ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN _ NGUYỄN NGỌC VŨ THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH VÀ THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG VIỆT CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI DƢỚI GÓC NHÌN CỦA NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGỮ VĂN Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh – Năm 2008 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN _ NGUYỄN NGỌC VŨ THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH VÀ THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG VIỆT CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI DƢỚI GÓC NHÌN CỦA NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TRI NHẬN Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ học so sánh đối chiếu Mã số: 62.22.01.10 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGỮ VĂN NGƢỜI HƢỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC PGS.TS VŨ ĐỨC NGHIỆU Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh – Năm 2008 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan công trình nghiên cứu riêng hướng dẫn khoa học PGS.TS Vũ Đức Nghiệu Các số liệu, kết nêu luận án trung thực chưa công bố công trình khác TP Hồ Chí Minh Ngày 06 tháng 09 năm 2008 Nguyễn Ngọc Vũ Mục lục DẪN NHẬP Lí chọn đề tài Lịch sử vấn đề Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Câu hỏi nghiên cứu Đối tượng nghiên cứu phạm vi tư liệu Phương pháp nghiên cứu Ý nghĩa khoa học nội dung nghiên cứu 10 Về mặt lí luận 10 Về mặt thực tiễn 11 Bố cục luận án 12 CHƢƠNG 1: MỘT SỐ VẤN ĐỀ LÍ LUẬN 15 1.1 Thành ngữ, nhận diện phân loại 15 1.2 Quan điểm ngôn ngữ học tri nhận thành ngữ 18 1.3 Các trình tri nhận não người 22 1.4 Hoạt động tổ chức phân loại tri thức não người 26 1.4.1 Hoạt động ý niệm hóa 26 1.4.2 Dữ liệu cảm nhận vận động cấu trúc tiền ý niệm 26 1.4.3 Mô hình tri nhận lí tưởng hóa 29 1.5 Miền ý niệm 31 1.6 Vai trò miền ý niệm ẩn dụ hoán dụ ý niệm 36 CHƢƠNG 2: ẨN DỤ Ý NIỆM VÀ HOÁN DỤ Ý NIỆM 44 2.1 Cấu trúc ẩn dụ ý niệm 44 2.1.1 Ẩn dụ ý niệm cấu trúc 49 2.1.2 Ẩn dụ ý niệm định hướng 51 2.1.3 Ẩn dụ ý niệm thể 53 2.1.4 Ẩn dụ ý niệm ống dẫn 55 2.2 Cấu trúc hoán dụ ý niệm 57 2.2.1 Hoán dụ ý niệm tuyến tính 57 2.2.2 Hoán dụ ý niệm tiếp hợp 58 2.2.3 Hoán dụ ý niệm bao gộp 61 2.3 Ẩn dụ ý niệm hoán dụ ý niệm: hai chiến lược tri nhận khác 65 2.3.1 Ẩn dụ ý niệm hoán dụ ý niệm cấu trúc hai trục ngôn ngữ 65 2.3.2 Quan hệ tương đồng quan hệ tương cận 66 2.3.3 Hiện tượng chiếu xạ miền ý niệm làm miền ý niệm 69 2.4 Thành ngữ chứa yếu tố phận thể người từ góc nhìn ẩn dụ ý niệm hoán dụ ý niệm 73 2.4.1 Tính tổ hợp qua lăng kính tri nhận 74 2.4.2 Vai trò ẩn dụ ý niệm 76 2.4.3 Vai trò hoán dụ ý niệm 79 CHƢƠNG 3: ẨN DỤ Ý NIỆM TRONG THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI 82 3.1 Bộ phận thể người xem vật chứa đựng 82 3.1.1 Yếu tố ĐẦU 82 3.1.2 Yếu tố MẮT 85 3.1.3 Yếu tố TRÁI TIM 87 3.2 Bộ phận thể người với quyền lực kính trọng 89 3.2.1 Nắm tay có quyền kiểm soát 89 3.2.2 Khuôn mặt danh dự người 92 3.2.3 Giương mũi lên thể niềm tự hào 95 3.3 Bộ phận thể người tính cách người 96 3.3.1 Đôi tay hay bẩn biểu tính cách 96 3.3.2 Tính cách chất liệu 98 3.3.3 Tính cách hình dạng đôi mắt 101 3.4 Các loại ẩn dụ ý niệm khác 103 3.4.1 Các loại ẩn dụ ý niệm yếu tố đầu 103 3.4.2 Thị giác xúc giác 104 3.4.3 Thị giác nguồn gốc nhận thức 106 3.4.4 Các loại ẩn dụ ý niệm yếu tố mặt 108 3.4.5 Bắt tay biểu cho hợp tác 110 CHƢƠNG 4: HOÁN DỤ Ý NIỆM TRONG THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI 112 4.1 Bộ phận thể biểu trưng cho người đặc điểm tính cách 112 4.1.1 Hoán dụ ý niệm đầu 112 4.1.2 Hoán dụ ý niệm đôi mắt 114 4.1.3 Hoán dụ ý niệm khuôn mặt 117 4.1.4 Hoán dụ ý niệm mũi 120 4.1.5 Hoán dụ ý niệm đôi tay 121 4.2 Bộ phận thể người biểu trưng cho kĩ 125 4.2.1 Mắt biểu trưng cho kĩ 125 4.2.2 Cái mũi biểu trưng cho kĩ 126 4.2.3 Bàn tay biểu trưng cho kĩ 128 4.2.4 4.3 Tai biểu trưng cho kĩ 131 Bộ phận thể người biểu trưng cho nhận thức 132 4.3.1 Mắt biểu trưng cho nhận thức 132 4.3.2 Cái mũi biểu trưng cho tò mọc, tọc mạch 135 4.3.3 Đôi tai biểu trưng cho nhận thức 136 4.4 Bộ phận thể người biểu trưng cho tâm trạng, tình cảm 139 4.4.1 Cái đầu biểu trưng cho tình cảm, thái độ 139 4.4.2 Khuôn mặt biểu trưng cho tâm trạng người 141 4.4.3 Mắt biểu trưng cho tình cảm 144 4.5 Các loại hoán dụ ý niệm khác 149 4.5.1 Cái đầu biểu trưng cho thông minh 149 4.5.2 Cái đầu biểu trưng cho sống 152 4.5.3 Cái đầu biểu trưng cho trật tự 154 4.5.4 Tay biểu trưng cho hoạt động người 156 CHƢƠNG 5: ỨNG DỤNG CÁC KẾT QUẢ NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH NGỮ DƢỚI GÓC ĐỘ TRI NHẬN VÀO VIỆC DẠY VÀ HỌC TIẾNG ANH 159 5.1 Tiềm ứng dụng ngôn ngữ học tri nhận dạy tiếng 159 5.2 Một số ứng dụng giảng dạy thành ngữ 162 5.2.1 Hiện trạng 162 5.2.2 Giải pháp 164 5.3 Ẩn dụ ý niệm việc giảng dạy đọc hiểu 171 5.4 Một vài giải pháp giảng dạy ngữ pháp theo hướng tri nhận 175 KẾT LUẬN 186 KIẾN NGHỊ VỀ NHỮNG NGHIÊN CỨU TIẾP THEO 188 DANH MỤC CÔNG TRÌNH CỦA TÁC GIẢ 189 DANH MỤC TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 191 PHỤ LỤC 1: DANH MỤC THUẬT NGỮ VIỆT – ANH 208 PHỤ LỤC 2: DANH MỤC THUẬT NGỮ ANH – VIỆT 210 PHỤ LỤC 3: THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG VIỆT CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI 212 PHỤ LỤC 4: THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI 223 DẪN NHẬP Lí chọn đề tài Thành ngữ phận quan trọng ngôn ngữ dân tộc giới Chính vậy, việc nghiên cứu thành ngữ xem chìa khóa để vào kho tàng ngôn ngữ văn hóa cộng đồng Trên giới Việt Nam, công trình nghiên cứu thành ngữ thu hút quan tâm nhà ngôn ngữ học chiếm số lượng đáng kể Tuy nhiên, phần lớn công trình nghiên cứu thành ngữ đến chủ yếu tập trung vào việc tìm hiểu cấu trúc hay khía cạnh văn hóa thành ngữ Số lượng công trình nghiên cứu thành ngữ theo hướng tri nhận ít, đặc biệt lớp thành ngữ có chứa yếu tố phận thể người Với đối tượng nghiên cứu chủ yếu trình ý niệm hóa giới khách quan tư người, ngôn ngữ học tri nhận mở nhiều phát thú vị ngôn ngữ tư Chính vậy, việc khảo sát thành ngữ góc độ ngôn ngữ học tri nhận hứa hẹn đem lại phát giải thêm vấn đề tồn công trình nghiên cứu thành ngữ trước Ở Việt Nam, từ nhà nước thực sách mở cửa đến phong trào học tập tiếng Anh nhu cầu dịch thuật tài liệu, ấn phẩm văn hoá tiếng Anh phát triển mạnh mẽ Để học tập, giảng dạy dịch thuật ngôn ngữ cách hiệu yếu tố ngôn ngữ cần phải quan tâm đến yếu tố văn hoá tư Hơn nữa, việc giảng dạy dịch thuật thành ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt công việc khó khăn mà rào cản lớn việc hiểu trọn vẹn chúng nghĩa ẩn dụ Các lí thuyết ngôn ngữ học phương pháp giảng dạy ngôn ngữ truyền thống để ngỏ số câu hỏi việc học tập giảng dạy ngoại ngữ chẳng hạn việc người xứ dùng lẫn lộn tiếng Anh giao tiếp, việc phân tích nghĩa giới từ tiếng Anh cho rõ ràng, việc giảng dạy nghĩa tổ hợp từ đa nghĩa v.v Các vấn đề tồn phần lớn gắn liền với hoạt động tri nhận trình tư người Chính vậy, câu trả lời thỏa đáng cho vấn đề không nằm vấn đề nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học tri nhận Các nhà giáo học pháp giới giảng dạy tiếng Anh gần nhận tiềm to lớn ngôn ngữ học tri nhận việc giải khó khăn dạy học ngôn ngữ cho học viên Điều thể qua việc sách chuyên khảo báo khoa học việc ứng dụng ngôn ngữ học tri nhận vào việc giảng dạy tiếng Anh giới xuất ngày nhiều Như vậy, công trình đối chiếu thành ngữ tiếng Anh với thành ngữ tiếng Việt theo góc độ ngôn ngữ học tri nhận có giá trị công tác giảng dạy dịch thuật tiếng Anh Việt Nam Dù xuất hai mươi năm lí luận ngôn ngữ học tri nhận làm sáng tỏ thêm nhiều vấn đề ngôn ngữ học đặc biệt lĩnh vực thành ngữ học Ngoài ra, nhu cầu học tập giao lưu văn hóa với khối nước có nói tiếng Anh phát triển mạnh Việt Nam, ngành ngôn ngữ học so sánh đối chiếu thu hút quan tâm ngày nhiều giới nghiên cứu Việc bắt buộc giảng dạy môn ngôn ngữ học so sánh đối chiếu cho tất sinh viên chuyên ngữ trường đại học từ năm 2007 cho thấy vai trò quan trọng ngành học tình hình Bên cạnh đó, môn ngôn ngữ học tri nhận đưa vào giảng dạy cho sinh viên ngữ văn trường đại học Tuy nhiên, tài liệu phục vụ việc nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học tri nhận tiếng Việt thiếu Giáo trình phục vụ việc nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học tri nhận sinh viên Việt Nam chủ yếu có nguồn từ tiếng Anh tài liệu dịch Đến năm 2008, Việt Nam có hai sách bàn ngôn ngữ học tri nhận “Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận: Từ lí thuyết đại cương đến thực tiễn tiếng Việt” tác giả Lý Toàn Thắng (2005) [70] “Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận: ghi chép suy ngẫm” tác giả Trần Văn Cơ (2007) [7] Như vậy, mặt khoa học, luận án không đóng góp vào vốn hiểu biết thành ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt mà làm phong phú 243 sore head a cool head a big-head put your head/neck on the block keep a civil tongue in your head treat other people badly and complain a lot the ability to stay calm and think clearly in a difficult situation someone who believes that they are very clever or very good at an activity and who thinks that other people should admire them to risk doing something which will make other people lose their good opinion of you if it fails if you tell someone to keep a civil tongue in their head, you are telling them to be polite, especially after they have said something rude breakfast time he's like a bear with a sore head These are high pressure situations and you have to keep a cool head Dan's such a big-head, always reminding us what fantastic results he got in his exams He put his head on the block by promising his team wouldn't lose any more matches this year Try to keep a civil tongue in your head We want him on our side talk out of the back of your head to talk nonsense hold/put a gun to sb's head to use threats to force someone to what you want have eyes in the back of your head have a good head on your shoulders to know everything that is happening around you harm a hair on sb's head to hurt someone sb's head on a plate/platter if you want someone's head on a plate you are very angry with them and want them to be punished He's talking out of the back of his head you can't get a flight to Australia for less than £500 these days Management are holding a gun to our heads If we don't behave we'll lose our jobs Parents of young children have to have eyes in the back of their heads You can trust Laura with the money she's got a good head on her shoulders If he so much as harms a hair on her head, I won't be responsible for my actions The director was furious at what had happened and wanted Watt's head on a platter head and shoulders above the others/the rest etc much better than other similar people or things He's a head and shoulders above the other actors in the film the head honcho the most important person in an organization be banging/hitting your head against a brick wall be head over heels (in love) be in over your head to be clever to keep asking someone to something which they never to be in love with someone very much, especially at the beginning of a relationship to be involved in a situation that is too difficult for you to deal with be out of your head to be crazy bury your head in the sand to refuse to think about an unpleasant situation, hoping that it will improve so that you will not have to deal with it can't make head nor/or tail of sth to not be able to understand something at all come to a head if a problem or a disagreement comes to a head, it becomes so bad that you have to start dealing with it bite/snap sb's head off to answer someone angrily You'll have to ask Alan, he's the head honcho in our department I've been trying to get the rules changed for years now but I'm hitting my head against a brick wall It's obvious that they're head over heels in love with each other I'm in over my head with all these exhibition arrangements He took the car out in this weather - He must be off his head! Parents said bullying was being ignored, and accused the headmaster of burying his head in the sand 'What does his message say?' 'I don't know - I can't make head or tail of it.' Things hadn't been good between them for a while but it all came to a head last week when Phil failed to come home one night She snaps his head off every time he opens his mouth 244 build/get/work up a head of steam to get enough energy, support, or enthusiasm to something effectively get your head around sth to be able to understand something get your head down to work hard at something that involves reading or writing sb's head in to make someone feel confused and unhappy give sb their head to allow someone the freedom to what they want get/put your head down to sleep for a short while go head to head to compete with someone directly go to sb's head if success goes to someone's head, it makes them believe they are more important than they are go over sb's head to talk to or deal with someone's boss without talking to them first hang your head (in shame) to be ashamed have your head (stuck) up your arse to spend so much time thinking about yourself that you have no time to think about other more important things have your head in the clouds to not know what is really happening around you because you are paying too much attention to your own ideas keep your head down to or say as little as possible in order to avoid problems or arguments keep your head to stay calm, especially in difficult or dangerous situations hold your head up high to show that you are proud of something have a head start to have an advantage that makes you more likely to be successful have your head screwed on (the right way) if someone has their head screwed on the right way, they not stupid things keep your head above water to have just enough money to live or to continue a business knock sth on the head to stop doing something lose your head to suddenly become very angry or upset need your head examined/examining if you tell someone they need their head testing, you think that they are crazy because they have done something stupid or strange In the last three months the campaign has built up a good head of steam He's tried to explain the rules of the game dozens of times but I just can't get my head around them I'm sure I can finish the article - I just need to get my head down this afternoon I've been trying to make sense of all these figures and it's doing my head in He's got some great ideas Why not give him his head and see what kind of campaign he comes up with I'm just going to put my head down for an hour - I feel so tired The tobacco industry's best lawyers will go head to head with the government in court tomorrow Just because you won the poetry prize, you won't let it go to your head now, will you? I really don't want to go over her head but if she won't listen to me I have no choice Athletes caught taking drugs should hang their heads in shame 'What does Charles think about it?' 'Who knows? He's got his head stuck so far up his arse he probably isn't even aware that there's a problem.' He was walking along with his head in the clouds as usual when he tripped over a paving stone The best we can is keep our heads down and hope that people will soon get used to the new system Can you keep your head at times of pressure and stress? When this country has full employment and an education system for all, then we can hold our head up high Bigger companies have a head start on us Don't worry about Sal, she'll be all right she's got her head screwed on the right way With extra income from private sponsorship, the club is just about managing to keep its head above water 'Do you still play football?' 'No, I knocked that on the head a while ago.' He usually stays quite calm in stressful situations but this time he really lost his head You need your head examined if you're willing to spend £120 on a pair of jeans 245 an old head on young shoulders, a wise head on young shoulders a child or young person who thinks and talks like an older person who has more experience of life put/stick your head above the parapet to be brave enough to state an opinion that might upset people raise/rear its (ugly) head if something unpleasant raises its ugly head, it becomes a problem that people have to deal with stand/turn sth on its head to make an idea or belief the opposite of what it was before laugh/scream/shout etc your head off take it into your head to sth to laugh/scream/shout etc very much and very loudly to decide to something, often something that seems silly or surprising to make someone want to something they had not thought about doing before, especially something stupid put ideas into sb's head let your heart rule your head to something because you want to rather than for practical reasons hit the nail on the head to describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem need sth like (you need) a hole in the head on sb's (own) head be it if you say you need something like a hole in the head, you mean you not need it and not want it something that you say in order to tell someone what they intend to is silly and they must accept the blame or responsibility if it goes wrong pissed out of your head/mind/skull very drunk a roof over your head somewhere to live be right in the head to be mentally ill soft in the head stupid or crazy could sth standing on your head a sword of Damocles hangs over sb's head off the top of your head a (sudden) rush of blood (to the head) if you could something standing on your head, you can it very easily, usually because you have done it many times before if a sword of Damocles hangs over someone, they are in a situation where something bad is likely to happen to them very soon if you say something off the top of your head, you say it without thinking about it for very long or looking at something that has been written about it if you have a rush of blood to the head, you suddenly feel very excited or very angry, and or say something silly My little nephew said people who dislike other people don't like themselves very much That's an old head on young shoulders Kearton was one of the very few to put his head above the corporate parapet and speak his mind in public All over Europe, racism is rearing its ugly head once more The first feminists simply took the accepted view that men were superior to women and turned it on its head He laughed his head off when he read the letter He's taken it into his head to become really jealous Don't go putting ideas into his head We haven't got the money for a car Don't let your heart rule your head If you lend him that money you'll never see it again I think Mick hit the nail on the head when he said that what's lacking in this company is a feeling of confidence We need a new shopping centre in our neighbourhood like we need a hole in the head! If you don't want to take out any insurance, ok, but on your head be it Anna was pissed out of her mind - she couldn't even walk We didn't have any money, but at least we had a roof over our heads and food in our stomachs His aunt's not right in the head, poor soul - you sometimes see her wandering up the street in her nightie I can't change my mind now, she'll think I've gone soft in the head I've done this job for so long I could it standing on my head You live with this sword of Damocles hanging over your head, knowing that you carry the virus for a deadly disease 'What was the name of that plumber you used?' 'I couldn't tell you off the top of my head.' Thomson was sent off for head-butting Gray in a rush of blood to the head 246 Hearts Absence makes the heart grow fonder something that you say which means being apart from someone that you love makes you love them even more bare your heart/soul to tell someone your secret thoughts and feelings a bleeding heart someone who shows too much sympathy for everyone a change of heart warm the cockles of your heart put your hand on your heart from the bottom of your heart your heart bleeds your heart goes out to sb sb's heart is in their boots sb's heart is in their mouth sb's heart is in the right place sb's heart isn't in sth sb's heart sinks sb, eat your heart out! be all heart break sb's heart close/dear to sb's heart sb's heart misses/skips a beat Cross my heart (and if someone has a change of heart, they change their opinion or the way they feel about something if something you see or hear warms the cockles of your heart, it makes you feel happy because it shows that people can be good and kind if you can put your hand on your heart and say something, you can say it knowing that it is the truth with sincere feeling if your heart bleeds for someone who is in trouble, you feel sadness and sympathy for them if your heart goes out to someone who is in trouble, you feel sympathy for them if someone's heart is in their boots, they feel sad or worried if someone's heart is in their mouth, they feel extremely nervous if someone's heart is in the right place, they are a good and kind person even if they not always seem to be if someone's heart is not in something that they are doing, they are not very interested in it if someone's heart sinks, they start to feel sad or worried something that you say which means that you or someone you know can something better than a person who is famous for doing that thing to be very kind and generous to make someone who loves you very sad, especially by telling them you not love them any more if something is dear to someone's heart, it is very important to them if someone's heart misses a beat, they suddenly feel so excited or frightened that their heart beats faster something that you say in order to emphasize 'My boyfriend's going to South America and I won't see him for six months.' 'Ah well, absence makes the heart grow fonder.' We don't know each other that well I certainly wouldn't bare my heart to her The anti-hunting campaigners are just a bunch of bleeding hearts who don't understand the countryside The revised legislation follows a change of heart by the government It's an old-fashioned romance that will warm the cockles of your heart I couldn't put my hand on my heart and say I'd never looked at another man We would like to thank you from the bottom of our hearts for all your help My heart bleeds for the poor children caught up in the fighting Our hearts go out to the families of the victims of this terrible tragedy His heart was in his boots as he waited for news of the accident My heart was in my mouth as I walked onto the stage Jerry's a bit annoying sometimes but his heart's in the right place She was studying law, but her heart wasn't in it and she gave up after a year He looked at the huge pile of work on his desk and his heart sank I'm taking singing lessons Celine Dion, eat your heart out! Ellie can't bear to see anyone upset she's all heart He broke my heart, but I'll never forget him Animal rights is an issue very close to my heart Ben walked into the room and her heart skipped a beat I want to go to the party with you, not 247 hope to die) that something is true cry/sob your heart out to cry a lot harden your heart to make yourself stop feeling kind or friendly towards someone have a heart of gold to be extremely kind and helpful have a heart of stone to be cruel and have no sympathy for people Have a heart! It's/You're breaking my heart! in your heart of hearts something that you say in order to ask someone to be kinder to you something that you say in order to tell someone you not feel sad about an event or situation if you know something in your heart of hearts, you are certain of it although you might not want to admit it Sarah - cross my heart! Poor little love, her cat died and she's been crying her heart out all afternoon You've just got to harden your heart and tell him to leave She'll anything for anyone - she's got a heart of gold He wouldn't help his own mother if she needed it - he's got a heart of stone Have a heart! I can't walk another step! 'Things are so bad right now she's had to sell one of her houses.' 'You're breaking my heart!' I knew in my heart of hearts that something was wrong, but I just wasn't ready to deal with it I think he lost his heart to Mary on the day they met He put his heart and soul into running that café Don't let your heart rule your head If you lend him that money you'll never see it again lose your heart to sb to fall in love with someone put your heart and soul into sth/doing sth to something with a lot of energy and interest let your heart rule your head to something because you want to rather than for practical reasons know/learn sth (off) by heart if you know or learn something, especially a piece of writing, by heart, you know or learn it so that you can remember it perfectly He's my favourite poet I know several of his poems by heart open your heart to tell someone your secret thoughts and feelings That night, she opened her heart to me and I think that's when I fell in love with her pour your heart out a man/woman after your own heart to tell someone your secret feelings and worries, usually because you feel a strong need to talk about them if someone is a man or woman after your own heart, you admire them because they or believe the same things as you set your heart on sth/doing sth to decide to achieve something lose heart to stop believing that you can succeed strike at the heart of sth to damage something severely by attacking the most important part of it take heart to start to feel more hopeful and more confident to your heart's content Home is where the heart is a heart-to-heart wear your heart on your sleeve if you something enjoyable to your heart's content, you it as much as you want to something that you say which means that your true home is with the person or in the place that you love most a serious conversation between two people in which they talk honestly about their feelings to make your feelings and opinions obvious to other people I'd only met him once, and here he was, pouring out his heart to me He likes a good curry - a man after my own heart She's set her heart on a big wedding Don't lose heart, there'll be plenty more chances for promotion The recent recession has struck at the heart of industrial development House owners can take heart from the news that property prices are starting to rise again The pool is open all day so you can swim to your heart's content I don't mind moving round the world with Chris Home is where the heart is We had a real heart-to-heart and we're getting on much better now John's always worn his heart on his sleeve, so there's no doubt who he'll be supporting 248 take sth to heart if you take criticism or advice to heart, you think about it seriously, often because it upsets you Don't take it to heart - he was only joking about your hair sick at heart very sad The thought of her home so far away made her sick at heart Knees be the bee's knees on bended knee/knees weak at the knees Have you tried this double chocolatechip ice cream? It's the bee's knees, it really is to be extremely good if you ask for something on bended knee, you ask very politely or with a lot of emotion for something that you want very much if someone goes weak at the knees, they feel as if they might fall down because they have a sudden strong emotion about something or someone bring sb/sth to their knees to destroy or defeat someone or something put sb over your knee to punish a child by hitting them on the bottom be knee-deep in sth to have too much of something be knee-high to a grasshopper to be very young at your mother's knee if you learned to something at your mother's knee, you learned it when you were a young child I had to go down on bended knee and beg my Dad to let me have the party The very thought of jumping out of an aircraft with a parachute made him go weak at the knees Sanctions were imposed in an attempt to bring the country to its knees Her father threatened to put her over his knee if she missed school again I'm knee-deep in work at the moment, so I'm not stopping for lunch The last time I came here I was kneehigh to a grasshopper I learned to sew at my mother's knee Legs can talk the hind leg(s) off a donkey if you say that someone can talk the hind leg off a donkey, you mean that they talk a lot be on your last legs to be going to die soon be on your last legs be on its last legs to be very tired, especially after a lot of physical activity or work if a machine is on its last legs, it is in bad condition because it is old and it will probably stop working soon have legs if a story in the news has legs, it will continue for a long time can talk the legs off an iron pot if someone can talk the legs off an iron pot, they talk a lot your sea legs with your tail between your legs cost (sb) an arm and a leg not have a leg to stand on the ability to keep your balance when walking on a moving ship and not feel ill if you leave somewhere with your tail between your legs, you leave feeling ashamed and embarrassed because you have failed or made a mistake to be very expensive to be in a situation where you cannot prove something His father could talk the hind leg off a donkey It looks as if her grandfather's on his last legs now I'd just done fifteen miles and I was on my last legs We've had the same vacuum cleaner for twenty years now and it's on its last legs This latest scandal has legs - you'll probably still be reading about it in a year's time I dread getting into a conversation with Gillian - she can talk the legs off an iron pot It took me a while to get my sea legs, but I feel fine now The losing team walked off with their tails between their legs These opera tickets cost us an arm and a leg! The problem is, if you don't have a witness, you don't have a leg to stand on 249 Break a leg! pull sb's leg Show a leg! get your leg over Pull the other leg/one (it's got bells on)! Shake a leg! something that you say to wish someone good luck, especially before they perform in the theatre to tell someone something that is not true as a way of joking with them something that you say in order to tell someone to get out of bed if a man gets his leg over, he succeeds in having sex with someone something that you say in order to tell someone that you not believe what they have just said something that you say in order to tell people to hurry up have a leg up on sb to have an advantage over someone else give sb a leg up to help someone to be more successful lick your lips Read my lips! be on everyone's lips My lips are sealed curl your lip to feel pleased and excited about something that is going to happen, usually because you think you will get something good from it a slightly impolite way of telling someone to listen to what you are saying if a word or question is on everyone's lips, a lot of people are talking about it and interested in it something you say to let someone know that you will not tell anyone else what they have just told you to lift one side of your mouth in an expression which shows that you not like or respect something or someone give/pay lip service to sth to say that you agree with and support an idea or plan but not anything to help it to succeed a stiff upper lip an ability to stay calm and not show feelings of sadness or fear There's many a slip twixt cup and lip something that you say in order to warn someone not to be too confident about the result of a plan, because many things can go wrong before it is completed 'Tonight's the first night of the play.' 'Is it? Well, break a leg!' Is he really angry with me or you think he's just pulling my leg? Show a leg! It's past 11 o'clock How was the party, then? Did you get your leg over? Helen, going rock climbing? Pull the other one - she can't even climb a ladder without feeling sick! Come on, shake a leg! The film starts in 20 minutes She probably has a leg up on the other applicants for the job because she has more experience It must give you a leg up if you want to be an actor and your parents are both in the profession Meanwhile, the property developers are licking their lips at the prospect of all the money they're going to make Read my lips You're not having any more ice-cream And the question that's on everyone's lips at the moment is, will he have to resign over the scandal? 'I'd prefer you not to mention this to anyone else.' 'My lips are sealed.' Don't you curl your lip at me, young miss! The company pays lip service to the notion of racial equality but you look around you and all you see are white faces I never once saw my father cry or show any sign of vulnerability - it's that old British stiff upper lip We still might finish in time for the deadline, but there's many a slip twixt cup and lip Mouth bad-mouth sb/sth a big mouth leave a bad taste in your mouth to say unpleasant things about someone or something, especially in order to spoil other people's opinions of them if you have a big mouth, you talk too much, especially about things that should be secret if an experience leaves a bad taste in your mouth, you have an unpleasant memory of it She's always bad-mouthing her colleagues Helen's got such a big mouth - the news'll be all over the town by tonight I think we all felt that he'd been treated unfairly and it left a bad taste in people's mouths 250 be born with a silver spoon in your mouth not look a gift horse in the mouth sb's heart is in their mouth butter wouldn't melt in sb's mouth to be the son or daughter of a very rich family if someone tells you not to look a gift horse in the mouth, they mean that you should not criticize or feel doubt about something good that has been offered to you if someone's heart is in their mouth, they feel extremely nervous if butter wouldn't melt in someone's mouth, they look as if they would never anything wrong although you think they would foaming at the mouth very angry live (from) hand to mouth to have just enough money to live on and nothing extra (straight) from the horse's mouth if you get information about something from the horse's mouth, you get it from someone who is involved in it and knows a lot about it put your money where your mouth is to support something that you believe in, especially by giving money be all mouth if someone is all mouth, they talk a lot about doing something but they never it be down in the mouth to be sad make sb's mouth water if the smell or the sight of food makes your mouth water, it makes you want to eat it keep your mouth shut to keep something secret melt in the/your mouth shoot your mouth off run off at the mouth a mouth to feed Shut your face/gob/mouth/trap! be speaking/talking out of both sides of your mouth Wash your mouth out! a/your smart mouth by word of mouth if food melts in your mouth, it is soft and tastes very pleasant to talk too much, especially about something you should not talk about to talk a lot without saying anything important someone, especially a new-born baby for whom you must provide food an impolite way of telling someone to stop talking to say different things about the same subject when you are with different people in order to always please the people you are with something that you say to someone who is younger than you when you are angry with them for swearing if someone has a smart mouth, they speak in a way that is too clever and does not show enough respect for other people if you hear information by word of mouth, you hear it from other people and not from the radio or television or from reading newspapers His complete lack of concern about money is natural of someone who was born with a silver spoon in their mouth Okay, it's not the job of your dreams but it pays good money I'd be inclined not to look a gift horse in the mouth if I were you My heart was in my mouth as I walked onto the stage She looks as though butter wouldn't melt in her mouth but I've seen her fighting with the younger kids The court's decision has left bloodsport enthusiasts foaming at the mouth My father earned very little and there were four of us kids so we lived from hand to mouth 'Are you sure she's leaving?' 'Definitely, I heard it straight from the horse's mouth.' If people are really interested in helping the homeless they should put their money where their mouth is She says she'll complain to the manager but I think she's all mouth Jake looks a bit down in the mouth Shall we try to find out what's wrong? The smell of fish and chips made my mouth water You can trust Sarah - she knows how to keep her mouth shut This sponge cake just melts in your mouth Don't go shooting your mouth off about how much money you're earning He's just another one of these politicians who run off at the mouth With three small children and hardly any money, the last thing they needed was another mouth to feed 'Shut your face, will you? I'm trying to watch TV.' How can we trust any politicians when we know they're speaking out of both sides of their mouths? Wash your mouth out, young lady There's no call for language like that! If you aren't more careful, your smart mouth could lose you your job I think she heard about the job by word of mouth 251 speak with a plum in your mouth put words in/into sb's mouth take the words out of sb's mouth if someone speaks with a plum in their mouth, they speak in a way that shows they are from a very high social group to tell someone what you think they mean or want to say to say exactly what someone else was going to say or what they were thinking All I can remember is that he was overweight and spoke with a plum in his mouth I certainly don't think you should resign, stop putting words in my mouth I was just going to mention that, but you took the words right out of my mouth Neck put your head/neck on the block albatross around/round your neck be dead from the neck up have the brass (neck) to sth a millstone around your neck to risk doing something which will make other people lose their good opinion of you if it fails something that you have done or are connected with that keeps causing you problems and stops you from being successful An albatross is a large white bird In the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a man on a ship kills an albatross which is then round his neck to show that he has brought bad luck if a person is dead from the neck up, they are very stupid Her last boyfriend was dead from the neck up to have the confidence to something that is rude or shows a lack of respect, without caring whether people approve a problem or responsibility that you have all the time which prevents you from doing what you want A millstone is a large stone that is very heavy save sb's neck to prevent something bad from happening to someone breathe down sb's neck to pay very close attention to what someone does in a way that annoys or worries them neck and neck if two people who are competing are neck and neck, they are very close and either of them could win neck of the woods area of the country risk your neck to something very dangerous get it in the neck to be punished or criticized for something that you have done be up to your neck in sth to give an opinion which other people may not like or which other people are frightened to give something that you say when you are very angry with someone to be very busy be up to your neck in sth to be in a difficult or unpleasant situation stick your neck out I'll wring your neck! He put his head on the block by promising his team wouldn't lose any more matches this year The company that he founded in 1983 is now an albatross around his neck, making losses of several hundreds of thousands a year He had the brass balls to announce his engagement to Sally in front of his exwife I'd rather not be in debt - I don't want that millstone around my neck You really saved my neck I'd have been in so much trouble if you'd told him the truth It's awful having to work with a boss who's breathing down your neck the whole time Recent polls show the Republicans almost neck and neck with the Democratic Party I'm surprised to see you in this neck of the woods What brings you here? I'm not going to risk my neck climbing over a twenty-foot wall! It always seems to be the chairman of these football clubs who gets it in the neck when the team does badly He's never been afraid of sticking his neck out I could wring his neck, I feel so annoyed with him Right now I'm up to my neck in work He's paid practically nothing and he's up 252 to his neck in debt put your neck on the line to something that you know might fail and spoil other people's opinion of you or cause you to lose money be a pain in the neck to be very annoying There's a lot of money at stake here and none of the directors wants to put his neck on the line My little sister won't leave me alone She's a real pain in the neck Nose give sb a bloody nose can't see beyond/past the end of your nose have a nose for sth brown-nose by a nose to defeat or damage someone, but not permanently or seriously if you can't see beyond the end of your nose, you think so much about yourself and what affects you that you not see what is really important to be good at finding a particular kind of thing to try too hard to please someone, especially someone in a position of authority, in a way that other people find unpleasant if a person or animal wins a race or competition by a nose, they win it by only very little cut off your nose to spite your face to something because you are angry, even if it will cause trouble for you have your nose in a book to be reading follow your nose to make decisions by thinking of how you feel about someone or something instead of finding out information about them get up sb's nose to annoy someone keep your nose out of sth to not become involved in other people's activities or relationships have a nose (round) to look around a place keep your nose clean look down your nose at sth/sb to avoid getting into trouble or doing anything illegal to think that someone is less important than you or that something is not good enough for you keep your nose to the grindstone to continue to work very hard, without stopping lead sb by the nose to control someone and make them exactly what you want them to on the nose exactly right, often an exact amount of money or time pay through the nose to pay too much for something poke/stick your nose to show too much interest in a situation that The pro-europeans gave their opponents a bloody nose in the debate These people are so busy making money, they can't see beyond the end of their nose He's always finding things in the sales He seems to have a nose for a bargain The rest of the class were sick of watching him brown-nose My horse won but only by a nose In fact it was a very exciting finish 'The next time he treats me like that, I'm just going to quit my job.' 'Isn't that a bit like cutting off your nose to spite your face?' My daughter reads all the time She's always got her nose in a book As far as recruitment is concerned, I tend to follow my nose I meet someone for an informal interview and see if I like them To be honest, I prefer not to have to deal with her She gets up my nose What goes on between me and Pete is none of her business so she can keep her big nose out of it! He left the room for a few minutes so I thought I'd have a nose round I'd only been out of prison three months so I was trying to keep my nose clean I always felt that she looked down her nose at us because we spoke with strong accents and hadn't been to college I've only got six weeks before my exams start so I'm trying to keep my nose to the grindstone They simply didn't know what they were doing and they were led by the nose by a manipulative government Her description of the play really hit it on the nose If you want a decent wine in a restaurant, you have to pay through the nose for it That'll teach him to go poking his nose 253 into sth nose to tail powder your nose does not involve you into other people's business! if cars that are moving are nose to tail, they are very close to each other, one behind the other if a woman says she is going to powder her nose, she means she is going to go to the toilet put sb's nose out of joint to upset or annoy someone thumb your nose at sth/sb to show that you not respect rules, laws, or powerful people or organizations rub sb's nose in it to say or something which makes someone remember that they have failed with your nose in the air behaving as if you think you are better than other people and not want to speak to them be as plain as the nose on your face to be very obvious It's no skin off my nose turn your nose up under sb's nose something that you say which means you not care about something because it will not affect you to not accept something because you not think it is good enough for you if something bad happens under your nose, it happens very close to you but you not notice it Traffic is nose to tail on the east-bound section of the M62 Well, if you'll excuse me a moment, I'm going to powder my nose Martin refused to let her chair the meeting which rather put her nose out of joint The actor, in a further attempt to thumb his nose at Hollywood, declined to accept the award I didn't tell him I'd started another relationship I didn't want to rub his nose in it I quite often see him in the street and he always walks past with his nose in the air There's no doubt that he's interested in her It's as plain as the nose on your face We can go in his car if he prefers It's no skin off my nose He turned his nose up at my offer of soup and said he wanted a proper meal I'm amazed that it was going on right under his nose all that while and he didn't realize Shoulder head and shoulders above the others/the rest etc much better than other similar people or things an old head on young shoulders, a wise head on young shoulders a child or young person who thinks and talks like an older person who has more experience of life rub shoulders with sb to spend time with famous people have a good head on your shoulders to be clever be a weight off your shoulders have the cares/weight of the world on your shoulders shoulder to shoulder a shoulder to cry on have a chip on your if something is a weight off your shoulders, you are happy that you not have to worry about it or feel responsible for it any more if you look or feel as if you have the cares of the world on your shoulders, you look or feel very worried or sad if you stand shoulder to shoulder with a person or a group of people, you support them during a difficult time someone who gives you sympathy when you are upset to blame other people for something bad When you think back on the other writers of this period, James stands head and shoulders above them all My little nephew said people who dislike other people don't like themselves very much That's an old head on young shoulders He's Hollywood's most popular hairdresser and regularly rubs shoulders with top movie stars You can trust Laura with the money she's got a good head on her shoulders If you could take over the job of organizing the party, that would be a tremendous weight off my shoulders I've never seen such a change in anyone He looks as if he's got the cares of the world on his shoulders The chairman stood shoulder to shoulder with the managing director throughout the investigation My father had just died and I needed a shoulder to cry on Even though he went to university, he's 254 shoulder give sb the cold shoulder straight from the shoulder put your shoulder to the wheel which has happened to you and to continue to be angry about it so that it affects the way you behave to behave towards someone in a way that is not at all friendly, sometimes for reasons that this person does not understand if you speak straight from the shoulder, you speak directly and honestly to work hard and make an effort always had a chip on his shoulder about his poor upbringing What have I done to him? He gave me the cold shoulder the whole evening at the party I gave it to him straight from the shoulder 'You're talking garbage,' I said If everyone puts their shoulder to the wheel, the job will be finished in no time Skin skin sb alive a banana skin Beauty is only skin deep to punish someone very severely something which causes or is very likely to cause embarrassing problems something that you say which means a person's character is more important than their appearance There's more than one way to skin a cat something that you say which means that there are several possible ways of achieving something get under sb's skin to annoy someone get under sb's skin by the skin of your teeth It's no skin off my nose to affect someone very strongly in a way that is difficult to forget if you something by the skin of your teeth, you only just succeed in doing it something that you say which means you not care about something because it will not affect you be skin and bone/bones to be extremely thin save sb's skin to save someone from failure or difficulties nearly jump out of your skin make sb's skin crawl if you nearly jump out of your skin when something happens, it makes you feel very surprised or shocked if something or someone makes your skin crawl, you think they are very unpleasant or frightening Sharon will skin me alive if I'm late The new tax has proved to be a banana skin for the government She may not be conventionally pretty but you know what they say, beauty's only skin deep It may be illegal for them to organise a strike, but they can still show the management how they feel There's more than one way to skin a cat, you know It really got under my skin when he said women were bad drivers Something about the haunting beauty of the place really got under my skin England held on by the skin of their teeth to win 1-0 We can go in his car if he prefers It's no skin off my nose We saw a few stray dogs that were nothing but skin and bones You saved my skin telling my parents I stayed with you last night I heard a loud bang and nearly jumped out of my skin Just thinking about the way he had touched her made her skin crawl be soaked to the skin to be extremely wet The rain was so heavy we were soaked to the skin after only ten minutes save your own skin to protect yourself from danger or difficulties, without worrying about other people He saved his own skin by telling them his partner had taken the money Teeth be armed to the teeth if a person or a country is armed to the teeth, they have many weapons get/take the bit between your teeth to start doing something in a very keen way We walked past a group of soldiers, armed to the teeth When the team really gets the bit between their teeth, they are almost impossible to beat 255 give your eye teeth for sth be fed up/sick to the back teeth a kick in the teeth if you would give your eye teeth for something, you would very much like to have or be that thing to be bored or angry because a bad situation has continued for too long or a subject has been discussed too much if you describe the way someone treats you as a kick in the teeth, you mean that they treat you badly and unfairly, especially at a time when you need their support gnashing of teeth angry complaining be as scarce as hen's teeth to be very difficult or impossible to find by the skin of your teeth cut your teeth have teeth show your teeth get/sink your teeth into sth grit your teeth lie through your teeth in the teeth of sth An eye for an eye (and a tooth for a tooth) if you something by the skin of your teeth, you only just succeed in doing it to get your first experience of a particular type of work and learn the basic skills if a law or organization has teeth, it has the power to make people obey it to show that you are angry and prepared to defend yourself to start to something with a lot of energy and enthusiasm to accept a difficult situation and deal with it in a determined way to tell someone something that you know is completely false if something happens or is done in the teeth of difficulties, the difficulties cause problems but not stop it something that you say which means if someone does something wrong, they should be punished by having the same thing done to them with a fine-tooth comb if you examine something with a fine-tooth comb, you examine every part of it very carefully be long in the tooth to be too old a sweet tooth if you have a sweet tooth, you like eating food with sugar in it fight tooth and claw/nail to fight very hard to achieve something Most women would give their eye teeth to be tall and thin like you He's been treating me badly for two years and, basically, I'm fed up to the back teeth with it She was refused promotion which was a real kick in the teeth after all the extra work she'd done There was much gnashing of teeth over his omission in the England squad It was the President's inauguration and hotel rooms in Washington were as scarce as hen's teeth We escaped by the skin of our teeth She cut her teeth on a local newspaper before landing a job on a national daily The committee can make recommendations but it has no real teeth Come on, let him know you're angry show your teeth! It's a really exciting project - I can't wait to sink my teeth into it I can't anything to change the situation so I'll just have to grit my teeth and put up with it The man's lying through his teeth He never said anything of the sort The road was built in the teeth of fierce opposition from environmentalists If you murder someone you deserve to die An eye for an eye I'd advise you to examine your insurance policy with a fine-tooth comb to make sure you're covered if you take your car abroad I'd have thought she was a bit long in the tooth to be starring as the romantic heroine It's things like chocolate and cake that I can't resist - I've got a real sweet tooth We fought tooth and nail to retain our share of the business Throat bring a lump to your throat cut your own throat if something someone says or does brings a lump to your throat, it makes you feel such strong emotions that you want to cry to something because you are angry, even if it will cause trouble for you I thought it was a very moving speech It almost brought a lump to my throat If she won't take the job out of pride, she's cutting her own throat 256 have a frog in your throat stick in your gullet/throat to be unable to speak clearly until you give a slight cough if a situation or someone's behaviour sticks in your gullet, it annoys you, usually because you think it is wrong Excuse me, I've got a bit of a frog in my throat What really sticks in my gullet is the way he treats the women in the office take sth by the throat to make a determined attempt to deal with something The Rockets took this game by the throat in the first quarter and never let go till the final minutes ram sth down sb's throat if someone rams their opinions or ideas down your throat, they force you to listen to them and try to make you accept them He's a committed Christian but he doesn't ram it down your throat jump down sb's throat to react angrily to something that someone says or does be at each other's throats if two people are at each other's throats, they are arguing angrily She's been very irritable recently, jumping down my throat every time I open my mouth When we lived together, we were always at each other's throats Toes step/tread on sb's toes keep sb on their toes make sb's toes curl to say or something which upsets someone, especially by becoming involved in something which is their responsibility to force someone to continue giving all their attention and energy to what they are doing if an experience makes your toes curl, it makes you feel extremely embarrassed and ashamed for someone else make sb's toes curl to frighten or shock someone from top to toe on every part of a person's body toe/tow the line to what you are ordered or expected to I'd like to make some changes to the working procedures, but I don't want to tread on anyone's toes He gave me a couple of extra things to just to keep me on my toes The very thought of what she said makes my toes curl A loud scream from the next room made her toes curl He gazed at her across the room, dressed in black leather from top to toe Ministers who refused to toe the Party line were swiftly got rid of Tongue keep a civil tongue in your head a slip of the tongue if you tell someone to keep a civil tongue in their head, you are telling them to be polite, especially after they have said something rude a mistake you make when speaking, such as using the wrong word speak with (a) forked tongue to make false promises or to speak in a way which is not honest be on the tip of your tongue if something you want to say is on the tip of your tongue, you think you know it and that you will be able to remember it very soon find your tongue to begin to speak after being silent because you felt nervous or frightened get your tongue around/round sth to pronounce a difficult word or phrase hold your tongue to stop talking roll/trip off the tongue if a word or phrase trips off the tongue, it is very easy to say Try to keep a civil tongue in your head We want him on our side Did I say she was forty? I meant fourteen - just a slip of the tongue The minister is speaking with a forked tongue, promising support he will never deliver Now what's her name again? Hang on, it's on the tip of my tongue Amy took a step forward and finally found her tongue 'I'm Rhoda's friend,' she said I just can't get my tongue around some of those Welsh place names George had learned to accept these little insults He held his tongue The band is called 'Acquired Echoes' It doesn't exactly trip off the tongue, does 257 it? tongue in cheek, with your tongue in your cheek loosen your tongue a tongue-lashing bite your tongue Has the cat got your tongue? give sb the rough side of your tongue if you say something tongue in cheek, what you have said is a joke, although it might seem to be serious if alcohol loosens your tongue, it makes you talk a lot without thinking carefully about what you are saying if you give someone a tongue-lashing, you speak to them angrily because they have done something wrong to stop yourself from saying something because it would be better not to, even if you would like to say it something that you say to someone when you are annoyed because they will not speak to speak angrily to someone 'And we all know what a passionate love life I have!,' he said, tongue in cheek Her tongue loosened by drink, she began to say things that she would later regret The manager gave his team a tonguelashing after they'd lost the game I really wanted to tell her what I thought of him but I had to bite my tongue Well, has the cat got your tongue? I'm waiting for an explanation The boss gave me the rough side of her tongue for being late twice this week [...]... nghĩa của thành ngữ, đặc biệt là thành ngữ có yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người của tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, có thể suy ra được từ các đơn vị cấu thành của chúng hay không? Để suy nghĩa của thành ngữ được thì cần có những yêu cầu gì? 2 Ẩn dụ ý niệm và hoán dụ ý niệm có vai trò như thế nào trong việc tạo nghĩa của thành ngữ? 3 Thành ngữ tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người có những... ngữ chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt Chương này trình bày những hoán dụ ý niệm thông dụng nhất trong thành ngữ tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt có chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người Các nhóm hoán dụ ý niệm được thảo luận trong chương này là: Bộ phận cơ thể người biểu trưng cho con người và đặc điểm tính cách” Bộ phận cơ thể người biểu trưng cho kĩ năng” Bộ phận cơ thể người biểu... điển thành ngữ tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, chúng tôi lập bảng kiểm đếm tất cả các thành ngữ tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt có chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người Cả hai danh sách này chúng tôi đều phân loại thành các nhóm thành ngữ theo yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể Riêng đối với bảng danh sách thành ngữ tiếng Anh, để thuận lợi cho việc tra cứu và học tập tiếng Anh, chúng tôi đưa cả phần giải nghĩa và ví dụ cụ thể. .. dùng trong ngôn ngữ học tri nhận hiện nay chưa thống nhất và còn thiếu nhiều nên chúng 14 tôi đưa phụ lục này vào để tiện việc đối chiếu của người đọc Phụ lục thứ ba là bảng danh sách các thành ngữ tiếng Việt có chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người Phụ lục thứ tư là bảng danh sách các thành ngữ tiếng Anh chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người Để tiện cho việc học tập và nghiên cứu thành ngữ tiếng Anh, chúng... Mục tiêu nghiên cứu Mục tiêu chính của luận án là nghiên cứu khả năng suy nghĩa thành ngữ và các tổ hợp ngữ cố định từ những đơn vị cấu thành của chúng Do thành ngữ là một bộ phận của từ vựng có số lượng rất lớn trong các ngôn ngữ, nên trong khuôn khổ luận án này của chúng tôi, sẽ chỉ có những thành ngữ (của tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt) có chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người được tập trung nghiên cứu 7... niệm và hoán dụ ý niệm đối với quá trình tạo nghĩa hàm ẩn cho thành ngữ cũng được đề cập Đây là chương lí luận có vai trò chủ chốt trong các phân tích và kết luận mà luận án đưa ra Chương ba “Ẩn dụ ý niệm trong thành ngữ chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt Chương này trình bày những ẩn dụ ý niệm thường gặp nhất trong thành ngữ có chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người tiếng Anh. .. lớp thành ngữ này xuất hiện thường xuyên và được sử dụng phổ biến Hai bảng danh sách thành ngữ trong luận án sẽ hỗ trợ đáng kể cho việc học và giảng dạy lớp thành ngữ có chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người Một trong những trở ngại cho việc nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học tri nhận ở Việt Nam hiện nay là chưa có được hệ thống thuật ngữ thống nhất tương đương với hệ thống thuật ngữ tiếng Anh Những thuật ngữ. .. sánh cách nhìn thành ngữ từ quan điểm truyền thống và quan điểm của ngôn ngữ học tri nhận Theo các tác giả này, quan điểm truyền thống cho rằng thành ngữ là hiện tượng ngôn ngữ đặc biệt không liên quan đến hệ thống ý niệm của con người và nghĩa của thành ngữ không thể suy ra được từ các đơn vị cấu thành 5 Tuy nhiên, theo quan điểm của ngôn ngữ học tri nhận thì hầu hết thành ngữ là sản phẩm của hệ thống... trọng của lớp thành ngữ này như thành ngữ có chứa yếu tố “đầu”, “mắt”, “mặt”, “tay”, “tim” v.v Để đáp ứng yêu cầu nghiên cứu của luận án, chúng tôi tổng hợp tư liệu nghiên cứu từ nhiều nguồn khác nhau Thành ngữ tiếng Việt có chứa yếu tố chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người được thống kê và tổng hợp từ các nguồn sau: - Thành ngữ tiếng Việt năm 1978 của Nguyễn Lực, Lương Văn Đang và Nguyễn Đăng Châu [43] - Từ điển thành. .. nghiên cứu thành ngữ từ góc độ tri nhận đã bắt đầu xuất hiện trong thời gian gần đây nhưng vẫn chủ yếu ở dạng các bài báo đăng trên tạp chí Theo khảo sát của chúng tôi, đến thời điểm đầu năm 2008, ở Việt Nam vẫn chưa có luận án hay công trình khoa học nào nghiên cứu đối chiếu một cách toàn diện hệ thống thành ngữ chứa yếu tố bộ phận cơ thể người tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt từ góc độ ngôn ngữ học tri nhận Mục ... THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG VIỆT CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI 212 PHỤ LỤC 4: THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI 223 DẪN NHẬP Lí chọn đề tài Thành ngữ phận quan... điển thành ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt, lập bảng kiểm đếm tất thành ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt có chứa yếu tố phận thể người Cả hai danh sách phân loại thành nhóm thành ngữ theo yếu tố phận thể Riêng... TRONG THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT CÓ YẾU TỐ CHỈ BỘ PHẬN CƠ THỂ NGƢỜI 82 3.1 Bộ phận thể người xem vật chứa đựng 82 3.1.1 Yếu tố ĐẦU 82 3.1.2 Yếu tố MẮT 85 3.1.3 Yếu