CẤU TRÚC BỊ ĐỘNG Hình thức câu bị động (Passive) chuyển thể từ câu chủ động (Active): Active: S* + V + O* Passive: S(O*) + Be PP (V-3/ed) + (by O(S*)) -Từ cấu trúc thấy rằng: Chủ ngữ (chủ từ) câu chủ động làm tân ngữ (túc từ) câu bị động Tân ngữ câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ câu bị động Động từ thường câu chủ động luôn trạng thái khứ phân từ (Past Participle-PP) câu bị động Trong câu bị động động từ “to be” sử dụng, tùy thuộc câu bị động nào, sử dụng động từ “to be” theo dạng Ex: He teaches me English -> I am taught English (by him) Dạng bị động thì: a) Thì đơn (Simple Present): S + be (am/is/are) + PP + Ex: He likes chickens -> Chickens are liked b) Thì khứ đơn (Past Simple): S + was/were + PP + Ex: The storm destroyed the city last night -> The city was destroyed by the storm last night c) Thì tiếp diễn (Present Continuous): S + be (am/is/are) + being + PP + Ex: He is reading a book -> A book is being read (by him) d) Thì khứ tiếp diễn (Past Continuous): S + was/were + being + PP + Ex: They were listening to music -> Music was being listened to (by them) e) Thì hoàn thành (Present Perfect): S + have/has + been + PP + Ex: They have studied English for two months -> English has been studied (by them) for two months f) Thì khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect): S + had + been + PP + Ex: They had done the exercises -> The exercises had been done (by them) g) Modals: S + can/could/should/may/ + be + PP + h) Thì tương lai đơn (Simple Future): S + will/shall + be + PP + Ex: They will cut the grass tomorrow -> The grass will be cut (by them) tomorrow i) Thì tương lai tiếp diễn (Future Continuous): S + will/shall + be + being + PP + Ex: She will be helping you when you come here tomorrow -> You will be being helped (by her) when you come here tomorrow j) Thì tương lai hoàn thành (Future Perfect): S + will/shall + have + been + PP + Ex: They will have finished the course by the end of this month -> The course will have been finished by the end of this month Dạng bị động số mẫu câu: - Active: S + should/could + have + PP + O Passive: S + should/could + have +been + PP + Ex: You should have bought this book -> This book should have been bought T Dùng “It” làm chủ ngữ (mệnh đề làm tân ngữ giữ nguyên) Ex: They said that he is kind to you -> It is said that he is kind to you Dùng cấu trúc bị động với động từ nguyên mẫu: -Nếu hành động mệnh đề làm tân ngữ xảy trước hành động mệnh đề chính, dùng: perfect infinitive (to have + PP) Ex: They said that he had killed the woman -> He was said to have killed the woman -Nếu hành động mệnh đề làm tân ngữ xảy sau hành động mệnh đề chính, sử dụng: simple infinitive (to + Vo) Ex: They expect that you will come -> You are expected to come -Nếu hành động mệnh đề làm tận ngữ xảy đồng thời với hành động mệnh đề chính, ta dùng: present infinitive (to be + V-ing) Ex: They said that he was doing homework -> He was said to be doing homework Ngoài ra: -Active: S + V* + O + V-ing Passive: S (O) + be (am/is/are/was/were) + V*-3/ed + V-ing Ex: He kept her waiting -> She was kept waiting -Tân ngữ phân từ đối tượng với chủ ngữ câu: Active: S* + V* + O + V-ing + O* + Passive: S (O*) + V* + being + V (-ing)-3/ed + Ex: I remember my mother teaching me English -> I remember being taught English by my mother Active: S + V* + O* + to Vo + Passive: S (O*) + be (am/is/are/was/were) + V*-3/ed + to Vo + Ex: He told me to exercise -> I was told to exercise -Active: S* + V + O + to V* + O* + Passive: S (O*) + V + to be + V (*)-3/ed + Ex: I want you to help me this work -> I want to be helped this work -Active: S + V + O1 + prep + O2 Passive: S (O1) + be (am/is/are/was/were) + V-3/ed + prep + O2 Ex: They announced their story to the class -> Their story was announced to the class Một số dạng bị động đặc biệt: ¯Câu mệnh lệnh (command) Ex: Close the door -> Let the door be closed Don’t close the door -> Let not the door be closed Let (để cho): Ex: We let her go out -> She was let go out Don’t let people laugh at you -> Don’t let yourself be laughed at