國立臺灣海洋大學 水產養殖學系 博士學位論文 指導教授：繆峽 博士 越南湄公河三角洲草蝦 Penaeus monodon 與條紋鯰 Pangasianodon hypopthalmus 養殖之生物經濟分析 Bioeconomic analyses for Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and Striped catfish Pangasianodon hypopthalmus farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 研究生：張平(Truong Khac Hieu) 撰 中華民國 104 年 月 越南湄公河三角洲草蝦 Penaeus monodon 與條紋鯰 Pangasianodon hypopthalmus 養殖之生物經濟分析 Bioeconomic analyses for Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and Striped catfish Pangasianodon hypopthalmus farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 研 究 生：張平 指導教授：繆峽 Student：Truong Khac Hieu Advisor：Dr Miao Sha 國 立 臺 灣 海 洋 大 學 水 產 養 殖 學 系 博 士 論 文 A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Aquaculture College of Life Sciences National Taiwan Ocean University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Aquaculture June 2015 Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China 中華民國 104 年 月 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to VEST 500 project for the financial support that helped to make that first step be possible I am truly indebted for letting me experience educational journey to National Taiwan Ocean University Secondly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to National Taiwan Ocean University for my admission Many thanks for giving me the opportunity to widen my theoretical knowledge and beautiful experiences that gives me foundation for near future along my cultural experience My profoundest gratitude goes to my advisor, Dr Sha Miao for the unreserved help, guidance and valuable comments which lead to the fulfillment and improvement of this manuscript step by step I have learned many things since I became Dr Sha Miao’s student I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Cheng Ting Huang who helped me format my dissertation and resolve my difficulties during time studying at NTOU My special thanks come to my lab mates and friends for always being available to help me in my research Most certainly, I would also like to express sincere gratitude to the leaders and staff of Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Agency of Aquatic Resources Exploitation and Conservation of An Giang, Can Tho and Tra Vinh Provinces and Fisheries Divisions of An Phu, Chau Doc, Thot Not, Tieu Can, Cau Ke districts provided information and data related to this study and joined in the farm survey Thanks also to my colleagues, who were actively involved in data collection and households interviews Most importantly, I would like to thank my parents and my wife for their love and encouragement i 摘要 本研究探討越南湄公河三角洲之草蝦與條紋鯰養殖在不同養殖地區及生產規 模的經濟分析。 根據研究結果顯示，草蝦養殖之生產成本與經營獲利皆會因生產規模不同而有 顯著差異，其中以集約式養殖具有較高之營運成本、生產效益與盈利能力，其次為 半集約式養殖，而粗放式養殖則最低；條紋鯰養殖之生產成本與經營獲利皆會因養 殖地區不同而有顯著差異，營運成本與生產效益以中游地區為最高，其次為上游地 區，而下游地區則最低，但在盈利能力方面則以下游地區優於上游、中游或其他更 高海拔養殖地區。經 Cobb-Douglas 生產函數分析，草蝦養殖如增加固定、種苗和 飼料成本投入，淨收益會隨著經濟規模遞增而增加；而條紋鯰養殖如增加飼料投 入，淨收益會隨著經濟規模遞增而增加，但用藥成本投入提高則會使淨收益遞減。 由典型相關分析發現，兩個產業同時考慮生物耐受性和經濟權衡可使管理與生產效 率最佳化，在草蝦養殖應考慮最適放養密度與養殖存活率；條紋鯰養殖方面則是考 慮最適放養密度與種苗規格。 草蝦養殖方面，粗放式養殖欲增加收益需提高生產規模與提升養殖技術，而半 集約系統養殖則可延長養殖週期來提高利潤。條紋鯰養殖方面，最佳生產效益表現 上，中游地區應放養 1.83 公分的魚苗規格；上游地區最適放養密度為 47.17 尾/平 方公尺；下游地區最佳收穫重量為 0.86 公斤/尾。此外，政府應建立適當的政策及 基礎設施以加強種苗品質管理、鼓勵養殖業者使用能取代石化能源的電力、申請全 球 GAP 標準以提升國際市場的貿易競爭、增加國內飼料加工企業競爭力。 關鍵字: 草蝦(Penaeus monodon)、 條紋鯰(Pangasianodon hypopthalmus)、生 物經 濟、生產系統、收益、多變量統計分析 ii Abstract The bioeconomic analysis of cost and return for Tiger shrimp and Striped catfish farming in Mekong Delta, Vietnam was studied by considering different production scales and geographical locations Both the production cost and the profitability were influenced by the production scales for Tiger shrimp farming and impacted by the geographical locations for Striped catfish farming Multivariate statistical analysis showed that operating cost, benefit and earning capacity increased from extensive to semi intensive and finally to intensive systems for Tiger shrimp farming Meanwhile, operating cost and benefit declined from middlestream ponds to upstream ponds and finally to downstream ponds for Striped catfish farming, however, the earning power of downstream ponds was higher than that of upstream or middlestream ponds Cobb Douglas production function analysis revealed that net revenue from increasing the production scale would increase if input intensities of fixed, seed and feed costs rose for Tiger shrimp farming while net revenue from increasing the production scale would increase if input intensity of feed cost rose and net revenue would decrease with an increase in input intensity of medication costs for Striped catfish farming Canonical correlation analysis mentioned that to delimit the most appropriate stocking density and survival rate for Tiger shrimp farming as well as the most suitable stocking density and fingerling size for Striped catfish farming by considering both the biological tolerance and economic trade-off effects would be better through the management and production efficiency for both of two industries For Tiger shrimp farming, the production scale and cultivation techniques of extensive system should be invested more and the culture period of semi-intensive system should be longer to raise the profit For Striped catfish farming, the size of fingerlings from middlestream ponds (1.83 cm high), the stocking density from upstream ponds (47.17 fingerlings /m2), and the weight of fish harvested from downstream ponds (0.86 kg/fish) should be the best for production efficiency Besides, various levels of government should put in place suitable policies and infrastructure to reinforce the management of seed quality, to encourage farmers to use electricity instead of petroleum, to apply Global Good Agricultural Practisces standards to improve trade competition in iii international markets, to increase competitive capacity of domestic feed processing companies Keywords: Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypopthalmus), bioeconomic, production system, profitability, multivariate statistical analysis iv Abbreviations ACC Aquaculture Certification Council AFA An Giang Fisheries Association AGIFISH Company An Giang Fisheries Export company APPU An Giang Fish Pure Pangasius Union ASC Aquaculture Stewardship Council AUSAID Australian Agency for International Development BCR Benefit cost ratio BMP Better Management Practices DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DARDTV Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Tra Vinh province DOA Department of Aquaculture Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development DOF Directorate of Fisheries EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCR Feed conversion ratio Fistenet The website of Department of Fisheries http://www.fistenet.gov.vn GAP Good Agricultural Practices Global GAP Global Good Aquaculture Practices MANOVA Multivariate analysis of variance MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development NAFIQAD National Fisheries Quality Assurance and Veterinary Directorate v NGOs Non-Government Organizations NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation Oxfam Oxford Committee for Famine Relief SQF Safe Quality Food VASEP Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers Viet GAP Vietnam Good Agricultural Practices VINAFIS Vietnam fisheries Society VND Vietnamese Dong WWF World Wildlife Fund vi Contents Acknowledgments i Abstract (in Chinese) .ii Abstract iii Abbreviations v Contents vii List of tables x List of figures xiii Introduction Overview of Tiger shrimp and Striped catfish farming in Vietnam 2.1 Biological characteristics of Striped catfish and Tiger shrimp 2.1.1 Biological characteristics of Tiger shrimp 2.2 Current status of Tiger shrimp farming 2.2.1 Tiger shrimp farming system 2.2.2 Infrastructure of Tiger shrimp farming zones 2.2.3 Input supplying services 2.2.4 The role of supporters and influencers 10 2.3 Current status of Striped catfish farming 14 2.3.1 Striped catfish farming system 14 2.3.2 Infrastructure of Striped catfish farming zones 16 2.3.3 Input supplying services 16 2.3.4 The role of supporters and influencers 19 2.4 Literature Review 23 Materials and methods 30 3.1 Description of the study areas 30 3.1.1 Geographical conditions of the Mekong Delta 30 3.1.2 Geographical conditions of Tra Vinh province 31 3.2 Sampling and Data collection 33 3.2.1 Sampling sites 33 3.2.2 Data sources 33 3.3 Variables definition 34 vii 3.4 Data processing and analysis 35 3.4.1 Cost and return analysis 35 3.4.2 Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) 36 3.4.3 Principle component analysis 37 3.4.4 Canonical correlation analysis 37 3.4.5 Cobb Douglas production function analysis 38 Results and discussions 39 4.1 Simple comparative analysis in Tiger shrimp and Striped catfish farming 39 4.1.1 Tiger shrimp farming 39 4.1.1.1 Comparative analysis of biological indicators in Tiger shrimp farming systems 39 4.1.1.2 Comparative analysis of production costs in Tiger shrimp farming systems 40 4.1.1.3 Comparative analysis of financial indicators in Tiger shrimp farming systems 45 4.1.1.4 Comparative analysis of profitabilities in Tiger shrimp farming systems 46 4.1.2 Striped catfish farming 47 4.1.2.1 Comparative analysis of biological indicators in Striped catfish production sites 47 4.1.2.2 Comparative analysis of production costs in Striped catfish production sites 49 4.1.2.3 Comparative analysis of financial indicators in Striped catfish production sites 52 4.1.2.4 Comparative analysis of profitabilities in Striped catfish production sites 53 4.2 Principle component analysis in Tiger shrimp and Striped catfish farming 55 4.2.1 Principle component analysis of production costs in Tiger shrimp farming systems 55 4.2.2 Principle component analysis of profitabilities in Tiger shrimp farming systems 58 4.2.3 Principle component analysis of production costs in Striped catfish production sites 62 viii 131 132 133 134 NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE Pei-Ning Road, Keelung ,Taiwan 20224,R.O.C QUESTIONAIRE (For the research on “Bioeconomic analysis for Tiger shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) farming in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam”) Date: ………… Interviewer: …………………………… PART A: Information on demographic characteristic of respondents - Respondent’s name: ……………………………… - Age: ……… Gender: Female Male - Address: …………….…… Phone No: …………… - Education level: ………………… - Giant tiger shrimp farming experience: …………year (s) - Total area of farm: ……… (ha) - What is rearing farming system? Intensive Semi-intensive Extensive - Labor force: Number of hired labors Men Number of family labors Women Men Women - Technical manager: ……………………………… - Professional ability: ……………………………… PART B: FIXED COSTS AND TECHNIQUE: This part estimates the total necessary costs of items and technique to set up of giant tiger shrimp farming for one farming crop Viet Nam dong is the currency used in the survey Initial investment of shrimp farming (Farmer’s Response) - Are there sedimentation ponds in your farm? Yes………….ha No 135 - How many shrimp pond are there in your farm? ………… Number of shrimp pond Water surface area (ha) Depth (m) Construction cost Pond Pond Pond Pond - Are there other materials that you buy during the raising time (or period)? If yes, please itemize their cost Item Pond Unit cost (VND/pond) Pond Pond Pond Water pump Paddle wheel aerator Water propeller turbine Alkaline meter pH meter Seine & net Boat Others Items Sources of initial investment: ……% self-support …… % loan …… % of interest Land lease Salary of staff Planning and designing Permit fees Storage Electric generator Electric system Maintenance Others Unit cost (VND) Note Number of crops a year and rearing period Number of crops per year Pond Crop Crop Crop Rearing period (from day, month….to day, month…) 136 Note 4 Pond preparation method Steps of pond preparation: - How many days for drying pond bottom? : - Methods of taking water into pond: Farmer’s response 4.1 Water resources River Rivulet or Canals Screening inflowing water Monitoring common environmental parameters (pH, S‰, DO…) Note □ □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No □ Salinity (ppt): ………; Alkalinity(mg/L):…… ; pH: ……… Yes □ No □ Amount (kg/m2):……… :……… :……… :……… :……… 4.2 Water treatment Lime Salt Chlorine BKC Others 4.3 Bottom treatment Sludge removal Yes □ No □ Lime Amount (kg/m2):……… Salt :……… Chlorine :……… BKC :……… Others :……… 4.4 Understanding of neighbored Yes □ No □ farms regarding to intake of water PART C: VARIABLE COSTS AND TECHNIQUE: This part estimates total necessary costs of items and technique to set up of giant tiger shrimp farming for one farming crop: Seed: Farmer’s response 5.1.Seed resource Self-supported Middle men Venture hatchery □ □ □ 137 Note Others 5.2.Seed quality selection method Observation: characteristic of seed test as color, size… PCR Stress test as salt Others methods (if have) 5.3 Stocking density: Pond Seed size Stocking densities (seed/m2) (seed/pond) □ □ □ □ □ Unit cost (VND/seed) (VND/pond) Feed types, used feed amount: □ Artificial feed (Commercial feed) □ Farm made feed □ □ Combined artificial and farm made feeds Live feed Artificial feed (Name of feed company) Pond Farm made feed Note Time of Rearing st month st month st month Pond Feed No Number of time to eat feed per day Total quantity of feed (kg) per Day 4 138 Month Rearing duration Unit cost (VND/Kg) st month 4 Are there other materials that you buy during the processing time (or period)? If yes, please itemize their cost Item Unit Pond 1 Unit cost Total cost Electricity Lime Fertilizer Chlorine Probiotics Labor Medicine Fuel Others Water quality management methods: Water quality The day after problems stocking - Main cause Names of chemical used Quantity Results Water monitoring results (if have): ………………… st month Parameters - Salinity (ppt) - Alkalinity - pH - Temperature - NH 139 nd month rd month th month - NO -H S Water exchange - Frequency (time) - Exchange rate (% water volume) Water paddling wheel - No of devices - Hours/day - Discharge water and treatment: Farmer’s response Discharge water released into River Canal Rice field Garden Sedimentation pond Others With screening Discharge water treatments Lime Salt Chlorine BKC Others Understanding of neighbored regarding to discharge of water Note □ □ □ □ □ □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No □ Amount (kg/m2):…… :……… :……… :……… :……… farms Yes □ No □ Methods of disease treatment (if have) Farmer’s response Disease period st □ week st month Middle months Last months Disease season Rainy Dry Entire year Disease types White-spot Baculovirus (WSBV) Yellow-head Virus (YHV) □ …… □ □ …… …… □ □ □ □ □ 140 Dead rate (%): …… Note Hepatopancreatic Parvo-like Virus (HPV) Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) Monodon Baculovirus (MBV) Vibrio vulnificus Uminous bacterial disease Others Disease treatment Water exchange Vitamin C Probiotic Name of chemical and medicine Others methods □ □ □ □ □ □ Quantity and result □ □ □ □ □ PART D: PRODUCT HARVESTING AND SELLING 10 Harvest size/weight of shrimp and selling price: Harvest size/weight of shrimp (shrimps/kg) Selling price (VND/Kg) Minimum Medium Maximum 11 Product harvesting: Pond Growth period (months/pond) Survival rate (%/ pond) Shrimp size/weight (shrimps/kg) Selling price (VND/kg) Production (kg/pond) PART E: CONTRAINTS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 12 How many times have you been attended workshops from the government, aquatic food companies or NGOs etc? a Never □ Yes b once a week c once a month d once a year 13 Do you think that you will expand giant shrimp production in the future? Please indicate by choosing one or more reasons that you think to be important High profitability □……… Still favorable water environment □……… 141 Opening market More applied food sanitation and safety standards Others □……… □……… □……… □ No 14 Please choosing problems that you think affect to your farm? (if have) Polluted water environment □……… Unfavorable weather □……… Reduced seed quality □……… Increased shrimp diseases □……… Lack of technical knowledge assistance □……… High interest rate □……… Lack of financial support □……… Increased production cost (feed, seed, labor, medication, □……… electricity costs) Unpredictable price □……… Low price □……… Lack of proper market □……… Lack of harvesting and marketing problems (Trade □……… embargoes of importing countries) 14 Give your suggestions for improvement below THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! 142 NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE Pei-Ning Road,Keelung ,Taiwan 20224,R.O.C QUESTIONAIRE (For the research on “Bioeconomic Analysis for Striped catfish Pangasianodon Hypopthalmus Commercial Pond Culture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam”) Date: ………… Interviewer: …………………………… PART A: This part is about the demographic characteristic of the respondents - Respondent’s name: ……………… Gender : Female Male Age: …… - Address: …………….………………… Phone No: ……… - Education level: ……… - Number of experience years: … PART B: Investment costs Number of fishponds and construction cost Number of ponds Water surface area (ha) Depth (m) Construction cost Construction Year Pond Pond Pond Pond …… Investment costs Items SL Unit cost (VND) Storage Drainage system Transport system in farm Water pump Electric generator Electric system Fence Boat Feeding stand Seine & net Maintenance Others 143 Year Note PART C: Variable costs and techniques Number of crops per year and growth period Number of crops per year Rearing period (from month….to month…) Pond Pond Pond Pond Note Crop Crop Crop Fingerling Farmer’s Response - Fingerling source come from inside the province outside the province - Fingerling quality good bad Note □ □ □ □ Pond Pond Pond Pond -Stocking density (fingerling/m ) -Fingerling size (cm high) -Fingerling price(VND/one) Feed Pond Feed source come from Pond Pond Pond Note foreign-owned companies domestic companies Feed quality good/not good Used amount (kg) Price (VND/kg) Are there other materials that you buy during the processing time (or period)? If yes, please itemize their costs Item Unit Quantity of pond 144 Unit cost Total cost 10 Labor Electricity Fuel for using water pump Lime Chemicals Chlorine Probiotics Medicine Pond sanitation Interest Harvesting Pond Farmer’s response Pond Pond Growth period (months) Survival rate (%) Harvest size (g) Production (kg) Selling price (VND/kg) THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! 145 Note Pond [...]... Organization are working on promotion of sustainability for Vietnam seafood including Tiger shrimp and Striped catfish The Spanish government supports the development and promotion of Viet GAP for Tiger shrimp and Striped catfish (Duijn et al., 2012) 2.3 Current status of Striped catfish farming 2.3.1 Striped catfish farming system The farming of Striped catfish in Vietnam has developed rapidly over the past ten... costs and returns of the Tiger shrimp farming as well as the influence of three geographical locations on costs and returns of the Striped catfish grow-out business in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam In addition, there is the related variables taken at each farm in response to the research purpose The variables are random and interrelated in such a way that their different effects cannot meaningfully be interpreted... of the fingerlings for the Mekong River Delta (Khoi, 2011) Therefore, especially small-scale farmers rely on the private hatcheries The quality of fingerlings produced by private hatcheries is often very low The low quality of fingerlings is one of the main causes for the high mortality rate at the Striped catfish farms There are constraints that reduce the quality of Striped catfish fingerlings in. .. to semi-intensive and finally to intensive systems Feed and fingerling inputs were major costs of total production costs The feed cost accounted for the highest percentage, ranging from 75% to 86.51% and the fingerling cost contributed to the second largest percentage, ranging from 11.35% to 12% of the production costs in Striped catfish farming in Vietnam Ahmed (2007) showed that the feed and labor... profitabilities for Tiger shrimp ponds in three farming systems 97 Table 12 Background information of respondents interviewed in three Tiger shrimp farming systems 98 Table 13 Water environment parameters following months at shrimp culture places in Tra Vinh province 99 Table 14 Correlations between input intensity and biological variables for Tiger shrimp ponds in three farming systems... Equipment for shrimp farming is mostly sold through local warehouses that sell inputs for the agricultural sector 2.2.4 The role of supporters and influencers Middlemen and transporters In Vietnam, middlemen play a crucial role in the shrimp farming sector Small farmers not only depend on middlemen for the farm inputs such as seed, feed and working capital, but also depend on middlemen for harvesting the shrimp. .. maximize the farming profit The analysis of cost and return can therefore provide such improvement for farming management (Miao and Huang, 2002) For Tiger shrimp farming, Shang (1990) and EC (2002) mentioned that the fixed costs and variable costs per hectare increased alongside the intensification level and the percentage of fixed cost was normally decreased with increasing production scale In terms... human health and environment detriment (Pham, 2008) 2.2.2 Infrastructure of Tiger shrimp farming zones The shrimp culture zoning are often unplanned or poorly designed in Vietnam Most of the shrimp culture areas have used the existing irrigation systems planned for rice farming; therefore, they do not meet technical requirements for shrimp farming The irrigation system is only one water channel for both... correlation between input intensity and biological variables for Tiger shrimp ponds in three farming systems 100 x Table 16 Correlations between studied variables (biological and input intensity variables) and canonical variables for Tiger shrimp ponds in three farming systems 101 Table 17 Correlations between varied profitability and biological variables for Tiger shrimp ponds in three farming systems... relating unit net return to input intensities for Striped catfish ponds in three production sites 118 xii List of figures Figure 1 Map of Mekong River Delta, Vietnam 119 Figure 2 Map of Tra Vinh province, Vietnam 120 Figure 3 Location of surveyed Tiger shrimp farms in Tra Vinh province, Vietnam 121 Figure 4 Location of surveyed Striped catfish farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam