Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman Aquaculture farming combines with mangroves forest

9 168 0
Livelihood  improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman  Aquaculture farming combines with mangroves forest

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Thông tin tài liệu

Climate change and its massive effects has become a nonborder issue in the recent years. Vietnam lies among top of countries that suffers the most severe consequences from climate change. According to “The first announcement of Vietnam about climate change” (SRV, MONRE 2003) with the increase of sea level, each year we lost about 17 billion dollars head to 2050. We are and had been done many things in order to adapt or to deal with those consequences.

K55 TT KHMT Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman Aquaculture farming combines with mangroves forest Nguyễn Vân Anh, Trần Thi Huế, Phan Lâm Tùng, Vũ Tuấn Tài, Nguyễn Quang Văn 4/17/2014 Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman Introduction and problem statement Climate change and its massive effects has become a non-border issue in the recent years Vietnam lies among top of countries that suffers the most severe consequences from climate change According to “The first announcement of Vietnam about climate change” (SRV, MONRE 2003) with the increase of sea level, each year we lost about 17 billion dollars head to 2050 We are and had been done many things in order to adapt or to deal with those consequences Stared with “The first announcement of Vietnam about climate change” in 2003, in the year 2004 the Prime Minister announced the “Strategic Orientation for Sustainable Development in Vietnam” (or Vietnam agenda 21) or in 2008, Vietnam decided to bring in the “National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change” (Decision no 158/2008/QÐ-TTg December 02, 2008, Prime Minister) In years from 2008 to 2011 many research organizations continued proclaiming series of reports concerning climate change such as “Poor people and adaptation to climate change” (CERED 2008), “Climate change scenarios and the rising of sea level in Vietnam” (MONRE 2009), “The Social Dimensions of Adaptation to Climate Change in Vietnam” (WB 2010), “Report on development of Vietnam 2011: natural resources management” (WB 2011) and so on Despite carrying about protecting the environment and preventing the increase of climate change, Vietnam is a developing country thus we still have to attach special importance to economic development Due to being the most vulnerable candidates to the effects of climate change, their lives is threatened the most by disasters and poverty, especially fisherman get lots of concern from the government Many policies and solution had been applied or encouraged for fisherman in order to help them improve livelihood Among those solution, the encouragement of shrimp farming is the most favorable because shrimp species are valued commercial goods and the harvest condition is well available with very long coastline include thousands hectares of mangrove forest Many hectares of mangrove forest is chopped down for shrimp ponds The crowded expansions without strictly control lead to the shrink and severely damage of mangrove forest surface Each year Vietnam lost about three percent of mangrove forest (Vietnam Administration of Seas and Islands - VASI) decreasing the total surface to 150,000 in 2002 (400,000 before 1945; 252,000 in 1982) The mangrove forest plays a very important part against the negative effects of climate change such as saltwater intrusion, hurricanes, erosion Needless to say without mangrove forest, the consequences would be significant Therefore, protecting the mangrove forest accomplish to eco-shrimp farming must be put under serious concern to ensure a sustainable future In fact we have already take the aim of recovering 85 percent of 1982 forest surface by planting new forest area Although much of what had been done, the result is not very satisfactory due to the speed of destroying the forest (mostly by shrimp farming) is still greater than the speed of recovering To serve the economic development and improve lives for fisherman, we Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman still have to utilize the advantages of natural conditions meanwhile protecting the environment contributed to the reduction of climate change effects and facing the day by day increasing issues The project’s goal is to figure out the way we could not only improve livelihood for fisherman but also protecting and recovering the mangroves “Aquaculture farming co-operate with mangroves forest” could be put into research or practiced to serve the project’s purpose This is also the reason while the project significant and need to be executed Objectives: Our project will result in improvement of fisherman’s livelihood and ecosystem protection To achieve the goals, this project is broken into small and specific objectives 2.1 Improvement of eco- shrimp farming techniques for local farmers though workshops Many workshops are organized with purposes in which we disseminate the technique of cultivating shrimp in mangrove forest to famers The technical staff will guide farmers how to prepare the area for cultivation such as understanding the mechanism , how to shape shrimp farming areas , killing harmful fish to shrimp , selection of breeder , food and environmental surrounding , disease treatment , harvesting and post-harvest storage At the same time , these conferences bring opportunities to answer the questions of the farmers as well as enabling farmers to meet and exchange experiences and learn from each other Because, mangrove soil is alluvial soil which formed with anaerobic decomposition of flooded forest ecosystem creates an unstable soil to contain a high content of organic matter This affects the growth and development of shrimp in mangroves forest It means affecting the generation and spreading of disease to shrimp Therefore , besides organization of workshops for fisherman , the project gives specialized technical staffs to the farms in daily time They will monitor and then regulate technical parameters , helping farmer detect and distinguish common diseases , operating the model of shrimp farming in mangroves forest 2.2 Development of the eco - shrimp model in coastal areas of Nam Dinh province Because shrimps rely on natural food sources under the forest canopy, it takes the low investment costs Appling the eco-shrimp farming in Nam Dinh province, the ecological environment is stable in which the shrimp grows well and also it reduces diseases for shrimp This model can brings many advantages not only for the local residents but also the environment here Therefore, it is very highly sustainable and enhancing living quality for the poor, especially To regulate this model smoothly, the project will need an Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman advice from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, they will help the project approach the residents easier1 2.3 Protection of coastal ecosystem through expanding square of mangrove forest Mangroves forest is one of the important ecosystems Mangroves forest is the habitat in which underwater animals live and provided food, especially it plays a valuable role in coastal areas Mangroves forest stabilizes the coastal areas and it likes a shield to protect against storms and catastrophes nature Along with economic benefits from eco- shrimp farming, the number of hectas of the mangrove forest will increase In fact, the ecoshrimp in , in the period 2009 - 2012, the leader of Duyen Hai districts , Tra Vinh province has invested tens of billion for growing new mangrove plants about 300 hectares of forest on shrimp farming area With the planting of new forests , coastal residents have applied eco- shrimp farming ; 60 % of the land for planting mangroves ; 40 % of the area is remained shrimp and other aquatic species such as mud crabs , barramundi2 2.4 Increasing the fisherman’s income With the high population density of 1196 people/km 2( Nam Dinh government-2011), the resolves for labor problem are urgency in Nam Dinh province By the delivering the model of shrimp farming on mangroves to each family, this project provide a significant amount of jobs for province’s resident The model of shrimp- mangroves brings the economic efficiency because of low investment costs, utilizing of natural food Moreover, after getting benefits from the project, the fisherman can invest on replanting, expanding farm to get more money As be expected, the model can reduce the unemployment rate and poor rate to 5% 2.5 Apply closed model from producing to consuming The first stage this process should be establishing workshop that introduce the fresh and environment friendly product to the consumers, especially the company of aquatic food processing People committees should have some priorities for companies such as lower prices, big scale Besides, the longtime contract is necessary, ensure the stable outputs for products The management of shrimp quality is also important for long business relationship Thus, the inspection team with representatives from local government and companies should be held frequently Last but not least, investment in transportation for TRƯỜNG VEN BIỂN VÀ PHỤC HỒI RỪNG NGẬP MẶN Ở VIỆT NAM http://tainguyenso.vnu.edu.vn/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6379/1/22.pdf NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ MÔI NGHIÊN CỨU HIỆN TRẠNG VÀ ĐỀ XUẤT CÁC BIỆN PHÁP BẢO TỒN VÀ PHỤC HỒI HỆ THỰC VẬT NGẬP MẶN Ở HUYỆN DUY XUYÊN, TỈNH QUẢNG NAM http://tailieuso.udn.vn/bitstream/TTHL_125/4211/2/Tomtat.pdf Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman delivering the shrimp products Finding a stable consuming is so important – a key factor for developing this model 2.6 The intended beneficiaries of project According to the Department of Forestry, the forestation at the rate of 70% of the mangrove area to 30% of shrimp farming area, contribute to improve survival rate of trees by 80%, yields of shrimp increased times , from 80 kg / / crop to 350 kg / / crop and limit the abandoned ponds after harvesting shrimp Therefore, shrimp farming in mangrove forest is a model of economic efficiency and adapt to climate change The specific benefits of this project related to: ++Fisherman-producers Shrimp farming on mangroves is likely to benefit to poor living in coastal areas the most by improving the productivity and incomes In this model, the shrimp are raised in natural way: the falling leaves are source of nutrient (phosphorus, nitrogen) for shrimp in their decomposition process; the leaves are also the direct food for aquatic organisms and shelter for avoiding predator So, the fisherman might save cost for shrimp food Moreover, this project resolves the labor in countryside; the people can earn money in their home Consumers By increasing the quantity of shrimp farming in region, the products costs will be decrease More and more people can get the shrimp as food source with acceptable prices Furthermore, by using non-chemical food on raising shrimp, the products quality can be guarantee and totally safe for consumers Environment Mangroves forest support a wealth of life, from crustaceans to people, and most importantly the health of the planet In term of climate change adaptation, mangroves play an important role: slow flow, significantly reduced the height of the tidal wave and restrict saltwater intrusion and groundwater protection In this project, the combination of shrimp farming and mangroves protection is compulsory and replanting for aquaculture expansion is encouraged As the results, the mangrove forest is recovered Methodology The model to improve fisherman livelihood is simple an association between aquaculture farming with mangroves planting This model has three main sections: Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman 3.1 Building system Based on the existing mangroves forest system, the farmer will be supplied nets and equipments to surrounding their areas following the separation of commune council for poor households The area out of farming toward to sea will be planted some kind of mangroves species, which have ever lived in this area before but were destructed by human activities By this way the wetland areas will be enhanced and it could involve more poor local residents and improve their livelihood After creating farming areas cooperated with mangroves, farmer will breed some aquatic species such as shrimp, crab, oyster, fish… following the instruction of Agriculture and Fishery Expansion Encouragement Office in local state In inundating season, shrimp breeds will be put into farm and start breeding processes After that, before shrimp harvest season come in, farmer will put fish breeds into farm In month before dry season coming, when water level gradually go down, farmer will start raising crab Therefore harvest activities will go through a year; it will ensure the stable income for farmer while the cost pays for breeding and farm treating is very low Because the residual organic matter from mangrove and also from other species will be the food for breeding aquatic species, so famers will get higher profit than traditional farming method 3.2 Output system Nowadays eco-product is prevailing in the world; they get high price, especially exported products One criterion for this kind of product is quality, includes size and safety of products To meet these requirements, farmers need to use different kind of net with various mesh size to satisfy order size and they must have a daily note to write down some data about the starting time of raising process, quantity of antibiotic, foods and other chemical substances used to create suitable environment condition for aquatic life, it will submit for quality inspectors To find the output for these products, provincial council must have some motivated policy for some related companies such as processing company, export company to purchase … to sign in contract and ensure supply resources for these companies and create opportunities for transportation, purchase, tax reducing… 3.3 Management Using co-management method, it means the activities of aquaculture co-operated with mangroves forest will have the participation from two sides, one from commune staffs and other from resident, who take part in this model State will have role in land use management; they will device mangroves forest area into farm and hand over it for poor Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman people, base on some criteria the number of un-work people, poverty circumstance … and planning for mangroves forest area development, beside they have right to punish when detecting any illegal activity damage to the mangroves also farming area Residents will uptake responsibility on planting and farming Through the way of using mangroves forest co-operated with aquaculture will increase the responsibility in forest protection, unity and society in facing with disease Communities manage for themselves to prevent any activities damage to mangroves forest If anyone breaks the rule, they will get out of this communities and their farming area will be confiscated Evaluation The cost for this model is small and received significantly benefits not only for farmer but also for environment Although the productivities of this model is smaller than traditional model, but the quality of eco-product is higher than traditional product Moreover, the farmers breed a lot of aquatic species all year round so they have several incomes, it will ensure for sustainable livelihood They harvest the products annually so they not need pay for labor renting in harvest season as traditional model They also not have to reduce the price for traders if they harvest big amount in a short time and need to sell them The model of aquaculture farming co-operated with mangroves will be divided into phases with period is year • Phase (the first year) Choose poor household for improving their livelihood Supporting net and equipment for farmer to build their farm Breeds supply for farming Mangrove breeds for planting • Phase (the second year) Continue step in phrase Start mangroves area evaluation, create plan for planting more • Phase (the third year) The model is familiar with residents and commune staffs, they can continue this model for future It will go to the end off project 4.1 Measurement To calculate the efficiency of this model, author will measure base on the received from one As the intensive model, 1ha of shrimp received 30 ton/ha/year, while applying eco-model will gain 10 ton/ha/year3 Eco-shrimp products are 150,000 VND/kg higher than normal http://nuoitomsinhthai.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman products, which cost 113,000 VND/kg, in same size according to VASEP index in April of 2014 Other income from oyster, fish, and crab will fall in round 150 million VND/year Therefore the total income will be 45 billions VND 4.2 Investment The investment from many organizations is the most important factor to decide the success of this model Initial investment for breeds, mangroves, surrounding net, fishing gear… will cost approximate 80 millions VND/ha Starting areas will be 300ha for about 60 families So, the total cost will raise to 24 billions VND The investment focus mainly on phase In the next phase, the maintaining cost will be billion VND The supporting fund will be finish in phase 2, the fisherman can continue their model from phase The supporting organizations will assess the result of project If the model is positive, it will be expand to the other coastal area in Vietnam Dissemination The project will be attract the investment from non-governmental organizations such as FAO, WorldBank, SNV, Oxfarm, WWF, IUCN, etc Project summary The consequences of climate change are now becoming more and more critically severe that we should pay attention to the balance between economic development and environmental protection As we all known, aquatic species farming and it products are important income for Vietnamese fisherman livelihood On the other hand, mangroves forest play an vital role in protecting the coastal areas in Vietnam Therefore, in the proposal we suggest the model of combining shrimp eco-farming and mangroves forest protection in Nam Dinh province, Vietnam The method is simple model: raising shrimp productivity by utilizing the natural sources in mangroves forest, so the remaining cost for food sources is typically decrease The model will include of phases with the support of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development , local staffs and scientists for fisherman to start and maintain the model therefore increase their livelihood The total investment for this model 28 billion VND The expected outcomes of this model is to produce the large quantity of safety shrimp products to serve for consumers and export The local staffs can encourage the enterprises to collect and purchase all the acceptable products and ensure the long time period cooperation with the fisherman If this model is successful in Nam Dinh province, it can be expanded for other coastal provinces in Vietnam Appendices Source: Internet Livelihood improvement in adaptation to climate change for fisherman

Ngày đăng: 28/05/2016, 08:28

Từ khóa liên quan

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

  • Đang cập nhật ...

Tài liệu liên quan