CHUY6N Mt.JC V A N H O C - NGON NGCr HOC - NGHIEN CCfU VAN H O A - NGHE THUAT NGHI L i TRUdNG THANH VA NGUON G P C COA MOTIF TAI SINH TRONG TRUYEN CP TICH VIET NAM LA MAI THI GIA Chung toi nhan thiy ring cac hinh thwc da dang cua cai chet tam thdi va su- song lai cue cac nhan v$t truyen co tich dwac the hl$n qua motif tai sinh co si/ gan gui vdl nhwng phwang thCrc hanh le nghi le trwang het swc quan trpng cOa chu ky ddi ngirdi. Nghi le co CQI re sau xa van hoa co xua ctJa rat nhieu dan tpc tren the gidi, la nghi thwc cong nhan mpt dira tre da tra ngwai lan va co nghia la dira tre da dwpc chuyen dia vi xa hpi. Nghi thwc bao ham motif twpng tnmg cua cai chet va sw tai sinh, von xuat hi$n rit bien truypn co tich cua cic dan tpc tren the gidi va Vi$t Nam. 1. MOTIF TAI S I N H T R O N G TRUYEN CO TiCH VIET NAM VA NGHI L E TRUONG THANH Motif tai sinh truydn co tich Viet Nam la nh&ng tinh tl4t chi hi?n tirgng s6ng lgi cua nhan v$t truyen ke sau da chet dl vi mpt 1^ nao do. NhO-ng dang thu'c tai sinh cda nhan vat duo'c the hi$n rlit da dang nhu- song iai dau thai, hoa than, sy tac dpng cua than ti^n, ma quy, cua ngu'OI, cua ddng vat va thu'c vat . di kem vd'i rat nhieu nh&ng thu'c h4nh ma thuat, nhu'ng Io'i phii chu. La Mai Thi Gla. Tl4n sT. Khoa Van tipc va Ng6n NgO, Tru'd'ng Oai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hOi vi NhSn v5n ThSnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh. biia phep, nhu'ng nghi l l phong tuc gan va\ nh&ng niem tin tam linh cua xa hpi loai ngud'i. Trong truydn c6 tich co chua dirng motif tai sinh, CO rat nhieu nguyen nhan gay cai chet tam thai cua nhan vat nhu bj thu du' an thit, bi ma quy diing ta thuat giet hai (phil phep, hut hon Iia khoi xac, diing gay dau tCr chi vao ngupi), chet vi rci hay bi dim xuong nudc hoac chet vi bi dpi nucrc sol, bi dao kiem dam, chat, chem hay bj bam nat than the, bi dong dinh vao dau. bi trung dpc . Bi kem v6i nhii'ng nguyen nhan gay cai chet cho nhan vat la nhifng hinh thirc phu phep da dang khien cho nhan vat co th4 tai sinh tra lai. Nhirng hinh thirc ay bao g6m LA MAI THI GIA - NGHI LE T R U G N G T H A N H VA N G U C N GOC . rit nhieu cac bien phap ma thuat, cac Idi phil ehu kit hgp vdi nhung dgng tae nhay mua tiln hanh nghi l§ tai sinh, rdt nhieu loai nude thdn, la thdn, thuoc thdn hay eac loai bua ehu duge diing d i n qua trinh iam cho ngudi chit song lai . tdt ea duge thye hipn bdi nhung ngudi cdn song, nhung nhan vat ed phep thuat hoae bdi thdn linh, ma quy. Chiing tdi nhdn thay rang cdc hinh thifc da dang eua cdi chit tam thdi va su song lai cua ede nhan vat truyen cd tieh duac t h i hien qua motif tai sinh ed su g i n gui vdi nhung phuang thirc hanh l l mdt nghi l i h i t sifc quan trpng cua chu ky ddi ngudi, cd cdi r l sdu xa van hda eo xua eua rdt nhilu dan tdc tren t h i gidi, dd la l l dinh hay cdn ggi la nghi l l trudng thdnh. Nghi le trudng thdnh Id mgt nhung nghi l l quan trgng cua to hgp nhung nghi l l chu ky ddi song. Dd Id nghi thirc cdng nhan mgt dira tre da trd ngudi Idn va ed nghTa la nd da duge chuyin dja vj xa hdi. Nghi thirc bao ham motif tugng trung eua cdi ehit va su tai sinh. Tire la, viec dira tre chuyin sang giai doan ngudi ldn khdng phai la mdt qud trinh lien tuc md mang tinh dirt doan, giai doan tre tha d i n day la kit thuc d l roi sau duge sinh mpt ldn nua vdi vj t h i khdc. nien thudng h i t sire khd khan, tham ehi rat nguy hilm, de bat budc nhCrng dica tre dy phai vugt qua duge mdi cd t h i ehu-ng td duge t u each cdng dan thi tgc da trudng thdnh cua minh. Nhung thii' thach l y duac tiln hdnh xa hdi nguyen thuy cd xua thudng cd t h i gay sg hai vi duge thuc hipn dudi nhii'ng hinh thirc h i t sire da man nhu chat dirt mpt ngdn tay hoac mgt eanh tay, be mdt vai chile rang hay lot da lung cua ngudi chiu l l , Ddi vdi tre trai nien, mdt vdi nai tren t h i gidi thue hipn l l cat bao quy ddu hoae ddi vdi be gdi din tuoi day thi phai d l cho ngudi hanh i l dung miing vd sd sdc ben hope miing thuy tinh nhgn d l rach am vat. Mdt vai nai thi xam len than t h i ngudi ehiu l l hinh anh cua vat to hoac nhung hinh anh ky quai tugng trung eho sire manh cua bg tgc. Cd nai cdn bugc ngudi thu l l phai bai qua nhCrng eon sudi han nhay tir tren cao xuong, vipc hp cd bai qua dugc b i n bd ben hay khdng se la ket qua ehirng nhdn cho su trudng va xirng dang gia nhdp vao bp tde. Nhijng thir thaeh ddi h i t sire nguy hilm va da man dy cd the gay eai chit that sy eho ngudi chju l l . 2. NHIJNG Bieu HIEN CU T H t C O A NGHI LE TRU'DNG T H A N H QUA MOTIF TAI SINH 2.1. Hinh thire gay vit thuang hoae bam chdt cae bd phan ea thd roi ghep chung lai vdi Trong nghi l l trudng thanh, nhung thCr thdch ma ehl dp thj tde dat cho tre vj Mdt nhirng hinh thirc gay vit thuang dau ddn tren eg the eua ngudi chju IS la hinh thirc ca rang, tdt ea nhung dira be d i n tuoi trudng se phai ehju nghi thirc hdnh le ndy. Mpt so dan tdc thilu s l d Viet Nam nhu Gia Rai, Gie Tneng, E De, Mndng . tir xua da cd tuc ca rang cho tre bang Hem hodc nhCrng vien da rap. Tre nO edn dugc xau Id tai tir nhd d l d i n tuoi trudng thdnh ed the deo dugc nhu'ng chile khuyen tai ldn TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQl so (192) 2014 !am tir ngd voi. Mpc du hinh thirc cd rang gay nhieu dau ddn nhung lai Id nilm tu hdo cua nhung dii-a tre thdnh nien. Vi "ea rang mdi binh thudng, mdi du(?c xem Id ngudi trudng thue thu va day du va nhd vdy mdi de kit hdn, khdng bi che cudi nen du phai ehju dau ddn nhung khdng ne trdnh" (Vu Minh Chi, 2004, tr. 319). Trong Canh Vang - Bich khoa thw ve van hda nguyen thuy, nghien ciru v l nghi l l eua cdi chit va bude tai sinh, nhd nghien ciru James George Frazer (2007, tr. 1090) ed dua nhCrng vi du v l nghi l l trudng thdnh cua bg lac ngudi Wonghi hodc Wonghibon d phia nam vung Tdn Galles. Tre vj thdnh nien chi dugc chip nhdn vdo cpng ddng thdng qua mdt nghi l l bi mat, cd vipc nhd mdt chile rang va dat cho mgt ten ggi mdi. Ding thdi d dan tgc edn ed truyln thuylt v l nhan vpt Thuremlin ldn lugt dan tung chang trai di din nai xa, gilt ehit hp hoae mdt vai trudng hgp la bam ndt ca the hg roi lam cho ho song Ipi vd nho cua hg mgt edi rang. Ben cgnh do, d viing trung tdm Australia ed bp lac Unmatjera va mdt so bg lac ldn cpn cd t i n tai nghi thirc cat bao quy ddu va cae hdnh vi eat xeo khdc doi vdi ngudi chju le. Trong eac hinh thire cua vipc gdy eai chit tpm thdi cd viec ehpt dirt cde bd phdn cua ngudi chju i l (thpt hoae tugng trung) sau dd ghep chung lai vdi nhau, vd Idm phdp cho hg song Ipi. Chi tilt ndy da dugc truypn co tich mieu ta rat ti mf vd da dpng cde dpng thirc cua motif tai sinh. Chdng hpn, d dan tdc Raglai eua Vipt Nam cd hai eau chuypn CO tich mieu ta vipe bam ndt ea t h i ngudi chit sau dung la mdn gdi Ipi hinh ngudi. Truypn Chang Mgt Nira k l lai rang, tir Iue duge sinh Chang da Id mdt dira be dj dpng, Idn len vdi eg the chT cd mpt nira. Trdi ru idng thuang nen diing phep thuat cua minh d l giiip chang ed duac ca t h i cua mdt ngudi binh thudng bang each diing dao bam ndt ca t h i eua chang trai thdnh nhu'ng manh vun sau dung la mdn gdi lai ndn thdnh hinh ngudi va phu phep d l ehdng ed t h i song lpi mdt hinh hai mdi nguyen ven (Nhilu tae gia, 2006a, tr. 174). Truyen Liy chong rin k l lai rang, cd chi b| ran an thjt, chong cd em da gilt ehit eon ran ay, mo bung va idi than the dd bj tieu hda mat nhilu phan eua chj ra. Sau dd chdng bdm ndt thdn t h i cua ehj, lay Id mdn gdi Ipi, de qua ngdy hdm sau thi chi sdng lai nhu xua (Nhilu tdc gia, 2006b, tr. 162). Trong truypn Ta Ri Trang Lan cd nhdn vat Na Ga bi ran an thit, mo bung ran thi xdc cua ed da thoi rira va cd nhilu sdu bo. Trang Lan mang thi the ndng dpi nude va de giOa trdi mua eho trdi hit sdu bg. Sau dd chdng chat Na Ga tirng khue, bd vao ndi bung cho that chin rdi di qua mgt mdt dem. Nhd dd xuang Na Ga liln lai, ndng sdng lai xinh dep han xua (Trung tam Khoa hpc Xa hdi vd Nhdn van Quoc gia, 2004). Truyen Ngw&i thg due va anh hoc nghe ke v l mdt dng Iao hdnh nghi due ngudi, dng ndm tay bi quylt cua nhirng phuang thulc nau thjt ngudi vd mdt khudn due ma thuat. Kha nang diie ngudi cua dng khdng ehi khiln cho ngudi chet thdnh ngudi song md cdn ed t h i giiip cho ngudi gid nua. LA MAI THI GIA - NGHI L E TRU0t4G T H A N H VA N G U C N G O C . benh tat hay x i u xi trd ngudi tre trung, xinh dep vd khde manh. Ky thuat diic ngudi eua dng la gilt chet ngudi sdng va bd hg vao noi eung vdi nhCrng phuang thudc bi truyen, ndu sdi nhilu dem. Sau than the da tan chdt Idng, dng hdn hgp dd vao khudn diie. Mdt vdi ngdy sau, md khudn ra, ngudi ehit duge tdi sinh vdi than t h i hodn hao han xua (Trung tam Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van Quoc gia, Vien Van hgc, 2000a, tr. 490). ddi vdi thi t h i cua ngudi da cheL NghTa la t h i hien van hgc dan gian, nhCrng thir thdch nham gay nhCrng vit thuang tren ea the eua ngudi thy le l i dinh khdng chf giu nguyen gia tri la nidt hanh vi gay cai chit tam thdi nCra md cdn cd gia tri nhu mpt sy "lam lai", "nan Igi" nham xda bd dau tieh eua eai ehit dang hien hipn tren than the cua nhan vat. Sau nhu-ng ddu vit eua cdi chit da dugc xda bd thi phan ca thi da duge bam ndt dy cdn can phai chiu su tde dgng cua eac hanh vi ma thupt, phil phep vdi s u hd trg cua rdt nhilu tac nhan nhu Id cdy, nude sdi, lua . thi mdi ed the tai sinh. Ta cd t h i thay rang, quan nipm co xua cua cdc dan tpc thi vipe bam chat, eat cira ea t h i eon ngudi giu" vai trd to ldn rit nhilu tdn giao hay phong tue, nghi l l dan gian, sau dugc the hien truypn thin thopi va co tich. Doi vdi eac bd tpe ngudi nguyen thuy, vipc bam chat mpt each tugng trung thdn t h i cua tre nien nghi l i trudng thdnh va Idm song lai ehinh la edi nguon cua sire manh ma ngudi thu l i se nhan dugc sau tir the gidi eua cai ehit trd v l . Mdt thu thaeh gay dau ddn khdc cua nghi l l trudng d mgt sd nai tren t h i gidi la nghi thire ddng dinh vao ca t h i eua ngudi chiu l i . Trong truypn co tich ed motif tdi sinh, hanh ddng ndy la nguyen nhdn gay cdi chet cho nhan vdt. Vd sau dd can phai nhd din hanh vi ma thudt cua ngudi khdc de hut dinh thi nhan vpt mdi cd t h i sing Ipi. Ddn tpc Mdng eua nudc ta ed cau chuypn Ngw&i vg bwam ke rang, Nii Dao ngheo cudi dugc vg dpp la Bang Gang Che, bgn nhd giau ganh ti. ddng dinh vao dau Bang Cang Che, khiln nang chit. Nu Dao ldy mgt qua bdu vd mdt sirng bd lan tir dau den chdn vg, lan d i n dau da de hdng hao d i n do. Nu Dao diing mieng hijt dmh tren tran vg, hut mdt cai nang md mat, hut hai eai ndng md mieng ndi, hut ba edi thi nang ngoi day, sdng lai nhu xua (Vien Khoa hgc Xa hpi Viet Nam, 2004, tr. 74). Qua mdt vai vi du d tren ta thay hinh thirc gay nhCrng v i t thuang dau ddn tren ea t h i ngudi song va viee bam chat than t h i nhilu manh khdng chi dugc thuc hien doi vdi ngudi dang song md ea Mgt nhCrng diem ndi bat chung tdi tiln hanh khao sat dang thire nhan vat ehit di va song lpi bj gay thuang tieh hay bj bam, chat, chem cua motif tai sinh truyen eo tich la su xuat hipn day dgc vd ddng vai trd h i t sire quan trgng eua cdc tac nhan nudc, lua hay cae logi thyc vgt. Cd the thay duge I n hipn dd quan nipm cua dan gian v l kha nang sinh san vd quyin nang tai sinh cua edc thyc t h i ty nhien, ddn d i n su hinh thdnh cdc tin ngudng ddn gian TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so (192) 2014 nhu thd ciing t h i n nude, thin lira hay cac lopi cay coi . Nlu nhu Id cay ed t h i lam liln Igi vet thuang hay thdn the da bi bam nhd cua ngudi chit thi nudc cd y nghTa nhu su t i y rCra tdi ldi hay su non ndt cua tre tha d l tir dd nhan vdt cd dugc sire khde phi thudng, va lira duge " i nhu mgt nang luc sieu nhien cd the hun diic vd tang them sire mgnh cho tre thdnh dinh. L l trudng cua mdt so dan tge d Tay Nguyen thudng cd nghi thire cae chang trai tuli thilu nien di den bin nudc tam hay rira mgt. Trong le Tu Cai ( l i dinh) eua ngudi Dao dau bang ed ddng tac edc thilu nien mgc trang phuc hdnh le va di quanh ehao lua Idn d l duge thin lua ban cho sire mgnh eua ngudi trudng thdnh vd xua duoi ta ma. 2.2. Hda trang theo hinh dang vat to de cd t h i giao tilp dugc vdi to tien hay di vdo the gidi cua ngudi chet Trong eac giai doan hdnh l i ciia nghi l l trudng thanh, thdi gian cua edi chet tam thdi dugc cho Id khoanh khae md ngudi ehju le dang di vao the gidi eua ngudi chit hay dang giao tilp vdi than linh nham hgc hdi nhCrng bi quylt eua td tien eung nhu ddn nhgn sire manh va ma thugt cua than linh ban cho. Tuy nhien d l CO t h i dugc than Imh chap nhdn vd ed t h i quay trd v l t h i gidi eiia ngudi song thi ngudi ehju l l phai hda trang theo hinh ddng cua to tien, eua vgt to hoae cd nhCrng hdnh xir nhu ngudi da chit. Vd ngudl xua quan nipm rdng, nlu de the gidi eua ngudi chit biet dugc ta Id ngudl cua trin t h i thi hp se bdt ta d Ipi dd mai mai vi hp khdng muon ta quay lgi cdi trdn vd mang theo nhu'ng bi mgt eiia hg. Chi tilt dugc the hipn khd da dang than thogi vd truypn c l tich tren the gidi, Su di vdo the gidi to tien liie ndy dong nhat vdi cdi chit va su trd ve cua nhan vat dugc xem Id dong nhat vdi su tdi sinh trd lgi mgt hinh hai mdi manh me han xua. Trong thin thoai ve dng to Lgc Long Qudn cua ngudi Viet cd chi tilt eae eon dan eua Lge Long Quan bj thuy qudi gay hai nen khdng ddm xuong nudc d l muu sinh, hg ben dot lira ggi eha v l eiru giiip. Lgc Long Quan khuyen cdc trude xudng nudc nen xdm len minh hinh ve eua ran, giao long, thuong luong . d l xuong nude trdnh bj thuy qudi Idm hai. Ben eanh dd, nhung hinh ve tren mgt dong Nggc Lu dd cho thay tuc hda trang theo vat to ciia ngudi Vipt co da tirng ton tai tCr rat xa xua. Tren mat cd hinh dodn ngudi hda trang bdng Idng chim ddi, tren dau dpi mu cd mat nhu hinh dau ehim. d minh thi gan long chim lam y phuc. Dong thdi tren mgt cdn khac hga hinh nhu'ng thuyin ed dang eong vdng eung, d giu'a mdi thuyin diu cd mdt cdy cgt trang sire bang ldng chim vd dau ehim. Nhd nghien ciru Ddo Duy Anh (2005, tr. 293) nghien eiru ve eae hinh ve tren mat dong Lae Viet da giai thich rdng nhung cdnh tugng dugc tdi hien tren mat ehinh Id canh l i quy hon cd tinh chit vat to. Ngudi xua tiln hanh nhCrng nghi thirc eua l l quy hon da hda trang d l ty ddng nhat vdi vat to. Hinh anh thuyin cho thay rang ed t h i to tien eua ngudi Lge Viet da vugt biln tir mgt que huang cu tdi nai d mdi. Nhu-ng cugc vugt biln dugc an todn Id nhd cd uy linh LA MAI THI GIA - NGHI LE TRUdNG T H A N H V A N G U C N GOC . vgt to che chd va nhilu kha nang vugt biln thyc sy, ngudi Viet xya cung da t y hda trang vd trang tri thuyen theo hinh vat to. Chi tilt xam len minh hinh anh cua ring ran truyln thuylt hay hinh anh ngudi hda trang thdnh chim Lac tren mat dong eho thay tir rit xa xua, ngudi Viet da ed y thirc v l ngudn goc to tien cua minh va mong mudn ed hinh dgng ben ngoai giong vdi to tien de duge to tien bao hg, ehe chd ddng thdi cd dugc sire manh eua to tien d l cd the dau tranh ehdng lai nhCrng trd nggi tir thien nhien va cdc t h i lyc thu djeh. Khi viet v l van hda nguyen thuy, Frazer (2007, tr. 1089-1090) k l lai rang d rit nhilu bg Ige co xua, dge bipt la eae bd lge thue hanh tue thd vat to, dam nien d i n tudi trudng thdnh d i u phai trai qua mpt s l nghi thirc hdnh l i , phd biln nhat Id "vipc gia bd chit cua chdng nien roi sau dd lam cho song lai". Nha nghien ciru gia dmh rang thuc chat cua nghi thirc la vipc "nhac bd linh hon chdng nien khdi ca t h i de dua nhap vao vat to cua anh ta". Va vipe nhdc bo linh hdn khoi ea t h i eung dong nghTa vdi vipe gilt ehit hoae it nhat cung khiln rai vdo mdt giac ngu lim tuang tu nhu cai chit. Va liic ijm chit ndy, cd mdt ngudn sdng mdi dugc riit tir vat td truyln vao ea t h i khiln anh tdi sinh trd lai hit sire mgnh me va trudng thdnh. Nhu vdy. theo Frazer (2007, tr. 10891090) thuc chat cua nghi le trudng thdnh ndy la s y trao doi sy sdng hogc linh hon giCra eon ngudi vd to vat cua anh ta. Dong thdi d mgt sd bg Ige edn bugc eae chang trai phai song tdch bipt mOt khu rifng sau da tien hdnh nghi le hda trang vgt to hay bi vat t l an thit. Sau dd hoac hp dugc quay trd v l nha, tren tay moi ngudi cd mpt cay gay dugc trang tri hai dau bang Idng ga hope Idng chim da dilu. Chile gay Id bang ehirng cho thay nhQ'ng chdng trai trydng da thyc sy ed mat d t h i gidi cua than linh thdi gian vira qua. Hinh thirc ngudi thy l i nghi le trudng hda trang thdnh vat to de di vao t h i gidi t h i n linh da tirng ton tai d rdt nhilu nai tren t h i gidi, Frazer (2007, tr. 1101) da k i t lugn rang: "6" bat eir nai nao md ngudi ta gap thay tyc thd vat t l vd d bat cir nai nao md ngudi ta trinh diln vd kich gia v d gilt chit roi lam cho chang trai tre song Igi l i trudng thdnh, cd the tdn tai hay da tirng ton tgi, khdng ehf rieng tin ngudng cho rang ed t h i gdi gam mpt cdch thudng tryc linh hdn vao mdt ddi tugng khaeh quan nao - vat, edi cdy hay b i t cir vat gi md edn ca y djnh thuc hdnh nhu vay". Trong eae hinh thire song Igi eua cac nhan vat truyen co tich cd motif tai sinh, ed rat nhilu cau chuyen k l v l sy hda than thdnh dpng vat hay thyc v^t eua nhdn vat sau bj gilt ehit. Linh hon hay mdt phdn than the eua nhdn v^t tam thai an nau hinh dgng eua cay edi hay ede eon vat ay d l chd ca hgi tai sinh trd lai ngudi: Yrit bj h i an thjt. Trat Td xia rang ho rgi eye thjt eua Yrit, eye thjt biln cay nam, cdy nam bien thdnh Yrit (Chang Rit). Dam bj qu9 bat xe th|t, quy phanh ngyc Dam, qua tim bay biln eon ehugt, eon TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so (192) 2014 chugt hda thdnh Dam (Dam Ba Len). Con vg ca bj vg bd hpi chet, hda mgt trdu dye hoa rat dpp. Trau dye dugc mOt cd gai thuc Idng yeu thugng nSn hda ngudi (Chang Trau) (Vipn Khoa hpe Xa hgi Vipt Nam, 2004, tr. 63). Trong dpng thire nhdn vdt tdi sinh thdnh ngudi sau trai qua nhieu lan hda thdn eae hinh dgng khae nhau, thay n i i bgt len la hinh thirc nhdn vat hda thdnh dgng v|t, Id chim hay rua, hoac an thdn nhCrng lodi thyc vgt quen thupe nhu tre, xoan ddo, edy thj . Tam bj mp di ghe hgi ehit, linh hon ndng tgm thdi an n i p hinh ddng eua ehim vdng anh, cay xoan dao, eay thj (Tam Cam) (Trung tdm Khoa hgc Xa hdi vd Nhdn van Quoc gia, Vipn Van hge, 2000b, tr. 874). Hay nhu truypn Kajong va Haiek, Kajong chit hda riia, riia bj gilt hda biip mang, blip mang bj ehgt edn bp mang, bp mdng hda thdnh cay thj cd mpt qua nhat. tir qua thj Kajong song lai thdnh ngudi (Trung tdm Khoa hgc Xd hpi va Nhdn vdn Quoc gia, Vipn Van hpc. 2000b, tr. 855). Trong edc hinh thire bilu hipn ciia nghi l i trudng thdnh thdng qua motif tai smh, chiing tdi nhan thay ddy Id hinh thirc dugc t h i hipn truypn ke mgt each mg ho nhat. Cd the ddy chf Id bilu hien eua nhii'ng quan nipm co xua v l mdi quan hp giCra loai ngudi vdi t h i gidi dpng vgt va thye vgt eua ngudi nguyen thuy. Tuy nhien ddy cung cd t h i Id sy biln dgng cua nghi le trudng thdnh - mgt motif nghi l i dan tgc chuyin tai vdo truypn k l ddn gian da khdng cdn giCr duge m l i lien h0 tryc tilp vdi ngi dung tin ngudng, ndi dung ky hipu ma chf cdn giCr lai dugc nh&ng bilu hipn cd lien quan d i n hinh thirc ky hieu cua nghi I i ma thdi. Va hinh anh vdt to ed da duge bien dgng edc lye lugng tu nhien cd quan he chat ehe din su t i n sinh eua eon ngudi. 2.3. Bi thdn linh, ma quy hay thii dCr an thjt - su tai sinh tCr bdo thai mdi Bilu hien eua edi chit tgm thdi nghi l l trudng duge tim thay cdc tdi lieu v l ede dan tde nguyen thuy CO xua edn ed hinh thirc nhu la sy nhdp thdn (hay linh hdn) cua ngudi chju l l vao mdt khdng gian kin, ddng va toi . nhu mdt dudng ham, edi hang, nam mo hay byng eua thdn linh, qudi vat va cdc eon thil dCr . Tir khdng gian ddng kin do, tre nien phai trai qua qud trinh hanh l l , chju tac dgng cua ma thuat hay tu hgc phep thuat d l ciru minh thodt vd tai sinh trd lai ttr mgt bao thai mdi. Trong bd lac Binginga cu trii tren dai bd biln phia tay vinh Carpentarie (Oc), ngudi ta tin rdng cd mdt vj than linh ten la Katajalina song to kiln, bg lac cd chang trai ndo den tuoi trudng thi thdn se ehui dn thjt ehdng trai rdi lam cho chdng song Igi. Cung nhu vgy, nhu'ng ngudi Anulas d gan dd eung tin rang cd vi than linh ten Gnabaia nuot song edc cau be thilu nien vd lam cho ho song lai hinh hdi nhCrng ngudi ddn dng trudng thdnh. Nguac Igi, nhCrng ngudi Yabins, Bakaus va Tamis Igi tin rang nhCrng dira tre nien bi qudi vat an thit chir khdng phai than linh vd tdi hipn lai nghi thirc an thjt dd, hp tgo mpt qudi vpt to Idn vd dang sg bang mgt chile l l u ddi khoang 30m ed LA MAI THI GIA - NGHI LE TRLfOrgG THANH VA NGUON G6C hinh thil ky di. vai mpt d^u nho cao nhu' dau quai vat va mpt dau vuot nhon nhir duoi ciia no. Tre vi nien da n i p san vao do, sau mpt Ipgt nhirng nghi l l ben ngpai, cpn quai vat (chiSo leu) se non chang trai tre ngoai. Nhii'ng phai chiu mpt cupc giai phlu dau do'n ho'n la cat bao quy dau va vet cat ay dupc cho la nhirng vet can va cao c i u cua quai vat no khac ngoai (James George Frazer, 2007, tr. 1092). Khi nghien ciru ve nghi l l nay, Vu Minh Chi (2004, tr. 317) k l rang tren t h i gicji cc bp lac ngu-cri Mende Tay Phi, qua trinh t l chirc l l nien cua hp co nghi thirc bi than mat trpi an thit. Nhii'ng vit xam d l lai seo tren lu'ng ngupi chiu l l sau dupc hilu chinh la v i t rang cua thin mat trai. Khi bi than mat trpi an thit (chit mpt each tirang trung) nhii'ng dira tre se dupc day cac phep tac nghi le, bi quylt chua benh . Sau ngucri ta se danh trcng suit dem din sang de thilc giuc than mat trai ma bung de nhirng ccn nguai truang (thyc t l la he dypc chp rai tir tren cay xuIng). Nghi l l tuang trung che viec cac thilu nien da dwac tai sinh mpt "nguai Mende hpan hap mai", nam dupc truyln thing bi mat cua bp tpc. Vii Minh Chi (2004, tr. 319) cung ding thai phat hi$n rang dan tpc Dap a nuac ta cung cc hinh thiic tai sinh tuang tu-, tuc la nhung dira tre nien se duac sinh mpt lan nira tu- mpt bap thai mai. Khi nh&ng nguai dan ang Dap d i n tuoi truang thanh, hp dupc tham gia vap l l d p sac. Nguai chiu l l se dung c?nh chiec vpng va se bi hat nga vap chiec vcng. Hanh dpng nga vao vpng tuang trung cho viec nhap vap mpt bap thai mai. Sau dp bj vpng lac hat dirng dgy, nguai dan png nien dp se khpng cpn la dua tre cua be me sinh ma da tra mpt cpn nguai cua xa hpi, nguai cua ten giap. Bpi vai nguai Dap dau bang d tinh Lai Chau thi l l truang duac xem nhu la mpt nghi thuc tam linh da co t& xa xua va van giu" nguyen gia trj cho d i n nay. Nghi thirc duac chp la su sinh l l n thu hai cua ngu-ai chiu l l , sau trai qua nghi te nay, dua tre mO'i dupc than linh nhan mat, mai cp the giap tiep duac vai the giai tien. Trong tien hanh nghi le cung co mot chiec luai duac k i t bang day rimg tuang trung cho bao thai ciia nguai me, nguai chiu le lep len dan cap va nhay xuIng chiec ludi ben dual, sau buac khoi chiec luai bap thai l y , cau thilu nien da chinh thuc tra ngirai dan ang cua gia dinh va la ngucri cpng dan truang cua xa hpi. Hinh anh tuang trung chp bap thai mai trpng l l truang a mpt sp bp lac cc duac t h i hien nhu la mpt nim m l . Chang han nhu bp lac Cpast Murring d dap Tan - Galles, nguai hanh le se nam yen mpt nam mp gia duac nguai khac phii len bang mpt lap mong nhung m i u g l va dat vyn. Sau dupc mpt nhpm thiy cung di vpng xung quanh dpc bai cau khin thi dpt nhien dung day, hat tung lap d i t va vo cSy, miia nhung dieu miia ma thuat dupc cho la da hpc dupc tu t l tien. Tir luc chinh thirc duac cong nhan la n g u i i TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl s6 (192) 2014 trudng thdnh cua bg Igc (James George Frazer. 2007, tr. 1091). Npi dung cua cae edu truypn eo tieh ed chira dung motif tai sinh gan gui vdi hinh thirc sinh tir mdt bdo thai mdi d nghi l l trudng thdnh, thudng mieu ta nhan vdt bi thil du- nuot vdo byng sau dd dugc ngudi khdc rach byng thii vd ciru ra, lam phep cho song lai. Cha ciia Dam Phu bj ed s i u nuot. Dam Phu di tim ca sdu de ciru cha. Chang gilt chet cd sau, rach byng nd vd dua xae eha v l nhd gia Pdm ciru sing (Ching Dalenh va nang Pha). Chj bi ran an thjt, ching eua em mo byng ran Idi chj vd lam phep eho ehj sdng Igi (Ching Tran) (Nhilu tae gia, 2006b, tr. 162). Vdi hinh thire nhdn vgt bj thii du' an thjt ehi edn sdt Igi mdt bg phdn ndo dd cua e a t h i , dem bg phgn ay eat, ngam, u, chdn . mgt khdng gian kin nhu chum, nil, Idng dat (hinh anh tugng trung cua bdo thai va nim mo) thi trai qua mgt thdi gian, tir bp phdn cdn lai ay se san sinh mpt ea t h i day dii vd nhan vgt se duge tai sinh. Trong Sw tich mgt trang, mat trai ed nhan vat Id em trai eua Apa bj tinh tinh an thjt chf cdn Igi qua tim. Apa l i y tim em ngdm vdo mgt ehum day nudc vd bjt ehgt lgi. Sau ba ngay, Apa md chum nude thi da thay em song lgi (Trung tam Khoa hgc Xa hdi vd Nhan van Quoc gia, Vipn Van hgc, 2002, tr. 1106). Hay nhu truyen Siu va Sia cd k l rang, tat ea dan Idng ngudi H'mdng ng bj my Ma an thjt ehf edn Igi cac ngdn tay va ngdn chdn cua ngudi chet. Hai anh em Sau va Sia mang nhCrng ngdn tay vd ngdn chdn l y di chdn sdu xuong dat. [t Idu sau, tir nhCrng ngdn tay vd ngdn chdn do. ngudi sing mgc len (Trung tam Khoa hgc Xa hgi vd Nhan van Qudc gia, Vien Van hgc, 2002, tr. 1055). Truypn Ching Gialahin k l rang Gialahin bj cgp an thjt, d i u cirng qua khdng an duge nen egp dem bd vdo ehum. 10 ngdy sau md ehum thi ddu eiia Gialahin da bien mdt em be khau khfnh. Hay truyen Hai chj em, em chit, ehj bd tim em vdo chum u cung ganh Id phep va ganh nude sudi dau ngudn. ngdy, dem sau mdi md ehum, em sdng lgi. Su tai sinh cua nhan vat da ehit tir mgt bao thai mdi edn thay the hipn rd nhat d dang thire nhan vat song Igi dugc than linh cho dau thai vdo bung cua mgt ngudi phu nCr khdc. Truyen Moi tinh chung thuy ke v l tinh yeu ngang trdi cua nang gdi hp Phdng va ngudi trai hg Trang. Vi bj cha mp ep duyen, nang gdi hg Phdng ty tir tren kipu hoa, sau dd duac than linh cho dau thai vdo byng eua ngudi dan bd hp Dgng. Trong hinh dang eua mdt dira be, ndng da trudng thdnh rit nhanh va mau chdng trd thdnh mdt cd gdi giong hpt nhu xua (Trung tdm Khoa hge Xa hdi va Nhdn van Quoc gia, Vipn Van hpc, 2002, tr. 892). Hay truypn Duyen ng tai sinh cd cd eon gdi phii dng va mgt anh hoc trd ngheo yeu nhung khdng dugc lay nhau. cd gai tu tir. Anh hge trd lay muc son ghi vdo Idng ban tay ngudi yeu may ehCr "Thir sinh duyen vj lilu, nguyen kit hgu duyen sinh" vd chdn ed dudi gam giudng. Cd gai dugc trdi thuang tinh cho dau thai vao byng ciia mgt phu nhan quy tgc khac. Ndng dugc sinh lan nCra vd tren tay vdn cdn ddng chCr ngdy xua (Nguyin Dong Chi. 2000b, tr. 1340). LA MAI THI GIA - NGHI LE TRUCFNG T H A N H V A NGUON G Q C . Hoac cau chuyen ke v l ddi bgn At va Giap, Gidp cho At mugn tien sau dd bj At gilt chit. Gidp an n i p mgt qua khi, vg At an k h i va cd thai roi sinh Gidp hinh hdi mgt dira be. At bj trCrng trj edn Gidp trd ve nhd minh song lai nhu xua (Sinh eon roi mai sinh cha, sinh ehiu giir nhi rdi m&i sinh dng) (Nguyin Dong Chi, 2000a, tr. 372). 3. K^T LUAN TCr nhu'ng phdn tich va ddn chirng neu tren, chimg tdi thay rang motif tdi sinh truyen co tich Vipt Nam chinh la sy chuyin tai cua nghi l i trudng ed nguon goc tir lich sir van hda dan tdc vao van hgc. Cd the khdng djnh nghi l i trudng thdnh chinh la mpt hinh thire nguyen thuy cua motif tai sinh van hge dan gian. Dong thdi duge chuyin hda tCr mdt motif dan tdc hgc thdnh motif truypn ke dan gian thi day eung id mpt nhO-ng nghi l i nguyen thuy cdn giu' lai duge nhCrng hinh thuc trye tilp, gan gui va d i nhan dien nhat • TAI LIEU TRiCH DAN I.Ddo Duy Anh. 2005. Lich sCfco dai Viet Nam. Hd Ngi: Nxb. Van hda Thdng tin. 2. James George Frazer. 2007. Canh vang - Bach khoa thw vi van hoa nguyen thuy. Hd Ngi: Nxb. Van hda Thdng tin. 3. Nguyin Dong Chi. 2000a. Kho tangtruygn cd tich Vigt Nam (tap 1). Ha Ngi: Nxb. Gido dye. 4. Nguyin Ding Chi. 2000b. Kho tang truygn cd tich Vigt Nam (tgp 2). Ha Npi; Nxb. Gido dye. 5. Nhieu tdc gia. 2006a. Truyen co Ma Ndng. TPHCM: Nxb. Van Nghp. 6. Nhilu tdc gid. 2006b. Tnjyen co Raglai. TPHCM: Nxb. Van Nghp. 7. Trung tdm Khoa hge Xa hgi vd Nhan van Quoc gia, Vipn Van hgc. 2000a. Tuyin t$p van hgc din gian Viet Nam (tap 2, quyen 1), TruySn cd tich. Hd Ngi: Nxb. Giao due. 8. Trung tam Khoa hgc Xa hgi vd Nhdn van Quoc gia, Vien Van hgc. 2000b. Tuyen t$p vin hgc dan gian Viet Nam (tap 2, quyen 2), Truyen cd tich. Hd Ndi: Nxb. Gido due. 9. Trung tdm Khoa hpc Xa hgi vd Nhdn van Qudc gia, Vien Vdn hpc. 2002. Tdng tap van hoc cac dan tgc thiiu s6 Viet Nam (tap 2), Truygn cd din gian. Da Nang: Nxb. Dd Nang. 10. Trung tdm Khoa hgc Xa hgi vd Nhdn van QuIc gia. 2004. Tinh tuyin van hgc Vl$t Nam (tap 2, quyen 1), Van hgc cic din tdc thiiu sd. Hd Ngi: Nxb. Khoa hgcXa hgi. 11. Vien Khoa hgc Xa hgi Viet Nam. 2004. Tdng tap van hgc dan gian ngw&i Vidt (tgp 6), Tnjyen cd tich thin ky. Hd Ngi: Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hpi. 12. Vu Minh Chi. 2004. Nhin hgc van hda - ngw&i vai thien nhien, xa hgi va thi gl&l sieu nhidn. Hd Ngi: Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. . nay bao ham motif twpng tnmg cua cai chet va sw tai sinh, von xuat hi$n rit pho bien trong truypn co tich cua cic dan tpc tren the gidi va Vi$t Nam. 1. MOTIF TAI SINH TRONG TRUYEN . TRUYEN CO TiCH VIET NAM VA NGHI LE TRUONG THANH Motif tai sinh trong truydn co tich Viet Nam la nh&ng tinh tl4t chi hi?n tirgng s6ng lgi cua nhan v$t trong truyen ke sau. thay rang motif tdi sinh trong truyen co tich Vipt Nam chinh la sy chuyin tai cua nghi li trudng thanh ed nguon goc tir trong lich sir van hda dan tdc vao van hgc. Cd the khdng djnh nghi li