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Tài liệu tự tổng hợp ôn thi semantic, phần này tập trung vào PRESUPPOSITIONS, giúp các bạn khái quát hóa kiến thức và tổng hợp lại. Cũng như giải các mẫu cơ bản nhất thường gặp trong các đề thi. chi phí 2.000d cho công sức tổng hợp của mình nhé.
SUGGESTED ANSWERS – SEMANTICS PRESUPPOSITIONS Lưu ý: Các existential presuppositions (có triggers definite expressions, sở hữu, vv) không giải đây, sinh viên tự làm). 1) Why don’t pigs have wings? Pigs don’t have wings 2) Dave knows that Jim crashed the car. Jim crashed the car 3) It was Harry who Alice loved. Alice loved someone 4) It was Alice who loved Harry. Someone loved Harry 5) The minister blamed his secretary for leaking the memo to the press. – The minister has a secretary; the minister’s secretary leaked the memo to the press. 6) Mr Singleton has resumed his habit of drinking stout. – Mr Singleton used to have the habit of drinking stout; Mr Singleton had stopped drinking stout for a while 7) Who discovered America in 1492? Someone discovered America in 1944 8) The police ordered the minors to stop drinking. The minors had been drinking 9) Did you know that John and Mary split up? John and Mary used to be a couple and they plit up 10)Isn’t it strange that the US invaded Cambodia in 1970? The US invaded Cambodia in 1970 11)Valerie regretted not having a new T-shirt for her birthday. Valerie did not have a new T-shirt for her birthday 12)Which one of the programs is better? There are two programs and one is better than the other 13)I was riding a motorbike before you learnt how to ride a bicycle. The H learnt how to ride a bicycle 14)What disgusted me was his behaviour. Something disgusted the S 15)He’s even more gullible than you are. The H is gullible; he’s the least likely to be more gullible than the H. 16)That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very sad. Emily had a pet turtle; something made Emily very sad 17)The administration forgot that the professors supported the students. The H knows what university the administration, the profs, and the students belong to; The professor supported the students. 18)Please take me out to the ball game again. The speaker has taken the hearer to the ball game at least once before 19)Where did you buy the motorbike? The hearer bought a motorbike 20)It is regrettable that Jane’s friends did not break the news to her earlier. Jane has friends and they did not break the news to her earlier 21)If only the patient had taken his doctor’s advice. The patient had a doctor; the doctor gave the patient some advice; the patient did not take the doctor’s advice. 22)I wonder how you didn’t manage to hand in your paper in due time. The H had a paper to hand in; the H tried to hand in the paper in time 23)They congratulated me on the successful completion of the project. The S had a project to complete; the project had been completed successfully. 24)Joan is going to change her major. Joan is a university student (and has a major); Jane is still taking this major and has not changed to another one yet. 25)The technician you recommended to me did quite a good job. The H recommended a technician to the S 26)He pretended not to notice the remark. He noticed the remark 27)I wish I had not turned down the offer The S turned down the offer 28)I am not able to meet you this weekend. The S is expected/supposed to meet the H this weekend 29)Is this how you returned my favor? The S had done the H a favor and the H returned the S the favor in some way. 30)I’ve been dreaming of having a room of my own. The S does not have a room of his/her own 31)I imagine having my own house. The S does not have his/her own house 32)If you had come to my party, you would have had a great time. The H did not come to the S’s party 33)She proved to be a very efficient worker. She’s a worker 34)Why don’t you tell me the truth? The H did not tell the S the truth 35)If Hannibal had only had twelve more elephants, the Romance language would not this day exist. Hannibal did not have twelve more elephants; the Romance language exists today. 36)During the robbery, didn’t you think of your victim? The H was involved in a robbery; the H victimized someone during the robbery 37)I’m asking you for the third time: “Did you steal the cake?” Someone stole the cake; the S has asked the H the question twice before 38)John regrets that he stopped doing linguistics before he left Cambridge. John used to be a student at Cambridge; John used to study linguistics at Cambridge; John left Cambridge; John stopped doing linguistics before he left Cambridge 39)I’m glad it’s over. It’s over 40)If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to this. The H is not the S’s daughter. 41)Do you remember where you put the key? The H put the key somewhere 42)Uncle Joe is worried that Chris has the flu. Chris has the flu 43)Tom started dating Mary. Tom had not dated Mary before that 44)What John lost was his wallet. John lost something 45)It was odd how proud he was. He was proud 46)Frankenstein was aware that Dracula was there. Dracula was there 47)Carter returned to power. Carter used to hold power and had stopped holding power for some time 48)Joan stopped beating her husband. Joan is married; Joan had been beating her husband 49)You will be amazed when you see the view. The H will see the view 50)Isn’t it surprising that he continued going out with her after being let down so many times? She had let him down many times; he had been going out with her; he continued going out with her after being let down so many times 51)The medicine has cured her uncle. She has an uncle; her uncle was ill; her uncle took the medicine 52)Dana forgot to post the letter. Dana was supposed to post the letter 53)Dick has begun to a share of the chores. Dick has not done a share of the chores before that 54)It doesn’t matter that they lied to us. They lied to us 55)You should have explained that your train was late. The H took a train; the train was late; the H did not explain that the H’s train was late 56)She’s sorry that the Olympics are over. The Olympics are over 57)The email that Arthur sent us said Thursday. Arthur sent us an email 58)I loved you when we were in Monterrey. The S and the H were in Monterey 59)I could have known without your cover-up. You covered something up; I did not know that thing 60)Try asking Arthur for help. The H needs some help; Arthur may be able and want to help 61)Bill regrets that the circus has left. The circus has left 62)Would you like another beer? The H has had at least one beer before 63)Have you stopped hugging your sheepdog? The H has a sheepdog; the hearer has been hugging his/her sheepdog 64)When did the Sixers beat the Lakers? The Sixers beat the Lakers 65)I’ve coached Jack’s children for two years now. Jack has children; the S is a coach; the S is still coaching Jack’s children 66)Tom drives his Datsun to work. Tom has a Datsun; he knows how to drive a car; he has a job 67)After being interviewed, his confidence grew considerably. He was interviewed 68)During the meeting, he received three phone calls. There existed a meeting; he was probably at the meeting 69)I appreciate your coming here. The H came to where the S is 70)I promise to come back to your hometown. The S used to come to the H's hometown at least once before 71)We know that they had no chance to succeed though they were trying a lot. They tried a lot; they had no chance to succeed though they tried a lot 72)Do you remember where you put the key? The H put the key somewhere 73)What was she talking about when you arrived there? The H arrived there; she was talking about something when the H arrived there 74)It’s odd that the police were not informed of the murder earlier. The police were informed of the murder at a later time than expected 75)I missed my class this Monday because I overslept. The S is a student; the S overslept this Monday 76)I got lost when I first came to this city. The S has come to this city more than once 77)When he phoned in, I was out for lunch. He phoned in 78)It’s a pity he failed his driving test. He took a driving test and failed it 79)I wish I could apply for another job. The S has a job; the S is still doing his current job and has not applied for another job yet 80)He managed to get his bread. He tried to get his bread IMPLICATURES 1) A: Did you drink all the bottles of beer in the fridge? B: I drank some. B did not drink all the bottles of beer in the fridge. 2) A: Did you enjoy your holiday? B: The beaches were crowded and the hotel was full of bugs B did not enjoy his holiday 3) A: Would you drive a Toyota? B: I wouldn’t drive any Japanese car. A Toyota is a Japanese car and B wouldn't drive a Toyota 4) A: Are you coming out for a pint tonight? B: My in-laws are coming over for dinner B is not coming out for a pint tonight 5) A: How did Manchester United play this afternoon? B: Well, eleven guys wearing Manchester United shirts ran out onto the pitch Manchester United did not play very well this afternoon 6) A: I’m going to tell those young thugs to stop smoking in this compartment. B: Do you have life insurance? It’s dangerous to tell those young thugs to stop smoking in this compartment because they may hurt A badly 7) A: A lot of people’s livelihoods depend on your performance today. B: Thanks, that really takes the pressure off. That puts even more pressure on B 8) A: Does my smoking bother you? B: I can’t say it doesn’t. A’s smoking does bother B 9) A: Would you like a beer? B: Is the Pope a Catholic? I certainly would like a beer 10) A: Are you from America? B: No. B does not want to continue the conversation 11) A: I have a terrible headache. B: I have an aspirin. A should take an aspirin and it can help relieve A’s headache 12) A: Can anyone use this car park? B: It’s for customers of the supermarket. Not everyone can use this car park 13) A: Have you read Long Walk to Freedom? B: I find autobiographies fascinating. Long Walk to Freedom is an autobiography and B has read it. 14) A: How did you like the guest speaker? B: Well, I’m sure he was speaking English. What the guest speaker said was confusing to B 15) A: Where is John? B: He’s either in the cafeteria or in his office. B is not sure whether John is in the cafeteria or in his office. 16) A: Where you think I can get some gas? B: There’s a gas station around the corner. The gas station around the corner may be open and be selling gas 17) A: Did you buy salt? B: I tried to. B did not buy salt 18) A: Mrs X is an old bag. B: The weather has been quite delightful this summer, hasn’t it? B does not want to talk about the topic 19) A: How much longer will you be? B: Make yourself a drink. A will have to wait for a while before B is ready 20) A: Did your new assistant a good job today? B: I couldn’t say he was helpful. B’s new assistant did not a good job today 21) A: Do you use your local swimming-pool very much? B: The salt water hurts my eyes. B does not use B’s local swimming very much 22) A: Who was that man I saw you with yesterday. B: That was just someone. B does not know that man or that man is not someone worth mentioning. 23) A: Did you finish your report? B: I started it. B has not finished the report 24) A: Should we sit here and talk? B: There’s no better place than here. They should sit here and talk 25) A: How you like the new librarian at the information desk? B: You mean Ron? He’s been here as long as I have. B is new at the library too and has not known Ron well enough yet. 26) A: Did the band play for two hours? B: I left in the middle of the performance. B does not know if the band played for hours 27) A: The library is open on Saturday, isn’t it? B: Let’s find out. B is not sure if the library is open on Saturday 28) A: Do you know where Dave is? I’ve gone over to his apartment several times but he hasn’t been there. B: He’s staying at his brother’s house. Dave hates the smell of fresh paint. Dave’s apartment has just been painted 29) A: Are those Shelly’s photographs hanging in the hall? B: You know Shelly only takes black-and-white photos. The photographs in the hall are not black-and-white and are not Shelly’s. 30) A: Have you heard that Louis has a new boss. B: Let’s hope that he gets along better now with this one. Louis did not get along well with his old boss. 31) A: Is the swimming pool on campus open to the public? B: Yes, but if you’re not a student, you have to pay a fee to swim there. Students not have to pay a fee too swimm at the swimming pool on campus 32) A: Do the experts agree with this plan? B: It depends on which expert you ask. Not all experts agree with the plan 33) A: Is it ever hot! B: If you think this is hot, you should have been here last summer. Last summer is hotter than this summer 34) A: Madelyn designed the costumes for the play. They’re wonderful, don’t you think? B: Absolutely. Who wouldn’t? B thinks the costumes Madelyn designed for the play are wonderful. 35) A: That’s a tough slope to ski. B: Yeah, even Robert had trouble skiing down that slope. Robert is the best skier of them all 36) A: Was there anything you didn’t like about the novel? B: Only that it was too short. B completely enjoyed the novel 37) A: Should I fill out this form with a pen or a pencil? B: What difference does it make? B may fill out the form with either a pen or a pencil 38) A: I wonder how I did on Professor Porter’s test. B: Oh, she’s already posted the grades on her office door. B may look at B’s grades on Professor Porter’s test on her office door. 39) A: Are Randy and his friends still going to play cards this evening? B: He’s setting up the folding card table right now. Randy and his friend are still going to play cards this evening 40) A: Mandy, did you get a chance to read that magazine I gave you? B: Cover to cover. Mandy read everything in the magazine 41) A: Gary, you know when the work on that new road will be done? B: The sooner the better, as far as I’m concerned. Gary is not sure when the work will be done 42) A: Traffic downtown was terrible today. B: You don’t have to tell me. B was in the traffic downtown himself 43) A: Brian, could you handle this suitcase too? B: How many hands you think I have? Brian can not handle any more suitcase 44) A: David, you think that the music was too loud? B: Well, no – not if you wanted the people across town to hear it. The music was too loud indeed 45) A: Carter doesn’t look the same at all these days. B: I’m not used to seeing him without glasses either. Carter looks different now because he does not wear glasses any more. 46) A: Judy, I just wrote a new song. Do you want to hear it? B: Well, what are you waiting for? B wants to hear A's song right away 47) A: Who are the two people in the photo? B: That’s my mother and her husband. The man in the photo is not B’s father 48) A: Professor Bryan always grades fairly. B: I couldn’t agree with you more. B agrees Prof Bryan always grades fairly 49) A: Do you know where Dr Delanay is? B: There’s a directory over by the elevators. B does not know where Dr Delanay is and the directory may show where Dr Delanay is. 50) A: Do you think I’ve packed too much equipment for my camping trip? B: It should be just right, Max – if you plan to be gone for a couple of weeks. A has packed too much equipment for the camping trip 51) A: Professor, will you write a letter of recommendation for me? B: Certainly. I will say that you were always neatly dressed, punctual, and unfailingly polite. A was not a very good student. 52) A: I’m not feeling well today. B: There’s a hospital across the street. A should go to the hospital and the hospital will admit A 53) A: How you like my new suit? B: Well, your shoes look nice. B does not think A’s new suit is nice 54) A: I may win the lottery for $83 million. B: There may be people on Mars too. It is impossible that A will win the lottery 55) A: Have you done your homework and taken out the garbage? B: I’ve taken out the garbage. B has not done his homework 56) A: Are the Browns at home? B: Their car is in the driveway. The Browns may be at home 57) A: Let’s see if that store has what we are looking for. B: We’re not millionaires. That store is very expensive. 58) A: Shall we go out and have some ice-cream? B: I’m on a diet. B will not go out for some ice-cream. 59) A: How much I owe you? B: I’ll have to get my calculator. B cannot remember how much A owes B and it may be a big debt 60) A: Meet me at Piccadilly Circus at midnight. B: I’ll bring a large friend with me, in that case. Piccadilly Circus is a dangerous place to meet each other at midnight 61) A: Do you like my new carpet? B: The wallpaper’s not bad. B does not like A’s new carpet 62) A: My car’s broken down. B: There’s a garage round the corner. The garage is open and can repair A’s car 63) A: What you think about her essay? B: The second draft wasn’t better. Her essay is not good. 64) A: Do you expect a lot of rain this month? B: It hardly ever rains in March. There will not much rain this month 65) A: What on earth has happened to the roast beef? B: The dog looks very happy. The dog may have eaten the roast beef 66) A: It’s strange that Tom is dating Mary. I thought he would never love anyone. B: Every man loves a woman It’s not strange that Tom is dating Mary 67) A: Can you tell me what’s on TV tonight? B: I never watch TV. B does not know what’s on TV tonight 68) A: Was the concert well received? B: The audience applauded for a long time. The concert was well received . . SUGGESTED ANSWERS – SEMANTICS PRESUPPOSITIONS Lưu ý: Các existential presuppositions (có triggers