Geology 101 - Physical Geology Dr Arlo Weil Dr Webster’s Definition: Main Entry: ge·ol·o·gy Function: noun Etymology: New Latin geologia, from ge- + -logia -logy Date: 1735 a : a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life especially as recorded in rocks b : a study of the solid matter of a celestial body ( (e.g.,the h moon)) •Climate Change •Petroleum, Minerals, and Metals •Sustainable Natural Resources •Ecosystems E t and d the th E Environment i t •Natural Hazards, Disasters, & Mitigation g •Civil Engineering •Public Planning & Policy •Education 2010 Status of the Geoscience Workforce Inner Planets Mercury Venus Earth arth Moon • Terrestrial planets y bodies very y little • Small rocky volatiles • Silicates and metals (Fe, Ni) • Solidified at high temperatures • Early differentiation - Metallic cores, Mantle and Crust • Later developed atmospheres of volatile gases Mars Outer Planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune • “Gaseous Giants” • Lack solid surface • Volatile rich (H, He, O) – similar to constituents of original nebula • Low temperature solidification • Thin, flat rings Pluto • 1/3 of Earth’s Diameter • Density –3.3 g/cm3 • Mare – dark, dark smooth areas that make up the lowlands of large impact basins basaltic lava ~4-3 Ga • Highlands – bright densely cratered region…~4 g Ga Moon • 1/3 of Earth’s Diameter • Density –3.3 g/cm3 • Mare – dark, dark smooth areas that make up the lowlands of large impact basins basaltic lava ~4-3 Ga • Highlands – bright densely cratered region…~4 g Ga Moon • 1/3 of Earth’s Diameter • Density –3.3 g/cm3 • Mare – dark, dark smooth areas that make up the lowlands of large impact basins basaltic lava ~4-3 Ga • Highlands – bright densely cratered region…~4 g Ga Classification of Earth’s major Layers Earth’s Outermost layers • Atmosphere • Hydrosphere • Biosphere Earth’s Surface • Continental • Oceanic Earth’s Interior Structure • Chemical • Physical Classification of Earth’s major Layers Earth’s Outermost layers • Atmosphere • Hydrosphere • Biosphere Earth’s Surface • Continental • Oceanic Earth’s Interior Structure • Chemical • Physical Magnetic Field • Dipolar magnetic field • Magnetic field lines flow from N to S and… – Extend into space and weaken with distance from Earth – Create a shield around Earth (the magnetosphere) The Earth’s Surface [...]... Industry Demand for Geoscientists (19 95-2030) 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10 ,000 0 Total T t l Demand D d Current Workforce Current Workforce + US New Entries Current Workforce with US & non-US new entries Source: AGI Geoscience Workf orce Program Percentage g of Geoscience Degrees g Conferred to Women (19 90-2007) 50% 45% 40% Percentag ges 35% Bachelor's 30% 25% 20% 15 % 10 % 5% 0% Source: AGI Geoscience... River (Fluvial) Systems Earth’s place in the Cosmos Retrograde Planetary Motion The Ptolemy Model (2nd Century A.D.) A.D.) Heliocentric Universe Concept Retrograde Planetary Motion The Copernicus Model ( ~15 00 A.D.) Planetary Motion - Kepler Phases of Venus - Galileo Moons of Jupiter - Galileo ... Policy •Education 2 010 Status of the Geoscience Workforce Numb ber of Geos scientists Oil & Gas Industry Demand for Geoscientists (19 95-2030) 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10 ,000 Total T t... Program Percentage g of Geoscience Degrees g Conferred to Women (19 90-2007) 50% 45% 40% Percentag ges 35% Bachelor's 30% 25% 20% 15 % 10 % 5% 0% Source: AGI Geoscience Workfoce Program Source: AGI Geoscience... by: y C 360  o 4900stadia o stadia = 0 .16 16 KM ~40,008 , km Today’s Values: Circumference: 40,075.02 KM (equatorial) 40,007.86 KM (meridional) 40,0 41. 47 KM (mean) Parallax Parallax Solar System