Potential Recovery of Plastic Waste May 6, 2014 Content  Overview  Techniques • Mechanical Recycling • Feedstock Recycling • Energy Recovery  Environmental Potential  Economic Potential  Other methods of treating plastic waste Part Overview Overview of plastic waste  What are plastics? • Polymers made from various monomers • Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc Two main kinds • Thermoplastics • Thermosets Plastic resin codes Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Plastic Industry Plastic production from 1950-2012 Plastic consumption Plastic waste in the world Plastic waste in the Ocean Click icon to add picture Plastic waste imposes negative environmental externalities Part Techniques i Mechanical Recycling ii Feedstock recycling iii Energy Recovery Certain requirements must be met for recycling to be economically feasible and environmentally effective: • an adequate source of recyclates • a system to extract those recyclates from the waste stream • a nearby factory capable of reprocessing the recyclates • a potential demand for the recycled products Chemical or feedstock recycling has the advantage of recovering the petrochemical constituents of the polymer, which can then be used to re-manufacture plastic or to make other synthetic chemicals • technically feasible! But uneconomic without significant subsidies Technological advances in recycling can improve the economics in two main ways • decreasing the cost of recycling • closing the gap between the value of recycled resin and virgin resin Energy Recovery MSWI (municipal solid waste incinerators) with energy recovery • The The high investment cost and the need for foreign currency • The complexity of the technical installations • Special requirements in terms of quantity and composition • The need for a comprehensive and mature waste management system and institutional set-up in general • Stable energy demand and prices  incinerators is a risky investment Energy Recovery Cement kiln End of Life Tyres With a calorific value equivalent to that of good quality coal, End of Life Tyres are used as an alternative to fossil fuels Energy Recovery Deriving fuel (petrol, diesel, LPG) from plastic • Plastic to Fuel (PTF)-derived fuel is competitive to traditionally-derived fuel • One ton of mixed scrap plastic = 264 gallons of consumer-ready fuel • Production costs (if plastic is obtained for free) = $0.75 per gallon • PTF is a consideration of the “best and highest use” for non-recycled plastics • One gallon of oil = 138,095 BTUs • One pound of mixed plastic = 15,500 BTUs (when incinerated) Plastic to Fuel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGGabrorRS8 Part Other methods of treating plastic waste Highly efficient recycling technology for multilayer films Background What is the multilayer film? The composite film which laminates PET, PA as the functional layer to give gas barrier property, pinhole resistant, and so on and PE, PP as the sealant layer Situation of waste treatment of the multilayer film: • Most of multilayer films have been being disposed of (incineration, or landfill), as these cannot be recycled to materials with required strength • The mill ends of these multilayer films of 15,000 t/month (estimate value) are discharged from printing factories in Japan Objective • Utilization of these multilayer films as recycled material by commpatibilization technology of different kinds of plastics • Converting to economically advantageous sheet by achieving both compatibilization and molding to sheets from shredded flakes of mill end of multilayer films Tray- to-Tray recycling by “FPCO system” Effective of recycling the end [...]... hazardous waste MSWI plant Spittelau / Vienna 2 Cement kiln • Plastics waste, which have quite high calorific values, offer a viable alternative fuel • Plastics waste can replace approximately 15% of normal fossil fuel in Cement Kilns • Process: plastic waste  removal of unwanted materials and shredding  fed into kiln 2 Cement kiln Benefits: • High temperature  no risk of generation of any toxic... Advantages: • The possibility of the use of mixed used plastics containing halogens • The possibility of the use of heavy high chlorine factions from the sorting of plastics • Insensitivity towards fluctuating qualities of the material fed to the system • Simple integration into existing refinery and power conversion plants 2 Hydrogenation • Definition: Hydrogenation of plastics is a potential alternative... generation of any toxic emission due to the burning of plastics waste • Creating an enormous opportunity for the proper management of plastics waste • Energy saving • Financial benefits • Reduce CO2 emission 3 Deriving fuel (petrol, diesel, LPG) Processes: Advantages and disadvantages Benefits • All types of plastic can be used • Decreases the amount of waste plastic dumped in landfills and the environment,... (Ni), molybdenum (Mo) and iron (Fe), under high pressure during hydrogenation of plastic 3 Blast furnace • Definition: The ‘feedstock recycling’ of plastics waste in the metal blast furnace process provides a further option for plastics at its end -of life • Application: Plastics convert iron ore to steel • Process: plastic waste can roughly be described as a hydrocarbon compound, is used as reducing... Recovery( Recycling) • Waste is part of the economy- it is by-product of economic activity, by business, governments and households • Economic efficiency in the waste context – is attained when the amount of waste generated is optimal • Recycling is more efficient in densely populated areas • The price of the recycled polymer compared with virgin polymer • The cost of recycling compared with alternative forms of acceptable... electricity • Used alongside traditional sources of fuel in coal power plants or in local heating • Used as alternative fuel in cement kilns industry because of high calorific value Part 3 Environmental potential Material recovery (recycling) Upsides • reduce the requirement for plastics production • reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal Downsides • recycling... (Municipal solid waste incineration) with energy recovery • Cement kiln • Deriving fuel (petrol, diesel, LPG) from plastic 1 MSWI with energy recovery Slag remain at the end of kiln Process Plastic waste storage Grid kiln Flue gas and ash Treated Reuse in road construction cleaning Flue gas cleaning residues NEUTREC system Disposal 1 MSWI with energy recovery Environmental impacts: • Airborne particulates... a negative impact on the internal cycles of sulfur, alkalis and chlorine in the kiln system • May contain other contaminants such as amines, alcohols, waxy ,hydrocarbons, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens and some inorganic substances • HCl and VOC emissions may increase 3 Applications • Many waste plastics have been tested for producing fuel oil, such as plastics of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE),... amount of air or oxygen in a heated chamber, into a mixture of combustible gases (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and some trace compounds) There are four different types of gasifiers: • Updraft (counter-current flow gasifying agent and feedstock) • Downdraft (co-current flow gasifying agent and feedstock) • Crossdraft • Plasma Plasma gasification Energy recovery • MSWI (Municipal solid waste. .. Energy recovery MSWI • air pollution control • gas cleaning system  Environmental friendly technology Cement kiln • substitution of coal • 100% efficiency • environmentally safe, secure • reduce greenhouse effect Deriving fuel (petrol, diesel, LPG) • flue gas composition and ash quality controlled by regulations • supervision of both producer and consumer Part 4 Economic Potential Material Recovery( Recycling)