stream Lakes, ponds, and wetlands The graph below show the water compartments and the percentage of them in the earth: The water reserves in the compartments Oceans There are major oceans on the globe , namely, Indian ocean, Atlentic ocean, Pacific ocean, Arctic ocean In addition, there are also some seas such that, east china sea, north sea, open sea… By nature, water in the seas and oceans are salt,not appropriate to human use There are some information about sea water The average salt concentration is 3.5%,that mean there are 35 gam salt on 1000 ml sea water Phan Lan bay is where have lowest salt concentration, the highest of open sea is Red Sea while that of close sea is Death Sea The quantity of salt on sea water depend on some factors, namely, mix of salt and fresh water, movement of water The amount of salty cloruanatri in blood of human is adjusted and maintained at 9g/l.If we drink sea water, the salt concentration in blood will raise in moment, as far as, the natri concentration in blood will increase too much, then our body will be poisoned, seized with apoplexy and lead to death Groundwater       Water run off over the surface percolates through the soil and into fractures and spaces of permeable rocks in a process called infiltration It is partitioned to zones which contain water in it Firstly, zone of aeration where hold both air and water, is upper soil layers it is useful for plant growth Secondly, zone of saturation is slower layers where are filled with water The water table in the top of this zone is not flat but undulates according surface topography and subsurface structure It can be stationary, rising or falling according precipitation and infiltration rates Thirdly, recharge aquifer zone where consist of rock and soil absorb and hold water Water will be infiltrated into an aquifer occur are called recharge zones with a ration is very slow River and Streams The water in the river and streams are fresh waters It is important to human and most other organisms The volume of water in lakes and streams are constantly replenished by precipitation, meltwater from snow and ice or seepage from groundwater In the world, there are 16 largest river carry nearly a half of all surface runoff on earth, namely, amazon across brazil and peru, Orinoco across Venezuela and Colombia, Congo flow into Congo…etc… Lakes, ponds and wetlands Lakes and ponds contain fresh water, but wetlands consist of salt water Although, it is only minor component of total world water supply, but their water may be accessible than groundwater and important in many ways for human and another organism Wetlands play a vital and often unappreciated role in the hydrologic cycle Their lush plant growth stabilizes soil and hold back surface runoff, allowing time for infiltration into aquifer producing even, year-long stream flow Atmosphere It is smallest of the major water compartments, contain less than 0.001 percent of the total water supply The movement of water through the atmosphere provide the mechanism for distributing fresh water over the landmasses and replenishing terrestrial reserves Glaciers, ice, and snow Glacier are rivers of ice flowing downhill very slowly They now occur only at high altitudes or high latitudes The largest amount of ice remnant is in Antarctica and made up 85% of all ice in the world 15% of all ice in the world on Greenland and mountain snow pack Reserves of water can be shown from the kind of water Based on quantity of salt on water , science divide up type of water The table below will show to you details Water salinity based on dissolved salts in parts per thousand Fresh water < o.5  • • • Brackish water 0.5-30 Salt water Brine 30-50 >50 Fresh water Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration — usually less than 1% Thực vật động vật vùng nước điều chỉnh hàm lượng muối thấp khơng thể để tồn khu vực có nồng độ muối cao (tức đại dương) Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (ice, ocean) Có nhiều loại khác vùng nước ngọt: There are different types of freshwater regions: Ponds and lakes Streams and rivers Wetlands The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere , in the form of mist , rain and snow Nước thuộc mưa, sương mù tuyết tan chất từ vật chất từ biển đất đám mây mang mưa có du lịch Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled Out of all the water on Earth , only 2.75 percent is fresh water, including 2.05 percent frozen in glaciers, 0.68 percent as groundwater and 0.011 percent of it as surface water in lakes and rivers Freshwater lakes, most notably Lake Baikal in Russia and the Great Lakes in North America, contain seven- eighths of this fresh surface water Đầm lầy có hầu hết cân với lượng nhỏ sông, đặc biệt [ ] Khơng khí chứa nước 0,04% Trong khu vực khơng có nước mặt đất, nước có nguồn gốc từ mưa có thể, mật độ thấp nó, che phủ mặt đất nước mặn ống kính lớp Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River The atmosphere contains 0.04% water In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers Phần lớn nước giới đóng băng Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets Fresh water can be used as a resource Thay đổi cảnh quan cho việc sử dụng nơng nghiệp có ảnh hưởng lớn đến dòng chảy nước Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water Thay đổi phong cảnh việc loại bỏ thay đổi dòng chảy nước lành môi trường địa phương ảnh hưởng đến chu kỳ nước Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water Kết nhiều nước lưu trữ đất có lợi ích nông nghiệp As a result more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture Tuy nhiên, từ nông nghiệp hoạt động mà tiêu thụ nước nhất, điều đặt căng thẳng nghiêm trọng tài nguyên nước địa phương dẫn đến việc phá hủy hệ sinh thái địa phương However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems Tại Úc, trừu tượng nước cho thâm canh hoạt động gây 33% diện tích đất có nguy nhiễm mặn [12] In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salivation Limiting resource Nước nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên tái tạo thay đổi, hạn chế Fresh water is a renewable and changeable, but limited natural resource nước tươi gia hạn thơng qua q trình chu kỳ nước, nơi nước từ biển, hồ, sơng, đập bay hơi, hình thức đám mây, trở nguồn nước mưa Fresh water can only be renewed through the process of the water cycle, where water from seas, lakes, rivers, and dams evaporates, forms clouds, and returns to water sources as precipitation Tuy nhiên, có nhiều nước tiêu thụ thơng qua hoạt động người phục hồi cách tự nhiên, kết số lượng nước có sẵn hồ, sơng, đập nước vùng nước ngầm bị giảm mà gây thiệt hại nghiêm trọng đến môi trường xung quanh However, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is restored by nature, the result is that the quantity of fresh water available in lakes, rivers, dams and underground waters is reduced which can cause serious damage to the surrounding environment   Ao, hồ Brackish: By definition, Brackish water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per liter—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (ppt or Many species of animal can live by brackish water habitat There are brackish water habitat in earth, Estuaries, Mangroves, Brackish seas and lakes and Brackish marsh Brackish water condition commonly occur when fresh water meet seawater In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are estuaries, where a river meets the sea River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of anatropous and catadromus fish species, such as salmon and eels , giving them time to form social groups and to adjust to the changes in salinity.By far, estuaries also commonly use as fishing ground, and as place for fishing farming or ranching The Mangrove not only are necessary for life of fish, crocodile, proboscis monkey but also very important buffer zones between land and sea, and are a natural defense against hurricane and tsunami damage in particular Some rivers and lakes in earth are brackish Baltic sea, Caspian sea and Black sea are famous brackish Seas A brackish marsh may occur where a freshwater flow enters a salt marsh Salt water or Seawater Seawater is water from a sea or ocean Tính trung bình, nước biển giới đại dương có khoảng 3,5% (35 g / L, hay 599 ) On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, or 599 mmHg) The average density of seawater at the ocean surface is 1.025 g/ ml Nước biển so với nước tinh khiết (mật độ 1,0 g / ml @ ° C (39 ° F)) muối hịa tan thêm hàng loạt mà khơng có đóng góp đáng kể vào âm lượng Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0 g/ml at °C (39 °F)) because the dissolved salts add mass without contributing significantly to the volume Các nước biển giảm tăng nồng độ muối Trường hợp xảy với dòng chảy trộn nước từ cửa sông hay gần sông băng tan chảy, nước biển đáng kể mặn.Các biển mặn , nơi có tỷ lệ cao , dịng sơng, kết bị hạn chế lưu thông nước mặn khác thường.Độ mặn thể cô lập nước (ví dụ, ) lớn đáng kể Các bề mặt nước biển dao động từ khoảng 1.020 đến 1.029 kg • m -3, tùy thuộc vào nhiệt độ độ mặn Saline water is a general term for water that contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts ( NaCl) tập trung thường diễn tả muối The concentration is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) of salt People should be careful with using saline water Accidentally consuming small quantities of clean seawater is not harmful, especially if the seawater is consumed along with a larger quantity of fresh water Tuy nhiên, uống nước biển để trì hydrat hóa phản tác dụng, nước lên phải tiết để loại bỏ muối (thông qua so với lượng nước mà thu từ uống nước biển tự.) The chemical composition of water By natural, the water contain some ion or nutrient what benefit to heath of people elements Oxygen Percentage of water volume 85,84% Chlorine 1,94% Magnesium 0,1292% Calcium 0,04% Bromine 0.0026% Hydrogen 10,82% Sodium 1,08% Sulfur 0.091% The movement of water Water cycle The water cycle describes the existence and movement of water on, in, and above the Earth Earth's water is always in movement and is always changing states, from liquid to vapor to ice and back again The water cycle has been working for billions of years and all life on Earth depends on it continuing to work; the Earth would be a pretty stale place to live without it Where does all the Earth’s water come from? Primordial Earth was an incandescent globe made of magma, but all magmas contain water Water set free by magma began to cool down the Earth’s atmosphere, until it could stay on the surface as a liquid Volcanic activity kept and still keeps introducing water in the atmosphere, thus increasing the surface- and ground-water volume of the Earth The water cycle has no starting point Evaporation and evapotranspiration The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans Some of it evaporates as vapor into the air Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapor Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere, along with water from evapotranspiration, which is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil Condensation The vapor rises into the air where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds Air currents move clouds around the globe; cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation Precipitation Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years Snowpack’s in warmer climates often thaw and melt when spring arrives, and the melted water flows overland as snowmelt Runoff Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where, due to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with stream flow moving water towards the oceans Runoff, and ground-water seepage, accumulate and are stored as freshwater in lakes Not all runoff flows into rivers, though Much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers (saturated subsurface rock), which store huge amounts of freshwater for long periods of time Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as ground-water discharge, and some ground water finds openings in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs Over time, though, all of this water keeps moving, some to reenter the ocean Tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels • • • • • Uses to Produce energy Produce salt or Fish aquatic organisms Serve military: example Bach Dang battle Serve transportation Types of Tide Tides are most commonly semidiurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or diurnal (one tidal cycle per day) The two high waters on a given day are typically not the same height (the daily inequality); these are the higher high water and the lower high water in tide tables Similarly, the two low waters each day are the higher low water and the lower low water The daily inequality is not consistent and is generally small when the Moon is over the equator • Reasons • The positions of Sun and Moon relative to Earth • The rotation of Earth • Altitude of Moon above Earth’s equator Principal lunar semidiurnal constituent In most locations, the largest constituent is the "principal lunar semidiurnal", also known as the M2 (or M2) tidal constituent Its period is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a tidal lunar day, which is the average time separating one lunar zenith from the next, and thus is the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the Moon Because the gravitational field created by the Moon weakens with distance from the moon, it exerts a slightly harder tidal force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon than on the opposite side As the Earth rotates, the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth's surface change constantly; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height When there are two high tides each day with different heights (and two low tides also of different heights), the pattern is called a mixed semidiurnal tide Ocean current Ocean currents are moving directly, continuously and quiet stable in the oceans Warm ocean currents are derived from the equator or high latitude and flowing toward the poles of the planet Here, low temperature of ice cools water to form a cold ocean current flowing toward the equator Ocean currents in the two hemispheres are opposite each other across the equator Surface currents make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean Surface currents are generally restricted to the upper 400 m (1,300 ft.) of the ocean The movement of deep water in the ocean basins is by density driven forces and gravity The density difference is a function of different temperatures and salinity Deep waters sink into the deep ocean basins at high latitudes where the temperatures are cold enough to cause the density to increase Ocean currents are measured in Sverdrup (Sv), where 1Sv is equivalent to a volume flow rate of 1,000,000 m3 (35,000,000 cu ft) per second • Characters: Affect in the climate of the continent, especially in areas near beach Ocean currents can flow for great distances, and together they create the great flow of the global conveyor belt which plays a dominant part in determining the climate of many of the Earth’s regions An example is the Hawaiian Islands, where the climate is cooler (sub-tropical) than the tropical latitudes in which they are located, due to the effect of the California Current Influenced by effect of El Nino and Coriolis Ocean currents are affected by El Niño, in which a temporary reversal of ocean currents generate climate change are more severe along the west coast of South America The effects of El Niño extends until Australia Coriolis effect is named after Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis in the early 20th century… Coriolis effect is matched by the force of the Earth's rotation, making it possible results (the gas) tend to move the offset to the right of movement in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of the movement in Southern Hemisphere Knowledge of surface ocean currents is essential to apply in reducing costs of shipping, since they reduce fuel costs In the sail-ship era knowledge was even more essential Even today, the round-the-world sailing competitors employ surface currents to their benefit 3 Plays an important role in the migration and dispersal of organisms For instance, every year some species like turtles They determine the ways by depending on ocean currents, he adults will periodically migrated from their temperate foraging grounds to breeding in the tropics Where ocean currents meets, there is an aquatic diversity and the best condition to exploit aquatic fishes GLOBAL WATER SITUATION Impression figures and actual situations Nowadays , the pressure of population growth, urbanization and industrialization, the change of climate are the source of lacking water in the world and now it was the global challenge Fresh water is becoming scarce day by day According to a recently report of international bank ,in 2003, the water demand of human was over 40% of the total supply With the level of water consumption as this will quickly lead to dehydration Global and a lot of serious consequence According to united nations, there are 2.6 billion peoples not have the basic sanitation , approximately billion people not have fresh water to use, every 20 second there was child died because of dirty water Meanwhile one person in US uses 600 liter a day and in the developing country is 60_150 liter a day The volume of some important rivers on the planet has been dramatically reduced over the past 50 years, according to a study of the large-scale Hydrometeorology in the United States Association of American Meteorological and hydrological study of the variation of the 925 large river flows in the world and collect data for the period 1948-2004 Results showed that ocean water poured down a general trend of most rivers, from the Yellow River (China), Ganges (India), Colorado River (USA), Nile (Egypt), Mekong (Southeast Asia) to the Amazon River (South America) Particularly Mississippi River water levels (USA) decreased by 22% in this study Many major rivers provide fresh water for tens of millions of people, such as the Yangtze River (China), River Niger (West Africa) Decline of freshwater supply for the river occurred in the context of the global population is continuing to increase that scientists fear Drawn up water is also a problem, nowadays, drawn up ground water was increase 35 compare to 30 years ago, and it is predict that this figure will up to70 or 75 in next years Water quality and water for life (We are doing water pollution) Human activities are the main reason of decreasing water quality in the world Population growth, urbanization, industrial waste and the lack of understanding about water quality are the challenges of protecting water resource Decline in water quality occurs when the system of industrial wastewater treatment, urban waste water or become overloaded Ensure water quality is critical for human health environment To meet the demand for drinking water and sanitation every day, each person needs 20 to 40 liters of clean water, not contaminated with hazardous substances or bacteria and this number will increase to 50 liters if the service the need for washing or cooking Many parts of the world, the volume of water for daily activities not meet quality requirements in particular developing countries, where urbanization rate increased rapidly, are facing real lack of wastewater treatment facilities, lead to contaminated drinking water and become the main causes of many diseases and injuries According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year there are billion cases of diarrhea besides millions of other cases of diseases caused by lack of access to safe water And then a year on average, every 1.7 million people died of diarrhea, and most of them are children under years old Health of humans on earth are being seriously affected by diseases related to water and chemical waste into water sources Although since the 1990s new efforts were attempted, but the supply of clean water and safe sanitation to the majority of the population remains a challenge Currently, about 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to clean water, and more than 2.6 billion people have problems with access to better sanitary conditions But, in the world today not have any commitment to global environmental regulations and obligations of the country about protecting drinking water or treated as a matter of national responsibility From contaminating the water and earth pollution and watershed protection, water disasters occur and more and more serious such as: tsunamis, hurricanes, flood, avalanche… they bring about many diseases Wasting water Wasting water is also the problem, Within a century past, while global population increased three times the water consumption has increased six times, including agricultural consumption to 75% of global fresh water and irrigation needs of agriculture industry is not increasing along with population growth On average, a tourist hotel in a luxury consumption from 500 to 800l of water per day, many times the consumption of indigenous peoples Attached is the entertainment services and sanitation A golf annually consumes about 10.000m3 water for a hectare, equivalent to an area of cultivation in agriculture Additionally hydropower and industry are also those who consume large quantities of water Along with the adverse impacts on ecological and cultural - in the areas of social factory The increase in demand for water has led to depletion of water resources and water pollution According to a statistical program developed by the United Nations, the 85% of the waste products of industrial and human activities are put directly into the environment without treatment caused water pollution, and increasingly severe with the modernization process The other big risk is a waste of water World today, the level of application of modern methods of irrigation is very uneven so the demand for water for agriculture delivered in a very large range from 2,000 to 2.000m3/ha / years and up to 70% of water for agriculture is wasted In large cities, 50% of water loss along the pipe Meanwhile, water storage dams always escapes through evaporation path Water resource need to be protected! Protect reservoirs Building Improving and upgrading The water supply systems The dike systems The wastewater treatment systems Improving and recovering polluted rivers • • • • • • • Planting and protecting the forests Reasonable use, avoid wasting, improving efficiency Maintaining the flow of rivers, protecting ecosystems in water • • • • MANAGE The State issues the protecting water resources law Uniting management agencies Allowing people and the community organizations join to protect the water resources Taxing pollution water Promoting inspecting and treating pollution • • • • • • • Water security in 21st century Reasonable assessment of water Fresh water and ecosystems are protected and improved Everyone has fresh water with suitable price People are protected from dangers of water Enough water for food security and development of Economic and Society Having multy-party collaborations and International cooperation’s to manage and share the common interests