Italian IV Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar 61 Object Pronouns Subject io tu lui lei noi voi loro I you (s.i.) he/it she/it/you (s.p.) we you (p.i.) they/you (p.p.) Direct mi ti lo la ci vi li/le me you him/it her/it/you us you them/you Indirect mi ti gli le ci vi loro to me to you to him/it to her/it/you to us to you to them/you Object of Prepositions me me te you lui him/it lei her/it/you noi us voi you loro them/you S.i means singular informal, s.p means singular polite, p.i means plural informal, and p.p means plural polite For you (s.p.) and you (p.p.) they are capitalized to set them apart from the other meaning (Lei instead of lei and Loro instead of loro.) Direct and indirect pronouns go directly before the conjugated verb OR they are attached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive); except loro, which always follows the verb: Lo voglio comprare = Voglio comprarlo I want to buy it With commands, the pronoun (except loro) is attached to the end and written as one word: Parlatemi! Talk to me! With one syllable commands, the consonant of the pronoun is doubled before adding it to the end of the command: di' + mi = dimmi! tell me! However, with negative commands, the pronoun may either be placed at the end as with positive commands, or they can be placed between non and the verb: Non andarci! = Non ci andare! Don't go there! When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct Mi, ti, ci, and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve before lo, la, li and le Also notice the insertion of ce before a pronoun + avere in constructions such as: Ce l'ho I have it Non ce le ho I don't have them Gli and le become glie before lo, la, li, and le; and are written as one word connected with the other pronoun: glielo, gliela, glieli, gliele If you use the direct object pronouns lo, la, li, le in the present perfect tense, the past participle must agree with them Hai mangiato il panino? Lo ho mangiato Hai mangiato la pasta? La ho mangiata Did you eat the bun? I ate it Did you eat the pastry? I ate it In negative sentences, pronouns go before the entire verb as well, but after the non I haven't eaten it Non lo ho mangiato The following verbs are always used with indirect pronouns or nouns: to give dare to bring portare to say/tell dire to prepare preparare to ask domandare to give (as a gift) regalare to lend imprestare to return, give back rendere to teach insegnare to bring back riportare to send mandare to answer rispondere to show mostrare to write scrivere to offer offrire to call/telephone telefonare 62 Parts of the Body ankle arm artery back beard belly bladder blood body bone brain la caviglia il braccio l'arteria il dorso la barba il ventre la vescica il sangue il corpo l'osso il cervello mouth muscle nail neck nerve pain nose palm pulse rib shin / tibia la bocca il muscolo l'unghia il collo il nervo il dolore il naso la palma il polso la costola la tibia breast breath calf cheek chest chin coccyx cold complexion cough disease ear elbow eye eyebrow eyelid face fever finger fist flesh foot forehead gum hair il seno l'alito il polpaccio la guancia il petto il mento il coccige il raffreddore la carnagione la tosse la malattia l'orecchio il gomito l'occhio il sopracciglio la palpebra la faccia / il viso la febbre il dito il pugno la carne il piede la fronte la gengiva i capelli shoulder skeleton skin skull sole spine stomach tear temple thigh throat thumb toe tongue tooth vein wound waist wrist la spalla lo scheletro la pelle il cranio la pianta la spina dorsale lo stomaco la lacrima la tempia la coscia la gola il pollice il dito del piede la lingua il dente la vena la ferita la vita il polso see hear smell taste touch vedere udire annusare assaggiare toccare hand head headache health heart heel hip intestine jaw kidney knee leg lip liver lung moustache la mano la testa il mal di testa la salute il cuore il tallone l'anca l'intestino la mascella il rene il ginocchio la gamba il labbro il fegato il polmone i baffi enamel filling crown gum bone root nerve iris cornea pupil retina optic nerve lens lo smalto l'otturazione la corona la gengiva l'osso la radice il nervo l'iride la cornea la pupilla la retina il nervo ottico la lente You can use the expressions Ho mal di + body part or Mi fa male + definite article and the body part to say that something hurts If the noun is plural, you have to use mi fanno male instead of mi fa male Ho mal di testa My head hurts / I have a headache Mi fa male il dito My finger hurts Mi fanno male gli occhi My eyes hurt To talk about hair and eyes: Ha i capelli corti / lunghi S/he has short / long hair Ha i capelli biondi / bruni / neri / rossi S/he has blond / brown / black / red hair Ha gli occhi azzurri / marroni / grigi / verdi S/he has blue / brown / gray / green eyes 63 Interrogative Pronouns Most of the question words are invariable (they don't have to agree with the noun), but quale (which) and quanto (how much/many) must agree Note that these words not require a noun to follow them Before singular nouns, quale is used, and before plural nouns, quali is used Quale camicetta compri? Which blouse are you buying? Quali maglioni compri? Which pullovers are you buying? Quali compri? Which ones are you buying? Quanto has four forms that follow the regular adjective pattern Quanto is masculine singular, quanta is feminine singular, quanti is masculine plural and quante is feminine plural Quanto denaro hai? How much money you have? Quante camicette compri? How many blouses are you buying? Quanto costa? How much does it cost? 64 Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns connect a dependent clause and a main clause together in a sentence An antecedent is the noun or pronoun that the relative pronoun refers back to The relative pronouns in English are that, what, which, whom, and whose The relative pronouns in Italian are che, cui, il quale (and its forms), chi, quello che, quel che, and ciò che When the antecedent is a definite person, animal or thing, che, cui or a form of il quale is used Che is invariable and never used with a preposition Cui is also invariable, but it is always used with a preposition Il quale and its forms can be used with articles or articles plus prepositions It is mainly used in formal speech, writing and for clarity, and rarely in casual conversation La ragazza che vedi è mia sorella The girl whom you see is my sister Per le pillole di cui hai bisogno ci vuole la ricetta The pills (of) which you need require a prescription Lei è la sola persona nella quale (or in cui) io abbia fiducia You are the only person whom I trust È una medicina la quale (or che) non fa male allo stomaco It's medicine that doesn't upset your stomach When the antecedent is unknown or indefinite, chi is used when referring to people It is invariable and means "he/she who," "whoever," "the one who" and takes a verb in the third person singular form Quello che, quel che, and ciò che are all invariable and interchangeable They refer to things only and mean "what" or "that which." Chi sta bene non va dal dottore He who feels well doesn't go to the doctor Chi trova un amico, trova un tesoro One who finds a friend, finds a treasure Non capisco quello che dice I don't understand what he's saying Ciò che scrivi è sbagliato What you're writing is wrong 65 To Read, to Say/Tell, to Go Out, to Laugh leggere - to read leggo leggiamo leggi leggete legge leggono Past participle: letto dire - to say/tell dico diciamo dici dite dice dicono Past participle: detto uscire - to go out esco usciamo esci uscite esce escono Past participle: uscito ridere - to laugh rido ridiamo ridi ridete ride ridono Past participle: riso The verb dire is also used in the expression: Che ne dici di + infinitive? How about / Do you want to + infinitive? When uscire is followed by a place, the preposition da plus any contractions must be used, except in the idiom uscire di casa Esco dall'università alle 5.30 I leave the university at 5:30 66 Indefinite Adjectives & Pronouns Adjectives any / some masculine singular alcuno feminine singular alcuna masculine plural alcuni feminine plural alcune as much / many other some a lot of several few such a / such so much / many too much / many all various / several not one / not any altrettanto altro certo molto parecchio poco tale tanto troppo tutto vario nessuno altrettanta altra certa molta parecchia poca tale tanta troppa tutta varia nessuna Invariable Adjectives every some / a few whatever / any whatever / any ogni qualche qualsiasi qualunque who / whoever chi Pronouns altrettanti altri certi molti parecchi pochi tali tanti troppi tutti vari (no plural form) altrettante altre certe molte parecchie poche tali tante troppe tutte varie whoever / no matter who however / no matter how wherever / no matter where whatever / no matter what each each no one / nobody / not any nothing nothing something someone one the ones the others chiunque comunque dovunque qualunque cosa ciascuno / ciascuna ognuno / ognuna nessuno / nessuna niente nulla qualcosa qualcuno / qualcuna uno / una gli uni gli altri 67 Ci and Ne Ci (there, it, about it, of it) and ne (some, of them, of it) are both pronouns that go before the verb and they replace prepositional phrases Ci will replace phrases indicating locations that begin with in, on, to, at, under, etc and ne will replace phrases that are usually preceded by some or anumber and that indicate quantities Example Sentences I live in Paris I live there Vivo a Parigi Ci vivo