Part IV Conclusion Chapter 14: Conclusion, Implications and Future Research Agenda 14.1 Prelude Starting with the present fragmented and contesting practices towards sustainable architecture and sustainable housing, as well as the escalating popularity of environmental performance assessment practice, the thesis has: – identified implication and weaknesses in BEAMs and the concept of environmental performance (Chapter 2, Chapter and Part III); – shown the impacts of socio-economics and architectural design on building environmental performance (Part III) – identified additional factors in socio-economics and architectural design that can influence building environmental performance (Chapter 3, Chapter and Part III) To address the solution to the above fragmentation, the thesis, based on theoretical studies, has established the Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse (Chapter 5). This framework organises approaches from socio-economics, architectural design and environmental performance domains in an integrated and reciprocal manner. The Integrated Framework has been revisited (Part III) with empirical substantiation found in Singapore public housing practice. This has led to a systematic approach, assessment criteria, and influencing factors, of specific sustainable performance issues, i.e. land use efficiency, energy efficiency, water conservation, material efficiency, and experience of home. 321 This Chapter concludes the research with: – Positioning the Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse to current theoretical discourses, practices and educations of sustainable architecture, in order to further underline the thesis standpoints and contributions; – Synergising and organising the fragmented empirical practices related to Singapore public housing (as analysed in Part III) into the Integrated Framework, in order to fill in the literature gaps (as identified in section 6.4) and to unveil systematic approach towards sustainable public housing; – Clarifying the validity of research findings with current movement and development of building environmental assessment methods; – Discussing the potential to establish Architecture Sustainable Assessment Method through revisiting and compiling the assessment criteria and influencing factors of the sustainable performances (as established in Part III); and – Identifying agenda for future researches and concluding the thesis. 14.2 Positioning the Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse 14.2.1 In Design Methodology Movements The movements of Design Methodology Alexander Tzonis (2004), in his keynote speech at the first iNTA (International Network for Tropical Architecture) conference, critically reviews the movements in Design Methodology, i.e. from Design Methods to Critical Theory, and currently, Sustainable Design. In this discussion, the Design Method movement in the 1960s is seen as having its 'reliance on analytical sciences' and the bias for 'universal laws, empirical observations, and problem solving techniques characteristic of ways of inquiring in natural sciences'; Whereas the 322 Critical Theory 'saw design dealing with unique, 'situated' cases that were not subject to generalizations and rules'(Tzonis, 2004). The argument of the Critical Theory is that: – Its inquiries 'tried to show that designing as an activity was driven by highly individualistic intentions, power struggles, and collective memories'; -empirical methods applied – 'Such phenomena could not be dealt by transferring logico in mechanics'; and thus ving no use of idealized models or problem solving processes fundamental to – 'Ha Design Methods'. (Tzonis, 2004) Sustainable Design, the endeavour at the present, has 're -introduce[d], in a more advanced and rigorous version, the systemic approach of Design Methods while the same time maintaining a more reflective outlook in defining the elements and operations of the 'system', an approach inherited from Critical Theory' (Tzonis, 2004) . The position of the Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse The Integrated Framework proposed in this thesis is in line with Tzonis's opinion of Sustainable Design that embraces not only the scientific aspect of building science and technologies, but also the contingency, flexibility, quality and innovation dimensions of design. Before arriving to this point, the research has already critically reviewed the practice of BEAMs and has criticised its overtly-relying on scientific, materialist and structural approach, as well as its over-ambition of being the ultimate objectives for architectural design. These are reflected in the practice's implied pipe -line framework towards sustainable housing (see section 2.6) and in the Integrated Design Process model (see section 5.3.1). Bryan Lawson (1997) in his seminal work 'How Designers Think:The Design Process Demystified'states that, 323 One of the popular models for the design process to be found in the literature on design methodology is that of scientific method. Problems of science however not fit the description of design problems […] and, consequently, the processes of science and design cannot usefully be considered as analogous. The most important, obvious and fundamental difference is that design is essentially prescriptive whereas science is predominantly descriptive. Designers not aim to deal with questions of what is, how and why but, rather, with what might be, could be and should be. While scientists may help us to understand the present and predict the future, designers may be seen to prescribe and to create the future, and thus their process deserves not just ethical but also moral scrutiny. The benefits of scientific measurements to design, in Lawson's point of view, lie in the role of informing designer the general approaches (as being opposite to detailed ones) to enhance certain performance: What a designer really needs is to have some feel for the meaning behind the numbers rather than precise methods of calculating them. As a designer you need to know the kinds of changes that can be made to the design which are most likely to improve it when measured against the criteria. It is thus more a matter of strategic decisions rather than careful calculation (Lawson, 1997) The re-defined and re-clarified roles and position of the environmental performance domain in the Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse, especially in its roles of informing and inspiring architectural design (see section 5.5.2), in fact, corresponds to Lawson's viewpoint above. Furthermore, the inclusion of the three knowledge domains – socio-economics, architectural design and environmental performance – in the Integrated Framework reflects Dean Hawkes' conclusion drawn out from the discussion of 'objective knowledge and the art and science of architecture'. That is 324 … the exiting possibility of a collaboration between the worlds of architectural history, design theory and, ultimately of crucial importance, of practice. In this, the aims and methods of each could come together, united in the common purpose of making the use of historical data relevant to the solution of problems of contemporary design, with equal relevance to both the technical realm of what is normally termed 'building science' and the complex cultural issues […] In this way the crippling barrier between art and science in architectural debate may be broken down. (Hawkes, 1996) 14.2.2 In architectural theory discourse The Integrated Framework, although is meant for architectural practice, suggests that interdisciplinary approach is necessary. This is because of the large scope of coverage of the concept 'sustainable development' – including not only the environment but also sociology and economics. On the one hand, the Integrated Framework takes the position of the social constructivist theory (see section 1.2.5), which believes that sustainability is a social constructed notion and resulted from a contesting process among the social constructed ecological logics (Guy and Farmer, 2001). This is so because: unlike the environmental architecture in the 1970s forefronting the environmental design to respond to the oil crisis, sustainable architecture includes not only environmental but also social and economic issues. Furthermore, with the well-built foundation and records of ego-centricity in the modern society, where 'Humans Supplant God; Everything Changes' (McKibben, 2000); the main cause of the unsustainable development is rooted from human activities and behaviour. These human aspects collectively form socio-economic settings and trends, which are the dominant factors influencing sustainable development. Therefore, in the Integrated Framework, socio-economic domain is placed at the forefront with the role to inform architectural design in sustainable housing development. 325 On the other hand, the Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse does not undermine and dematerialise scientific aspects and technological solutions of the environmental performance domain. It, conversely, acknowledges the role and approaches of the environmental performance domain. Unlike the social constructivist theory that questions and challenges the positivistic scientific approach to sustainable architecture, the Integrated Framework recognises the contributions from the bioclimatic approach by Olgyay and Ken Yeang, the 'selective environment' of Dean Hawkes, and the practice of BEAMs. Although accepting both positions, the social constructivist and the environmental performance domain, the Integrated Framework does not mean to step on two stones at the same time, so that conflicts are posed within the framework itself. Instead, it brings together different perspectives and carefully organised them under a systematic framework so that positive and reciprocal relationships among the various domains can be surfaced. The Integrated Framework, for example, strongly opposes the model of 'Integrated Design Process' and the implied pipeline framework by the practice ofBEAMs, where environmental performance criteria are projected as the main and ultimate objectives for the whole architectural design process to respond to, and as the governing issue in sustainable architecture discourse. As the Integrated Framework targets architectural professional in designing sustainable housing, architectural design domain holds most responsibility in the framework in integrating the inputs from both socio-economics and environmental performance domains. It is so because architects have a critical role to play. In the words of Jones (1998): As leaders in the construction process, and providers of a central link between it and those who commission buildings, they [architects] are in a prime position to 326 influence, cajole and to demonstrate, through their designs, the path to sustainability in architecture.' Furthermore, the Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse implies that the practice of checklist approach and design principles with unspecified the interconnected among them, often found in literature and practice, are no longer sufficient. Sustainable housing performance can not be achieved through the sum of all individual strategies and guidelines, but through the systematic interrelationship and integration among strategies of the three domains of environmental performance, architectural design and socioeconomics, 14.2.3 In designers-clients-users relationship The issue in the triple relationship among designer, clients and users has long been discussed. The conventional controversial question is: To whom, between clients and users (if they are not belonged to one group), the designers/architects design for. The reason lies in the different interests and agenda of each group. For example, budget is often the main concern of the clients but comfort is often the main expectation from the users. Zeisel’s user-needs gap model shows that ‘while there might often be good communications between designers and paying clients, both have a gap in their communications with user clients’ (Lawson, 1997 referencing Zeisel, 1984). In a study to confirm the ‘user-needs gap’ model, Cairns (1996) points out that these gaps are not always aware of by either architects or paying clients. The issue is particularly crucial to the development of high-rise high-density housing, in which the paying clients are often the developers or an organisation, and the users (residents) are someone else. The developing housing environment, where the residents will live, has direct implication to their everyday activities and to a greater extent, implications to the socioeconomics and human-environment relationship at large. However, these issues are often less perceived by the clients. 327 -needs gap model (Source: Lawson, 1997) Figure 14-1: Zeisel's user In sustainable architecture design, user dimension can not be neglected. The Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse, by acknowledging the role of users and the strength of social constructivist theory, suggests that the approach to sustainable housing design process should include both the understanding of desirable environmental performance and the socio-economic context that can define (at certain level) resident behaviour. Furthermore, the Integrated Framework can serve as a communicational mean for architects/designers to explain and convey to clients the importance and benefits for involving user consideration in the design. In summary, the Integrated Framework has the potential to respond to the gaps between designers and users, and between clients and users, as addressed in Zeisel's model. 14.2.4 In architectural education The Integrated Framework attempts to address a comprehensive definition and systematic approaches to sustainable housing (architecture) design among plentiful but fragmented and contesting ones in current literature. In the Integrated Framework, architectural design is highlighted as a central role to receive and integrate innovatively inputs from both socioeconomics and environmental performance domains. In an educational context, the Integrated 328 Framework can expose architectural students to a larger but comprehensive consideration of sustainable architecture. In this way, the implication of the Integrated Framework is a response to the often-found educational method that has a distinct separation between design (and conventional approaches in architectural design), socio-economics and environmental performance. Borrowing Hagan's words (2003), the student design process in this educational method is described as: Students develop conceptual frameworks, which often have nothing whatever to with “the environment,” and simultaneously research aspects of environmental design on a need-to-know basis. Their intellectual inquiry is therefore both cultural and environmental, and the dialogue between the two generates the final design. The outcome, however, is limited by the nature of the input. Students may successfully research photovoltaics, reed bed water purification, and recycled materials, but they are not able to test either their empirical observations or their final decisions. In discussing the application of computer analysis and simulation of environmental performance dominating current architecture course, Hagan points out that: This is in some ways good—it’s rigorous, concrete, and enables students to see clearly which decisions are environmentally advantageous—and in some ways unsuccessful: students don’t have time to integrate the new practice into their established ways of designing. (Hagan, 2003) The Integrated Framework encourages and facilitates architectural students to engage in a truly interdisciplinary approach as early as during conceptual design stage. Furthermore, by understanding the meanings, contributions and implications of socio-economic driving forces, as well as of environmental performance to sustainable architecture, architectural students can engage in 'an open process of negotiation, criticism and debate' (as in the words of Guy and Farmer, 2001). 329 Jones, D. L. (1998). 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Website: BREEAM, UK: http://products.bre.co.uk/breeam/ Department of Statistics, Singapore: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/yos.html http://www.singstat.gov.sg/papers/snippets/expenditure.html http://www.singstat.gov.sg/papers/snippets/water.html 377 Housing and Development Board, Singapore: http://www.hdb.gov.sg International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment, and Natural Resources Canada: http://greenbuilding.ca/iisbe/start/iisbe.htm http://www.buildingsgroup.nrcan.gc.ca/projects/idp_e.html#history http://greenbuilding.ca/gbc2k/teams/canada/posters/dundas/dundas-p.htm International Network for Tropical Architecture http://www.arch.nus.edu.sg/iNTA Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, and National Environment Agency: http://app.mewr.gov.sg/home.asp?id=M1 http://app.nea.gov.sg Ministry of Finance, Singapore (Cut Waste: Suggestion and Reply): http://app.mof.gov.sg/cutwaste/suggestionview.asp?id=248 Next 21: Osaka Gas Experimental Housing http://www.arch.hku.hk/~cmhui/japan/next21/next21-index.html Public Utilities Board, Singapore: http://www.pub.gov.sg Urban Redevelopment Authorities, Singapore: http://www.ura.gov.sg U.S. Green Building Council: http://www.usgbc.org/LEED/LEED_main.asp 378 [...]... 14. 3 Towards sustainable public housing in Singapore In substantiating the main discourse of environmental performance and sustainable architecture, the thesis has revealed numerous negative as well as positive examples found in Singapore public housing development in terms of sustainable development (see Part III) They, in a way, have formed a 'discrete' review of how sustainable development has... immediate and practical lessons and contributions to the prospect of developing sustainable public housing in Singapore (section 14. 3) 14. 7 .4 Systematic approaches to sustainable housing performance and preliminary development of ArchSAM The systematic approach to each of the five sustainable housing performance issues (Part III) is the further development from the Integrated Framework Regarding land use efficiency,... issues The economic and social attributes of sustainable development can be better address at planning and master planning level This section looks into how the findings in this thesis can contribute to the shift towards architecture sustainable assessment and address the above two related issues 14. 5.2 Architecture Sustainable Assessment Method The Integrated Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and. .. interconnectedness of all three domains of sustainable architecture The compilation and organisation of the criteria from five sustainable performances (Figure 14- 3) forms preliminary structure of Architecture Sustainable Assessment Method (ArchSAM) ArchSAM has great potential in contributing to assessment practice of sustainable architecture through its advancement over current existing building environmental assessment... Framework for Sustainable Housing Design and Discourse The framework recognises the multidirectional pathways towards sustainable housing (Figure 5.1), and acknowledged the importance of interconnectedness among the three domains: socio-economics, architectural design and environmental performance 344 The Integrated Framework addresses sustainable housing in a more holistic and systematic manner The. .. household, and resident behaviour in Singapore public housing context, significantly outpace the attempts of environmental performance domain in its influences towards high sustainable housing performance Therefore, the role of education, public housing policies making, promoting and facilitating positive resident behaviours are important Thirdly, there are evidences that architectural design of public housing. .. activities to the endeavour towards sustainable housing The discussions on appropriate assessment criteria and influencing factors from all three domains to the 5 sustainable performances are developed further from the systematic approach Criteria for each sustainable performance are selected from both existing relevant environmental performance criteria, and newly-established criteria in reflecting the interconnectedness... environmental performance As described in GBTool 2005: 332 The Pre-Design phase assessment is intended to indicate the future potential sustainable performance of the project, based on the information available at the end of the Pre-Design phase." The Design phase assessment is intended to indicate the future potential sustainable performance of the project, based on the information available at the end of the. .. of sustainable architecture These criteria derived from extensive empirical analyses and discussions in Part III At the second strategic hierarchy, each of the sustainable performances comprises of the three domains of environmental performance, socio-economics and architectural design The influencing factors from each domain are also identified Figure 14- 3 brings together all the five separated diagrams... the endeavours towards sustainable architecture Although the above tasks are necessary, they are not all for architecture professionals Jones (1998) lays down the challenge: A sustainable architecture appropriate to the demands of the next millennium will not materialize solely through applying the remedies of revivifying building physics to the architecture of the last decade […] An enduring sustainable . and debate' (as in the words of Guy and Farmer, 2001). 330 14. 3 Towards sustainable public housing in Singapore In substantiating the main discourse of environmental performance. sustainable architecture and sustainable housing, as well as the escalating popularity of environmental performance assessment practice, the thesis has: – identified implication and weaknesses. revisiting and compiling the assessment criteria and influencing factors of the 5 sustainable performances (as established in Part III); and – Identifying agenda for future researches and concluding