HAIPHONG UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT A STUDY ON ADAPTATION IN LITERATURE STUDENT: Nguyen Thi Tra Mi SUPERVISOR: Mr Nguyen Van Phi, M.A GROUP: English major B K13 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr Nguyen Van Phi, M.A He has given me much of his time and has supervised me in all phases of study I have taken advantage of his superior standards of scholarship and count myself privileged to have been able to work under his crucial guidance This study could not have been possible without his encouragement and recommendation to his colleagues I would also like to express my gratitude to my teachers and friends, who have directly or indirectly helped me with their encouragement and comments Of those who have helped me over the time in preparing this research, my especial gratitude is due to Mrs Tuyen–A journalism for her practical help; Mr Duong for having provided me with a comfortable computer and the center library’s references In particular, I would like to record my thanks to Nguyen Huynh Nhat Bao, whose kindness helped to carry me through difficult times and for his valued friendship Finally, my thanks go to my families for their support during the time I carried out this study A LIST OF ABBREVIATION SL: Source language TL: Target languge TT: Translation Theorize/ Translation Theories PART I: INTRODUCTION Rational Even with the most uo-to-date and sophisticated communication system We can never know how many languages man uses today in the world And thus there is a need for professional translator in careers Not only academia, the mass reader also needs to learn to access and deeper penetration as culture and science in the world, while the works of local authors, from scientific research to literary and artistic creation, not reached the amount (not to talk about quality) correspond to the needs of the market to find out Two reasons account for the rendering on that overwhelming number of publishing markets Speed publications soared in the past few decades has been that even people in the industry is difficult to master, or keep up with these developments This situation inevitably raises issues about the quality of the translated work, in which there are very serious problems In the debate about the recent translation in Vietnam, it seems too focused rules on "ethical translation" of translators through translation error investigation which lack the academic perspective, the taking online school debate, methods? We are not sure is entirely absent, but the absence as so, the hope slowly we will proceed to argue that way, and assuming there really lacking, perhaps because we not have many books faculty and documents in Vietnamese translation Way translation training in college and just concentrate processing taught sentences - word, so that the correct translation is happy then It is not taught the method attention beyond language translation, teaching students not only language considered as a tool to convey Purpose of the study When it comes to translating that we almost considered just translate (that) to term (that) the other is finished Translation, as we shall see, is not simply to find the equivalence between two languages, because rarely have two completely similar language in terms of both structure and content Someone consider translation as to look under the lens of ethics, for example whether to translate a work of moral decadence Transliteration is no longer a problem solving word anymore, but beyond that respect, become an art, an outlook through the scientific method So I this with the desired topic each learner will have a wider vision of translation, from which to explore and refer to themselves as well as the way of thinking appropriate translation method when translating literature or other works In this case the method of free applications in different fields – eexpecially the field of art and typical creativity Scope of the study The scope of this study only focus on find out what is Adaptation on base and clarify the use of Adaptation in literary works - Research question What is transaltion ?/ What is traduction? What is the main feature of Adaptation ? How to deal with Adaptation? Method of the study To carry out this study, I consult the research work of many accademia such as ‘Dich Thuat va Tu Do’, Translation theories books… to make out the clearance of Adaptation - and the use of it in literary translation Design of the study The study is organized into three parts: Introduction, development, conclusion The introduction includes the rationale, the aims of the study, the research questions, scope of the study, methods of the study as well as design of the study The development comprises three chapters: Chapter 1: Definition Chapter 2: Adaptation Chapter 3: Conclusion and some suggestions The conclusion gives a summary of what has been done and provides recommendations for futher research PẢRT 2: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: DEFINITION 1.1 • Definition of translation What is translation ? Translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that the author intended the text The English nominalisation "translation" is derived from translatus, past participle of the Latin verb transferre, "to carry over or across" It is from no more than the past participle - by definition coming after the event itself - that we have the nomen actionis "translating" (translation) and the nomen agentis "translator" English would seem to have lost the association these words once had with the less specific and more material sense of transferre Our common terms are really only articulating translation as "the translated", as the completed result of translational work In this light, translation can be seen as a special kind of response to things that have been transferred or are meant to be transferred (Translation and text transfer-Anthony Pym, 1992) There are plenty theories about Adaptation was invented by translation definition researcher through its improved history Translation, as defined by the dictionary, involves changing from one state or one form to another form to be itself or another language (Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1994) [Larson, 10.3] Hartman & Stock (1972) were defined that translation is to replace a text of source language into a similar text in another According to Nida & Taber (1974), the translation is to recreate the language in receptor language the natural equivalent and make it close to the message of the source language, first is meaning and then the style According to Larson (1998), translation is studying vocabulary, learning the structure and circumstances of communication and cultural context of the source language text, analyze text to determine meaning, and use the vocabulary and structures the appropriate structure of the language reception to re-establish the same meaning However, Newmark (1981) back to that translation is transforming a text into a different text in the same way as the authors express written documents While the above definitions are a bit different, but we have the same thing in common which is the equivalent in translation This means finding the equivalent or nearest equivalent while maintaining the meaning and the style Dr Ho Dac Tuc in ‘Dich thuat va Tu do’- (Translation and freedom) page 20, was defined as follow: ‘Translation is a general term that translated spoken and written translation Today compiler to translate only writing, translating to only service said From experience translation says, progresses through writing service when mankind has written, summarizing predecessors experience to a gradual development of the concept, making the models, the translation methodology.’ Meetham & Hudson (1969) gave more details about the same level, ‘the text in different languages may be equivalent in different degrees’ (equivalent in absolute or equal part), presentation of different aspects (the equivalent of context, semantics, the study, vocabulary, functions, number, etc ) and at different levels (the word, speech, sentences) However, Whorf (1956) is confirmed: None of two languages can recognize a reality in the same way In addition, the fact of the matter is the real world is to a large extent unconsciously formed from the language habits of the group Two languages never again fully identical to the reproduction is considered a social fact Nida (1984) also have the same point of view and asserted, could not get the absolute equivalence in translation 1.2 Definition of Adaptation Adaptation is the ‘freest’ form of translation It is used mainly for plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten (A textbook of translation by Peter Newmark, Anne Mendoza Titong) In Oxford Dictionary, page 1003 (published 2003): ‘Adaptation is the manner in which the translator translates escape binding of the original form and original language, translation language used to interpret the meaning of the original Therefore translations tend to be longer than the original.’ CHAPTER 2: ADAPTATION 2.1 Translation views from the 16th -17th century Under the reign of the theory in the Bible translation, the development of printing industry in Europe in the 15th century and the conquest of new territory of the European has led to no longer suffocated within religion and literatute propaganda Translation has become an essential activity in the 16th century, the Renaissance and has many translation theories born According to Bassnett- McGuire (1991), one of the first theorizing scholars was a French translator called Etienne Dolet (1509-1546) He supposed that the translator should have the following five conditions (Steiner 1998): (1) Must clearly understand the intent of the original author (2) Must be fluent in both the TL and SL (3) Avoid literal translation (4) Using the commonly expression commonly and easy to understand (5) Ordering the words, sentences and paragraphs easy to convince Particularly, Dolet emphasized the first principles: Prerequisites for translation is entirely encompassed the intention and inspiration of the original author (Bassnett 2002) The translator just fluent in two languages that not fully understand the original should not translate it Clearly, a jim-dandy translator is not only the letter but also have a broad understanding, sensitive and deep knowledge of all aspects related to the original For example, St Jerome travelled through Bethlehem to learn this area language and the customs of the Jews Tang Xuanzang (Đường Huyền Trang) from China to India not only because of language but also to observe feng shui (phong thủy) then translated Buddhist scriptures Dedication for this academic really respected and should emulate George Chapman (1559-1634) also said that people should avoid literal translation but not add or remove an arbitrary process what is not in the original He emphasized the importance of the Transmigration (Chuyển thần) from SL to TL How people want to give themselves the responsibilities and duties of the original author Thereby, the reader will feel the origin spirit The idea was developed and applied to the translation theorize of Nida in the 20th century In 16th century, after the death of Violet on the pyre because 'misinterpreted' the Plato shows the theoretical debate not just an academic dissension but political and social argument 2.2 The use of Adaptation of literary works (poems and plays) 2.2.1 The use of Adaptation in plays Literary translation is a creative art The tone of language is to express artistic creativity Content and title of a literary work (as stories, plays, poetry) is closely related, is a manifestation of creativity Literary works just everyday language capacity to deliver, otherwise no one understands anything At least translators have to understand the subject 10 sort of question on comment: ‘You took away a comma on page 45’, ‘this bird belongs columbidae but first must belong to evil is’or ‘be assumed to be one of the features in the style of the author, but you was not transferred to the translation.’ For example: When discuss about translating that we almost considered just translate (this mean) to (that mean) the other is finished Translation, as we shall see, is not simply to find the equivalence between two languages, because rarely have two completely similar language in terms of both structure and content Suppose there is a word equivalent in meaning between two languages go again, the context (time and space) use is not finally the same, the purpose is not necessarily the same, using the same can not be certain The conventions of the language did not explain all the phenomena of language So we should consider the other perspective Some translators have looked entirely linguistic opinion There are people that are translating to manipulate public information two cultures Have you looked at the translation under psychological perspective, as what happens in the mind of the translator during translation process Another looked under the lens of ethics, for example whether to translate a work of moral decadence Transliteration is no longer a problem solving word anymore, but beyond that respect, become an art, an outlook through the scientific method Literary translation is an oldest phenomenon and to reach literary translation method through different concept gives us a way of service and product evaluation services wisely and in moderation Not merely a matter of changing this word into another word, each specific sector there are different translations As already said, shifting from one language into another language is not a simply issue because it not only requires the translator must have knowledge of the language but also cultural knowledge, social psychology Inter-language translators will have difficulty translating fishing knives, proverbs, idioms characteristics of the people of Vietnam into English and idioms and vice versa 14 2.2.2 The use of Adaptationtranslation method in poems In the 16th century, after the death of Dolet on the pyre because ' misinterpreted' the Plato shows the theoretical debate on the extremely tense political and social, not just an academic perspective One supported the Church and one supported Transmigration Not only stress in perspective when translating the Bible and philosophy but also in poetry translation Those who focus on translation libre have been criticized as 'simulation poetry' Even they were being unnoticed because they have no authority, trnaslation libre trends (particularly for the object to read the translation) - despite still being fired on the pyre- gradually prevailed George Steiner (1998) has commented it was a boom for new idea in academic innovation The translators in this era also ware the revolutionaries and they strong impacted on the intellectual life of Europe British poet to be knighted, Sir John Denham (1615-1669) who owns many works have been translated from the Greek, French and Latin into English, said his opinion poetry translated as follows: ‘(F)or it is not his bisiness alone to translate language into language, but Poesie into Poesie; and Poesie is of so subtitle a spirit, that in pouring out of one language into another, it will all evaporate; and if a new spirit be not added in the transfusion, there will remain nothing but a Caput Mortuum.’ (Steiner, T.R 1975 English Translation Theory, 1650-1800 Assen and Amsterdam Van Gorcum) Not only note the shortcomings of literal translation, the translator of poetry- Denhamwanted to be a poet in the process of translation to get a rendering as well as a poem Utill the era, the concept was leaning towards translation libre trend One other famous poets in the English literary world was Abraham Cowley (1618- 1667) has gone so far as 15 to talk about how to translate his poetry He arbitrarily kept the origin, omitted or added that he felt the need The 17th century promoted the Adaptationlibre trend John Dryden (1631-1700) was the strongest advocated for this point of view He was given threes translating poetry (Bassnett 2002 p66): (1) Metaphrase: a literal, word-for-word translation, as opposed to a paraphrase (2) Paraphrase : express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity (3) Imitation : facsimile from the origin No (1) is too literal, word-for-word translation so it is not in the original anymore No (3) is too dissolute Dryden prioritized No (2), but he added that the simultaneous translation of poetry must be a poet, good at both two languages He or she must understand the characteristic and spirit of the poet at the same time as well as to understand that era aestheticism Dryen similed poetry translators same with portrait artist This artist must be responsible for drawing realistically but still not the truth (Bassnett 2002) Theoretically, according to Jakobson (1959-2000), there is no equivalent comprehensive semantics between two languages So, he determined that poetry can not be translated Based on these two premises, he concludes that want to translate poetry had to followed creative translation Creativity in this case is an interpretation of the poem (SL) because there was no semantic equivalence between the two different languages In 1975, Andre` Lefevere, a literature professor in University of Texas, Austin has published his research on the translation of poetry called 'Translating Poetry: Seven Strategies and a Blueprint.' Firstly, Lefevere has outlined seven ways to translate poetry in which each has strengths and weaknesses For instance, if the translators keep the original rhyming, the translations will be shaky and lose its meaning Secondly, word by word or literal translation makes the structure and implication of the original disappear (Susan Bassnett 2002: 87) Lafevere’s analysis was tranfered from Latin, not English-Vietnamese translation Thirdly, translators can still apply a multiple methods as perfect as possible when translating a poem 16 All people assumed that each word has its connotation from the author Sometimes, there are words without implication but to convey images or cry rhythm for the poem Suppose that we isolate one word, it would not make sense Conversely, when these words link together could help the reader feel the sheer aesthetic beauty of the poem It was the specific factors must not forget English poetry often focuses on ‘Meter’ (accented or unaccented) which are orded by the poet's own though English poetry is not always necessary the rhythm that many not or have only rhymes (repeats vowels, consonants at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence) For instance, ‘And through the drifts the snowy clifts’ (Coleridge, the Ancient Mariner) For example: Tong Huu Nhan (China-Vietnamese) was a poem composed by Li Bai (Ly Bach) which including sentences, each sentence gathered words: TỐNG HỮU NHÂN Thanh sơn hoành bắc quách, Bạch thủy nhiễu đông thành, Thử địa vi biệt, Cô bồng vạn lý chinh, Phù vân du tử ý, Lạc nhật cố nhân tình, Hủy thủ tự tư khứ, Tiêu tiêu ban mã minh (1) Tan Da ( Tản Đà): TIỄN BẠN Chạy dài cõi bắc non xanh, Thành đông nước chảy quanh thành trắng phau 17 Nước non chỗ đưa nhau, Một xa, muôn dặm cánh bồng Chia phôi khác mối lòng Người mây kẻ trông bóng tà! Vẫy tay rời xa, Nhớ tiếng ngựa nghe mà buồn teo Tan Da was the famous poet who owned Tang Alexandrine translated poetry close to Vietnam However, this version was unccessful because of rambling and redundant The second have two same word 'Thành' 'Thử địa' means 'đất này', but he has transformed into 'nước non' so it sounds artificial; 'Cô bồng' exuding the desolation and loneliness which being translated into ‘Cánh bồng' sounds so far-fetched Then he tried to translate in the form of ‘Alexandrine’ (Tho Luc Bat) and the poem ends with 'Buồn teo' This word does not describe a liberal space is evoked from the neigh Now, please observe two comparison images (side by side) of the SL: Phù vân/ du tử ý Lạc nhật/cố nhân tình ‘Phù vân’: traveling aimlessly from place to place; itinerant ‘Du tử ý’: the dream of pilgrims ‘Lạc nhật’: sunset ‘Cố nhân tình’: affection of old friends In this poem the author wanted to compare the adventure dream of person who went away It was like floating clouds and affection of the pilgrim to his best friend was like the sadness as dusk In English, they usually have a 'Preposition' or 'Adverb' between two compared objects, for instance; (2) Ezra Pound, American poet: 18 FAREWELL TO A FRIEND Blue mountains to the north of the walls, White river winding about them; Here we must make separation And go out through a thousand miles of dead grass Mind like a floating wide cloud, Sunset like the parting of old acquaintances Who bow over their clasped hands at a distance Our horses neigh to each others as we are departing In the fifth and sixth, The Tang characteristic was unchanged by close together two images with the preposition 'like' However, he disordered as follow: In the original: natural+human feeling (phù vân+ du tử ý) Look at version (2): (5): human feeling+natural (mind+ floating wide cloud) => This was out of order (6): natural+human feeling (sunset+old acquaintances) => This was the same to origin Though, this was not equivalent, the Pound has shown the spirit of classical Chinese poetry (Tang) and makes the reader was unfamiliar with their own language The poet Ezra Pound, who initiated the ‘Imagism’ He advocated the beauty of the poetic language was sharp, clearly, picturesque and omitted unnessesary letters He brought the novelty of China into English poetry However, this view has been accepted or rejected depends on readers 19 Besides the difficulties due to language differences and aesthetic concepts, translating poetry must also be able to choose how to reconstruct a dead spirit They even had to use the suitable language and tone because of contemporaries 'Greatest difficulties (poetry translation) is to translate a dead poem, because not only the poet and his era is gone, the meaning of the poem in the context at that time also dead Sometimes, such as a rhyme, in which people can experience a new kind of poetry and nobody knows for a very long time So, how can loyalty to a dead form In this case, the solution was creating a new poetic spirit or reforming to rescue the original.’ (Bassnett 2002:88-89) In honest, we all agreed that language is the medium of literature However, the language was not only conveyed meaning but also the feelings of the writer Therefore, literature was a different type The translator forced to express the author's feelings, and better reflect the style of the original expression However, these many methods still imperfection Each translator has their own though to separate the prose and poetry translation This may be a convention limiting the freedom of the translator The limit does not prevent creation to reach the qualities of the masterpiece CHAPTER 3: ETHICAL TRANSLATION AND SOME SUGGESTIONS OF USING TRANSLATION METHODS 3.1 Ethical translation Moral in translation is a phenomenon being considered from the beginning of 21 century Moral is not only divided between the right thing to and the wrong thing to avoid or between true and false but also a conception in translate Each transalting methods all 20 concluded perspective in Whenever we chose this and exclude another, we expressed a worldview as well as a conception of moral Ethics is a professional concern Ethical questions concern translation on two levels On the one hand, tired repetitions of traduttore traditore presuppose some kind of ideal loyalty to a source text, author or sender, often pitted against similar loyalty to a receiving language, culture or receiver On the other, codes of ethics are written for the control of translation as a profession, regulating the translator's relations with other translators, with clients and with questions like official secrets These are two very different levels In the first case, the ideal translator remains an invisible linguistic figure, corresponding to no Ihere-now In terms of the profession, however, the ideal translator is a juridical and fiscal entity who, according to most contemporary ethical codes, should have paratextual and extra-textual presence as the partly responsible source of translated texts The implicit anonymity of the first level would seem to be overridden by a call to explicit professional presence on the second But can it simply be assumed that all individual translators have become equally professional? Have they really gained sufficient authority to develop their own ethics? And if so, where did this authority come from, and in whose interests should it be used? Approaches to translational ethics mostly fail to address such questions because they are almost exclusively focused on the practice of the abstract individual translator Experts thus set about writing rules on the model of "when in situation A, take action B", hoping that inexpert individuals will conform to an ethically unquestioned and ostensibly unquestionable norm But if no isolated individual has ever gained enough authority to formulate and apply this kind of rule - truly isolated individuals tend to be called traitors , how can a realistic code of behaviour possibly be formulated in such terms? The starting point for translational ethics must be the professional group, not the lone hand This means that, since the historical development of the profession concerns a collectivity - translators as a social group - , it is misleading to formulate translation rules as simple precepts for individuals who might be morally right or corrigibly wrong The 21 essential problem of translational ethics is not how to translate in any given situation, but who may decide how to translate Partial answers to this question can be gleaned from the long march from slavery to professionalism Translators became professional, but they did not so spontaneously or individually They passed through several intermediary stages, recountable in terms of political models and arabesque arguments concerning inspiration, individualism, divided loyalty and the apparently neutral use of natural languages 3.2 Translators' first loyalty should not fall one side or the other Since the question of improvement can be formulated as a classical problem of multiply divided loyalties, it may be conceptualised in terms of the figures to which the translator might turn when in search of authorisation There are at least five such figures: An ethics of commercial service, most effectively based on the translator's responsibility to the client's purpose, would simply place mercenary behaviour beyond the reach of ethical critique, suggesting that the most improved translation is the one which gets paid the most and that none of the other possible sources of authority count for anything at all In the absence of any translational guiding hand (such as Luther's insistence on faith), an ethics of commercial service would appear to be more like a nonethics, although the rather more interesting but associated criterion of "professional detachment" will be commented upon below An ethics based on symmetrical respect for hypothetical cultural equality would seem inadequate to the fundamentally asymmetric principles of translation itself: authors and translators are by definition not equal; text flows between senders and receivers are rarely balanced or reciprocal; the right to information is not automatically a universal blessing An ethics of improvement must recognise that translation is a profoundly asymmetrical phenomenon An ethics based on asymmetrical cultural specificity would in fact fare no better than its symmetrical counterpart If one says that each culture has and should have its own way of translating - and thus its own way of improving texts according to its own 22 criteria - , there is no way of recognising and assessing translation as an actively communicational phenomenon necessarily relating at least two cultures An ethics of cultural specificity would be like suggesting that improvement in a marriage can only result from having husband and wife pursue their separate criteria, which in fact amounts to saying that the best marriage is divorce Is the best intercultural relation then culturespecific? Is the best translation really non-translation in disguise? There can be no doubt that certain phenomena are culture-specific But translation, precisely because it is an intercultural phenomenon, should not be one of them To pretend otherwise would be to push relativism to the paranoic extremes translation should ideally overcome; it would be to draw up rules based on unchanging cultural distances and then apply them to a phenomenon which has as its function precisely the transformation of those distances; it would be to forget that the kings, princes and priests taking their sovereignty from cultural specificity can never totally trust translators anyway Because, despite whatever cultural specificity they might be attributed, translators have always been intercultural Questions of divided loyalty cannot be decided in terms of looking in one direction rather than another Criteria of equivalence, explicitness, purpose-adequacy, hypothetical cultural equality and cultural specificity fail to provide any convincing orientation as to the general nature of translational improvement This is because they are not in themselves translational criteria; they are not derived from any careful contemplation of what translation is and does In order properly to decide how and when to improve through translation, one must first position oneself in an appropriately intercultural space, and only then consider the fortunes of individual senders, receivers, clients or cultures The ensuing discussions can usefully be directed in terms of questions like "Why translate this text?", "For whom might this text be translated?" and ultimately, "Why translate?", in the noble hope of transforming the copiers of rules into a profession of decision-makers, forcing theorisation to show itself as a part of translational practice 23 For each future generation or world situation, the answering of such questions, the practical process of collective theorisation, might ideally constitute the consensual basis of a peculiarly translational regime 3.3 Some suggestions A somewhat brutal summary of the code of ethics of the Association des traducteurs littéraires de France (ATLF), 1988: Let it suffice to say that translators: Must have adequate linguistic competence Must have knowledge of the pertinent subject matter Must refuse to translate from a TT unless with the consent of the author May only alter a text with the author's consent Have the right to accept or refuse a translation May demand the documents necessary for the translation Must respect professional secrets Must translate personally and ensure that their name appears on TT In the case of co-translation, the names of all the translators must appear on TT 10 Must demand the same conditions if co-translating 11 Must refuse work detrimental to a fellow translator 12 Must not accept work conditions inferior to those established by the profession In conclusion, theorisation is the basis of translation criticism Criticism has to be very careful when invoking apparently immutable rules There are many ways of translating, many things that can be said through translation, and bad explicit theorisation is apt to more harm than is mere poverty on the level of practice If translators are allowed to have ideas, critics should be prepared not to reject out of hand the signs of consciously applied strategies like the one probably used by Spears This is one of the reasons why a careful distinction should be made between errors and mistakes (cf Pym 199 24 PART III: CONCLUSION In conclusion, theorisation is the basis of translation criticism Criticism has to be very careful when invoking apparently immutable rules There are many ways of translating, many things that can be said through translation, and bad explicit theorisation is apt to 25 more harm than is mere poverty on the level of practice If translators are allowed to have ideas, critics should be prepared not to reject out of hand the signs of consciously applied strategies like the one probably used by Spears This is one of the reasons why a careful distinction should be made between errors and mistakes In the professional field of translation there are many theories Finding concepts emerged from thousands of years ago will help us see that translation is not just a semantic problem solving equivalent as mentioned These are the most essential luggage, indispensable if you want to become a cautious translator or want to evaluate a trnslation product We caution by knowing our predecessors made the translation method, has looked under the prism of translation Then, when assessing a translation rendering, we are humble and tolerant than for understanding that your idea is not entirely new, but because of construction of the knowledge of our predecessors Life is always moves and human always have the more choice, so the concept 'correct translation' is illuminates from different angles, from the view rather than a path to follow anymore Translators have many choices depending educated and concepts Above is what I have been searching and thinking about Adaptation What the above is not intended to be designated as one way or another service, which focuses described ones we reach and the ones that are lost when translating a certain concept Reflecting on a theory or discussion or debate about how be good at tránlate will be more interesting than to impose a forced perspective that learner must follow Because of none is perfect theory Select the method by relying on the knowledge of our predecessors is the scientific basis for the development of the art of translation on the path of development of knowledge Because of limited time, I can not continue to serial studies on the comparative freedom translation of more typical literary works, which is one of the shortcomings that I will not stop editing and development of a future research 26 REFERENCES References for definition and nature as well as functions A textbook of translation ( By Peter Newmark, Anne Mendoza Titong translated ) Theories and concepts about translation ( By Dr Shadia Banjar) 27 Translation types ( By Dr Elena Shapa, Associate professor in Moldova State University) Dịch thuật tự ( Dr Hồ Đắc Túc, ĐH Trà Vinh, XB 2012) Phiên chuyển ngôn ngữ giới ( GS.TS Hà Học Trạc, NXB Tri Thức) English- Vietnamese Bilingualism- Patterns of Code-Switching (Dr Hồ Đắc Túc) Oxford dictionary (2000) 28 [...]... T.R 19 75 English Translation Theory, 16 50 -18 00 Assen and Amsterdam Van Gorcum) Not only note the shortcomings of literal translation, the translator of poetry- Denhamwanted to be a poet in the process of translation to get a rendering as well as a poem Utill the era, the concept was leaning towards translation libre trend One other famous poets in the English literary world was Abraham Cowley (16 18- 16 67)... was Abraham Cowley (16 18- 16 67) has gone so far as 15 to talk about how to translate his poetry He arbitrarily kept the origin, omitted or added that he felt the need The 17 th century promoted the Adaptationlibre trend John Dryden (16 31- 1700) was the strongest advocated for this point of view He was given threes translating poetry (Bassnett 2002 p66): (1) Metaphrase: a literal, word-for-word translation,... translation) - despite still being fired on the pyre- gradually prevailed George Steiner (19 98) has commented it was a boom for new idea in academic innovation The translators in this era also ware the revolutionaries and they strong impacted on the intellectual life of Europe British poet to be knighted, Sir John Denham (16 15 -16 69) who owns many works have been translated from the Greek, French and Latin into... of your fine families, and because the law in its majesty does not seek vengeance, I hereby sentence you to three years’confinement to the penitentiary Sentence to be suspended.’ Only forty years of professional mourning kept the overwhelming frustration and hatred from showing on Amerigo Bonasera’s face (Mario Puzo The Godfather) 11 Observing the two Vietnamese versions as follows: (1) Dưới cặp lông... Vietnam into English and idioms and vice versa 14 2.2.2 The use of Adaptationtranslation method in poems In the 16 th century, after the death of Dolet on the pyre because ' misinterpreted' the Plato shows the theoretical debate on the extremely tense political and social, not just an academic perspective One supported the Church and one supported Transmigration Not only stress in perspective when translating... the victim's background (He also is a formidable guy) The ideology in the SL was transferred into TL whether to add some words does not exist in SL (Bassnett 2002: 12 0) Over 200 years ago, Tytler had defined that the translator can emphasize the original ideology by add some words (Tyler 19 07: 22) However, when using the Adaptation still cautious when add or omit words Do not go too far From the first... that era aestheticism Dryen similed poetry translators same with portrait artist This artist must be responsible for drawing realistically but still not the truth (Bassnett 2002) Theoretically, according to Jakobson (19 59-2000), there is no equivalent comprehensive semantics between two languages So, he determined that poetry can not be translated Based on these two premises, he concludes that want... Phù vân du tử ý, Lạc nhật cố nhân tình, Hủy thủ tự tư khứ, Tiêu tiêu ban mã minh (1) Tan Da ( Tản Đà): TIỄN BẠN Chạy dài cõi bắc non xanh, Thành đông nước chảy quanh thành trắng phau 17 Nước non này chỗ đưa nhau, Một xa, muôn dặm biết đâu cánh bồng Chia phôi khác cả mối lòng Người đi mây nổi kẻ trông bóng tà! Vẫy tay thôi đã rời xa, Nhớ nhau tiếng ngựa nghe mà buồn teo Tan Da was the famous poet who... prose and poetry translation This may be a convention limiting the freedom of the translator The limit does not prevent creation to reach the qualities of the masterpiece CHAPTER 3: ETHICAL TRANSLATION AND SOME SUGGESTIONS OF USING TRANSLATION METHODS 3 .1 Ethical translation Moral in translation is a phenomenon being considered from the beginning of 21 century Moral is not only divided between the right... translate personally and ensure that their name appears on TT 9 In the case of co-translation, the names of all the translators must appear on TT 10 Must demand the same conditions if co-translating 11 Must refuse work detrimental to a fellow translator 12 Must not accept work conditions inferior to those established by the profession In conclusion, theorisation is the basis of translation criticism ... was Abraham Cowley (16 18- 16 67) has gone so far as 15 to talk about how to translate his poetry He arbitrarily kept the origin, omitted or added that he felt the need The 17 th century promoted... Dictionary 19 94) [Larson, 10 .3] Hartman & Stock (19 72) were defined that translation is to replace a text of source language into a similar text in another According to Nida & Taber (19 74), the... 2: ADAPTATION 2 .1 Translation views from the 16 th -17 th century Under the reign of the theory in the Bible translation, the development of printing industry in Europe in the 15 th century and