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Grammar Train Jean-Louis Martine tesolmaster.com I Know Nouns! Nouns are names given to any object in the real world Concrete nouns or any state of mind e.g Love hate etc Abstract nouns The word Noun comes from the Latin word “numen” meaning name We can work out if a word is a noun by asking are selves is it a name When learning a foreign language one of the first and most useful question we can learn to ask is…………………… What is it called? What you call that? You are asking for the name of something, a place, a person, an object or a thing even an emotion is a noun Examples of Common Nouns (Common Names) What is it called? It’s called a frog Frog is the name we give to this kind of animal What is it called? It’s called snow What is it called? Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com It’s called a city * Be careful when deciding if you think a word is a noun or not Emotions like Love, Hate and Happiness are all nouns Activities like play, work and leisure are also nouns All the colours are also nouns What is it called? It’s called love What is it called? It’s called wonder What is it called? It’s called a thunderstorm *Nouns come in more than one group Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Common and Proper Nouns A common noun is the name given to any non-specific item object or place Common nouns start with a small letter A proper noun is the name given to a specific object person or place Example What is it called? It’s called a cat (Common noun) What is your cat called? His name is Tom (Proper noun) What is it called? It’s called a city (Common noun) What is this city called? It’s called London (Proper noun) Only names that are specific are proper nouns and all proper nouns are written with a capital letter Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Countable nouns and Un-countable nouns Can you count it? Yes you can! How many cats are there? There are five cats! (Countable noun) How many rivers are there? There are hundreds of rivers (Countable noun) All nouns that can be counted can be expressed in the singular or plural The most common expression of the plural is by the addition of an “s” at the end of the noun Cat becomes cats River becomes rivers This is known as “the regular” form For most plural forms the addition of an “s” to the original singular form will be sufficient to create the plural However there are many exceptions Here are some of the most common exceptions I Know Regular and Irregular countable nouns Regular Nouns Singular Cat Pen Television Hammer School Job Session Tradition Instrument > > > > > > > > > Irregular Nouns Plural Cats Pens Televisions Hammers Schools Jobs Sessions Traditions Instruments Jean - Louis Martine Singular Chid Man Woman Person Mouse Sheep Series Kiss Tooth Grammar Train > > > > > > > > > Plural Children Men Women People Mice Sheep Series Kisses Teeth tesolmaster.com Can you count it? No you can’t! Many Nouns cannot be counted by the nature of what they are that is it makes no sense to use numbers when talking about them This applies to all abstract nouns and some common nouns How much you love me? I Love you a lot Correct Can you count it? No you can’t How many you love me? I love you twelve! Incorrect Can you count it? No you can’t You must really hate him Yes I hate him a lot Correct Can you count it? No you can’t You must hate him twenty-seven I hate him thirty Incorrect Can you count it? No you can’t Other examples of uncountable nouns are liquids and similar things like sugar, salt and butter, which are inherently difficult to count There are ways that we can get around this problem by the addition of something that is countable e.g 1) Three spoonfuls of sugar Instead of counting the sugar (grain by gain) we count how many spoons of sugar we want Red = Uncountable noun Blue = Countable counter part The same is true of liquids Like beer, wine, water or milk 2) Three glasses of wine 3) Five pints of beer 4) Four litters of milk 5) Six bags of cement 5) Two pieces of furniture Nouns Regular Countable Nouns Singular Cat > Pen > Television > Hammer > School > Plural Cats Pens Televisions Hammers Schools Jean - Louis Martine Irregular Countable Nouns Singular Chid > Man > Woman > Person > Plural Children Men Women People Grammar Train Uncountable Nouns Singular only Milk Love Money Furniture tesolmaster.com I know Possessive forms The simplest way to explain this is that a possessive from of noun is used to indicate ownership over something from the word “possession”, meaning to belong to, or to be owned by The simplest way to spot a possessive noun is to look for ’s It is John’s book The book belongs to John That is Mary’s leg It is part of her body That is Louis’ picture Louis painted it Beijing is China’s capital city Beijing belongs to China The Mississippi is America’s most famous river The Mississippi belongs to America Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Compound Nouns and Noun Combinations Nouns are often put together or combined to express one thing, this is known as a noun combination When noun combinations are a regular occurrence – the two nouns are often joined by a hyphen or can even be written as one word When nouns are combined they act as one The first noun in a noun combination often tells us more about the second “main” noun acting in some way like an adjective Examples: of Compound nouns and noun combinations light bulb computer virus mobile phone ice-cream timetable weekend battlefield schoolbag homework I Know Collective Nouns Collective nouns are used to refer to groups of people Although a group contains more than one individual, collective nouns can be used in the singular, depending on weather you want to emphasise, the group as a unified body or the individuals within the group Everyone is happy The Staff are happy The Army is moving into position The Army are moving into position Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I know Pronouns Pronouns are used to replace nouns or noun phrases when the noun is known to avoid repetition of the noun in a sentence group of sentences e.g Bob was very happy Bob had just won the lottery Bob was very happy he had just won the lottery Bob = Noun he = Pronoun = Bob There are eight types of pronoun: Personal Pronouns have two types Subject and Object they are used to stand in place of a noun Subject Pronouns: I, You, He, She, It, We, They, Who, Whoever, Object Pronouns: Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them, Whom, Whomever, They are also divided to express The Plural and The Singular of The First Person: Singular I, me, Plural The Second Person: Singular and Plural The Third Person: Singular he, him, she, her, it, we, us you Plural they, them This determines whether am / is / or are, is used and whether or not s or es, is added to end of the verb in the formation of past tenses Reflexive Pronouns have one type and are used to refer backwards or inwards on the subject or object Think of the word refection Possessive pronouns have two types Possessive pronouns and Possessive determiners the difference being Possessive pronouns stand alone in a sentence e.g Think of the word possession It is mine And Possessive determiners always come before a noun e.g It is my book Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com PRONOUN CHART Personal Subject I you he she it we you they Object me you him her it us you them Reflexives Possessive pronoun myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves Possessive determiner mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs my your his her its our your their Demonstrative Pronouns help us to demonstrate something or point it out When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns because they replace or stand in for a noun When they are used before a noun they are considered to be determiners because the determine which noun we are referring to e,g, this ball or that this, that, these, those, He is a teacher (pronoun) This book (determiner) Interrogative Pronouns are used in the formation of questions and are normally followed by a question mark They can also be used in indirect questions that not require a question mark Think of the word interrogation meaning to question who, whom, whose, what, which, He said “What is it your name?” (direct question) He asked the man’s name (indirect question) Relative Pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses that come after a noun or noun phrase e.g He is the man that came in yesterday Look at the boy with the blue hat Relative pronouns act rather like conjunctions and join two parts of a sentence together to give more information about the noun subject or object i.e The clause is related to the noun that, which, who, whom, whose, what, whatever whomever There are only two Reciprocal Pronouns: One another (more than two or in general) and each other (between two people or things) They are called such as they are used to demonstrate a reciprocal relation between people or things The two boys played with each other We should love one another 10 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are an extremely large and potentially confusing area of the English language The best way to describe a phrasal verb is to say that it is a number of words taken together, as a set phrase with a particular meaning The one of the greatest problems with learning and teaching phrasal verbs is that there is not necessarily a direct or obvious connection between to the constituent words and the meaning of the phrasal verb itself Another problem with phrasal verbs is that one phrasal verb might have more than one meaning Finally there are just so many phrasal verbs in English it is difficult to know where to start and they are easy to confuse with each other Due to the nature of Phrasal Verbs it is difficult to decisively say whether the full under the heading of Grammar or Lexis It is my opinion that it is best to consider them primarily as Lexical items i.e Vocabulary and then teach the necessary grammar to with them 19 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com Verb Tenses I know The Present Simple I Form Subject Pronoun 1st 2nd and 3rd person plural Verb I /you /we/ they + Subject Pronoun 3rd person singular / Noun he/she/it/ Jack* Verb + does * For The 3rd person and noun constructions add either s or es to the verb Present Simple examples chart I You We They Jack He She It work in a bank work in a bank work in a bank work in a bank works in a bank works in a bank works in a bank counts money in a bank I You We They Jack He She It teach English teach English teach English teach English teaches English teaches English teaches English teaches English Note It refers to animals, machines and inanimate object therefore many verbs not always make sense with it Meaning The Present Simple is used to convey a general state of affairs That “ I work in a bank” I am not implying that I am working their now at this very minute but that it is My Job I work in a bank is to say when I say everyday We can look at the meaning of The Present Simple pictorially X X X X X X X X X X X X X X < _NOW _> I work in a bank X = work in bank 20 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com Making Questions with The Present Simple To make questions with the present simple we use the verb Pronoun 1st 2nd and 3rd person plural and Therefore the statement does for rd for Subject person singular “I work in a bank” becomes the question “Do you work in a bank?” When answering a question we use the verb and for positive answers don’t (do not) for negative answers Yes I No I don’t For the 3rd person singular (he/she/it/Jack) we use does and doesn’t Example Does he work in a bank? Yes he does No he doesn’t 21 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know The Present Continuous I am doing Form 1st person singular I am + Verb + ing I’m 3rd person singular he/she/it/Jack is + Verb + ing He’s/She’s/It’s/Jack’s 2nd person and 3rd person plural we/you/they are + Verb + ing We’re/You’re/They’re Present continuous example chart I am reading a book I am writing a letter Jack is reading a book Jack is writing a letter He is reading a book He is writing a letter She is reading a book She is writing a letter It is running a program It is We are reading a book We are writing a letter You are reading a book You are writing a letter They are reading a book They are writing a letter Note: Contractions are very often used in daily life I am > I’m We are > We’re etc Meaning The present continuous is used to describe an on going activity that has recently started and will end shortly i.e It is a on going but temporary state of affairs When I say “I am reading a book” I mean a) I am reading the book Now b) I started reading it recently C) I won’t be reading it shortly 22 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know The Past Simple I did Form 1st 2nd & 3rd person I/ he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they Verb + ed ed for regular verbs past participle form for irregular verbs varry I Know The Past Continuous I was doing Form 1st 3rd person singular I /he/she/it/Jack was + Verb + ing + Verb + ing 2nd person and 3rd person plural We/you/they were I Know The Future Simple I will Form 1st 2nd & 3rd person I /he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they 23 Jean - Louis Martine will Grammar Train + Verb tesolmaster.com I know The Future Continuous I will be doing Form 1st 2nd & 3rd person I /he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they will be + Verb + ing I Know The Present Perfect I have done Form 1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural I / you/we/they + have Verb + ed 3rd person singular he/she/it/Jack + has Verb + ed I Know The Present Perfect Continuous I have been doing Form 1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural I / you/we/they + have been Verb + ing 3rd person singular he/she/it/Jack 24 Jean - Louis Martine + has been Grammar Train Verb + ing tesolmaster.com I Know The Past Perfect I will have done Form 1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural I / you/we/they + will have he /she/it/Jack Verb + ed I know The Past Perfect Continuous I will have been doing Form 1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural I / you/we /they/he /she/ it/Jack 25 Jean - Louis Martine + will have been Grammar Train Verb + ed tesolmaster.com The I Know Future Perfect I know The Future Perfect Continuous I Know The Passive and Active Constructions 26 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com The 12 Tense at a glance The Present Simple The Past Simple The Future Simple I I am I did I was I will I will be I work in a bank He works in a bank I worked in a bank He worked in a bank I will work in a bank He will work in a bank I am a teacher He is a teacher I was a teacher He was a teacher I will be a teacher He will be a teacher The Present Continuous The Past Continuous The Future Continuous I am doing I was doing I will be doing I am working in a bank He is working in a bank I was working in a bank He was working in a bank I will be working in a bank He will be working in a bank The Present Perfect The Past Perfect The Future Perfect I have done I had done I will have done I have worked in a bank He has worked in a bank I had worked in a bank He had worked in a bank I will have worked in a bank He will have worked in a bank The Present Perfect Continuous The Past Perfect Continuous The Future Perfect Continuous I have been doing I had been doing I will have been doing I have been working in a bank I had been working in a bank He has been working in a bank He had been working in a bank 27 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train I will have been working in a bank He will have been working in a bank tesolmaster.com Passive Constructions at a glance The Present Simple The Past Simple The Future Simple The Present Continuous The Past Continuous The Future Continuous The Present Perfect The Past Perfect The Future Perfect The Present Perfect Continuous The Past Perfect Continuous The Future Perfect Continuous 28 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com Simple Past I / he/ she / it/ + past participle Continuous He was Perfect + Perfect Continuous It had + past participle They I had been + past participle I I have had been + verb + ing verb + ing You / they Active I was + She were + was being + past participle Passive You were Present I/you/they + + We verb Active He/she/it/ + verb (s/es) + Passive I am He is We are past participle + Future I/you/ + will + had been being + past participle past participle were being + I am He is They are + I He We am being is being are being + I will be + verb + ing I will have I will be being + verb + ing + He has I have been He has been past participle I/they have been + verb + ing He/it has been verb + ing past participle + + past participle I have been being + past participle + past participle I will have been past participle I will have been + past participle I will have been being + past participle verb + ing + verb + ing verb Active Passive Infinitive after modal I/he/she + will be + past participle I/it/they/ + M verb You M be + verb + ing I M + have + past participle I M + have been past participle I M be being + past participle I M + have been + past participle I M + have been being + + + Auxiliary I/he/you + M be + Past participle = Verb + ed for all regular verbs Modal Auxiliary Verbs (M), are: shall / will / can / could / would / should / may / might / must / need (n’t) / ought (not) to / 29 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com past participle I know If & Conditional clauses We use if when we want to talk about uncertain events, activities or things, that may or may not happen or might or might not be true In such sentences, the represents a condition if that must happen first hence the name conditional clauses All conditional clauses are separated into two halves the main if clause or condition that must happen first and the second clause or result which happens afterwards Conditionals can understood in terms of cause and effect where If = the cause If you drop that glass, it will brake If you heat water to 100.c, it will boil Conditional clauses can be used with special tenses to indicate how likely the statement we are making is ZERO Conditional General truths 100% certainty FIRST conditional Possible situation & likely outcomes SECOND conditional Hypothetical situations or improbable outcomes THIRD conditional Impossible situations and hypothetical outcomes 31 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I know Gerunds and participles Gerund and participle are terms given to when we use –ing forms of the verb Not as Verbs but as adjectives, adverbs or nouns Gerund is the term given to the use of an –ing form of the verb used as a noun e.g The man was laughing (laughing as a verb) Laughing is good for you (laughing acting as a noun) It is easy to check if an –ing is being used as a noun if you can replace it with a noun then it’s a gerund Chocolate is good for you (Chocolate is a noun) 32 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I know Indirect and Reported Speech In indirect speech we not use speech marks and often we not repeat word for word what someone has said but rather retransmit or convey the mean of what they have said This can be very useful for example if I have just had a conversation and someone asked what we were talking about I might very well find it very hard to repeat word for word what was said However I could quite easily explain what was talked about and what was and wasn’t said in my own words Other examples were indirect or reported speech are common are in news reports For example a politician gives a long speech that covers many topics However the news report needs to sum this up in many less words e.g Tony Blair said that Gordon Brown was making a hash of the economy and wouldn’t it be great if he was back in power He said that………… It has been reported……… It is assumed that…………… Back forming Very often when we use reported speech we make a tense shift into a past tense e.g from the present simple to the past simple 33 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com [...]... - Louis Martine X X X X X X X X X X X Grammar Train X X X X tesolmaster.com I Know Adjectives Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun They are often known as describing words Adjectives are often related to Nouns or Verbs i.e they have a Noun or a Verb as their root Many of these are followed by “suffixes” (word endings): -able -al -ate -an -ant -ent -ful -ist -ive -ory... Jean - Louis Martine + has been Grammar Train Verb + ing tesolmaster.com I Know The Past Perfect I will have done Form 1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural I / you/we/they + will have he /she/it/Jack Verb + ed I know The Past Perfect Continuous I will have been doing Form 1st & 2nd person and 3rd person plural I / you/we /they/he /she/ it/Jack 25 Jean - Louis Martine + will have been Grammar Train. .. Due to the nature of Phrasal Verbs it is difficult to decisively say whether the full under the heading of Grammar or Lexis It is my opinion that it is best to consider them primarily as Lexical items i.e Vocabulary and then teach the necessary grammar to with them 19 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com Verb Tenses I know The Present Simple I do Form Subject Pronoun 1st 2nd and 3rd person... Adjectives are often related to Nouns or Verbs i.e they have a Noun or a Verb as their root Many of these are followed by “suffixes” (word endings): -able -al -ate -an -ant -ent -ful -ist -ive -ory -ous -some -wise -y Sometimes the adjective has long out lived the usage of it’s verb or noun root, as in the case of impeccable that originate from the Latin “impeccabilis” meaning not liable to sin Suffixes... like ice-cream Not I am liking ice-cream Dynamic Verbs describe actions acts activities and processes: to hit, to run, to jump, to change, to flow, to walk, to crawl, By the very nature of the kinds of things Dynamic Verbs describe continuous can be used 14 I run (Present simple) I am running (Present continuous) I hit him (Present simple) I am hitting him (Present continuous) Jean - Louis Martine Grammar. .. > Reading For words ending in a single consonant with a short vowel sound it is necessary to double the last consonant to keep the vowel sound short e.g Cut > Cutting 15 Jean - Louis Martine Fit > Fitting Set > Setting Grammar Train tesolmaster.com Irregular Verbs There are approximately 300 irregular verbs in the English language, and there are no rules or easy way to tell whether or not a verb is... Irregular verbs be and go different to all other in so much as their forms have no relation to each other in terms of spelling Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle 16 Jean - Louis Martine be am/is/are was/were been Grammar Train go go(es) went gone tesolmaster.com I Know Modal Auxiliary Verbs shall / will / can / could / would / should / may / might / must / need (n’t) / ought (not) to / Modal auxiliary... Rephrased do you intend to come to dinner?) You ought to come to dinner? (The use of ought to here is being used to express the speakers belief that s/he thinks X is a good idea.) 17 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Adverbs What is an Adverb? Add Verb! Simply it is a word which adds additional information to a verb For example: Run quickly Run is the verb quickly is the adverb... after the verb For example: The boy ran happily down the road The boy happily ran down the road Adverbs answer the question: How? About the verb How did the boy run? He ran quickly 18 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are an extremely large and potentially confusing area of the English language The best way to describe a phrasal verb is to say that... parent lone lone > > > > > > > > > beautiful truthful courageous dangerous obligatory streetwise parental lonesome lonely 13 Jean - Louis Martine Verb drink work like talk communicate hurt > Adjective > > > > > > drinkable workable likeable talkative communicative hurtful Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Verbs Verbs are typically referred to as Action (dynamic) words however this is only one of their ... have been Grammar Train Verb + ed tesolmaster.com The I Know Future Perfect I know The Future Perfect Continuous I Know The Passive and Active Constructions 26 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train. .. heading of Grammar or Lexis It is my opinion that it is best to consider them primarily as Lexical items i.e Vocabulary and then teach the necessary grammar to with them 19 Jean - Louis Martine Grammar. .. are proper nouns and all proper nouns are written with a capital letter Jean - Louis Martine Grammar Train tesolmaster.com I Know Countable nouns and Un-countable nouns Can you count it? Yes you