P❤❉ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ❙❤♦✇✱ ❉♦♥✬t ❚❡❧❧✿ ◆♦♥✲❱❡r❜❛❧ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❚❡st✐♠♦♥② ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ◆♦♥✲❆rt✐st✐❝ ❋❛❝❡ ❙❦❡t❝❤❡s ❍♦ss❡✐♥ ◆❡❥❛t✐ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ ❉r✳ ❚❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙✐♠ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✹✱ ✷✵✶✸ ❆❜str❛❝t ■♥ t❤✐s t❡①t ✇❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♥t❡r❡st ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✮✳ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ♦✈❡r ✸✵ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ✇❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ✉s❡❞ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss t❡st✐♠♦♥② ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✭❊❚Ps✮ ❛r❡ ✐♥❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❧② ✉♥r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❊❚Ps ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✉♥r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✭❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s✮✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❝❛✉s❡ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss✬ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ✈✐t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❞r❛st✐❝ ❝♦♥✲ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❝❛✉s❡ ❞❡❛t❤ ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥♥♦❝❡♥t ❤✉♠❛♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✭❋❙❘s✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦♥❧② ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t s✐♠✐❧❛r✲ ✐t② t♦ t❤❡✐r ♣❤♦t♦ ❝♦✉♥t❡r♣❛rts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡② t❤❡s❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢♦r r❡❝♦❣♥✐③✐♥❣ ❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s✳ ❖✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ t❛❝❦❧❡ t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s t♦ ✜rst ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣✱ tr② t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ✉♥r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❚Ps✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s str❛t❡❣② ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ✉s❡ ♥♦♥✲❛rt✐st✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❞r❛✇♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ✭▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤❡s✮✱ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ t♦ r❡tr✐❡✈❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss✬ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❢❛❝❡✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❞r❛✇♥ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ❛✈♦✐❞s ❛❞❞❡❞ ❞✐s✲ t♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐ss✉❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ✈❡r❜❛❧ ♦✈❡rs❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣ ✭❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r②✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ ✈❡r❜❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐t✮✱ ♣✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✭r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❛❝❡✱ ✉s✐♥❣ s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ❛♥❞ s❤❛♣❡s ♦❢ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❡❞ ✐❞❡❛s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡s❡ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❞✐st♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss✬ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❜✐❛s✱ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝❡ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s✱ t❤❛t t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❛s s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s✳ ■♥ ♦✉r ❋❙❘✱ ✇❡ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✶ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❞❡❜✐❛s t❤❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤✱ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ❛♥ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ♠❡❛♥t ❜② ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❢♦r ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❤♦t♦ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣♦✐♥t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❤✉♠❛♥s✳ ❚♦ t❡st ♦✉r ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ✸ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ♦❢ s❦❡t❝❤✲♣❤♦t♦ ♣❛✐rs✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛ t♦t❛❧ ♦❢ ✽✻✵ s❦❡t❝❤❡s✱ ❞r❛✇♥ ❜② ✽✻ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts✳ ■♥ ♦✉r t❡sts✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ♦✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❜♦t❤ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ❢r♦♠ ♦✉r ❞❛t❛s❡ts ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ s❦❡t❝❤ ❞❛t❛s❡ts✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ♦✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❛♥❞ ❣❛❧❧❡r② s✐③❡✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✐♥ ♦✉r t❡sts ✭♥♦t ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✮ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❡st ✐s r♦♦t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ❜② t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ s❦❡t❝❤ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❜✐❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖✉r r❡✈✐❡✇s ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✈✐s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♦✉r ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts✱ s✉❣❣❡st ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❜❡tt❡r ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss t❡st✐♠♦♥② ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❡✈❡♥ s❤❡❞ ❧✐❣❤t ♦♥ ♦t❤❡r r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✈✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ♦✉r ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ✇✐t❤ ♠✐♥♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✱ ✇❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ s✉r♣❛ss ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡❛r r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s t❡①t ✇❡ s✉❣❣❡st ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss t❡st✐♠♦♥② ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✭t♦ ❝♦✈❡r ❝❛s❡s ♦❢ ♣♦♦r ♠❡♠♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❢❛❝❡✮✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦s✱ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦♥✲ ✷ ❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤♦♣❡ t❤❛t ♦✉r ✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✈✐s✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❧②✱ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❧✐✈❡s✳ ✸ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶✳✶ ✶✻ ❚❤❡s✐s ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❋❛❝❡ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ❲♦r❦s ✷✳✶ ✷✳✷ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❋❛❝❡ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✷✷ ✷✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❊①❛❝t ❙❦❡t❝❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✷ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❋♦r❡♥s✐❝ ❙❦❡t❝❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✸ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ♦❢ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❚❡st✐♠♦♥② Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✸✽ ✸✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r② ▲✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷ ❇✐❛s❡❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✸ P✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡ ❘❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✹ ▼❡♠♦r② ❆❧t❡r❛t✐♦♥✿ P♦st✲❡✈❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✺ ▼❡♠♦r② ❆❧t❡r❛t✐♦♥✿ ❱✐❡✇✐♥❣ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r ❋❛❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✻ ▼❡♠♦r② ❆❧t❡r❛t✐♦♥✿ ❱❡r❜❛❧ ❖✈❡rs❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✼ ▼❡♠♦r② ❆❧t❡r❛t✐♦♥✿ ▼❡♥t❛❧ ◆♦r♠ ❇✐❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✽ ❈❤♦♦s✐♥❣ ❛ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✽✳✶ ◆♦r♠✲❇❛s❡❞ ✈s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛r✲❇❛s❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✽✳✷ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❋❛❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✽✳✸ ❊①❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❘❡♣♦rt ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹ ✸✳✾ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹ ❘❡s❤❛♣✐♥❣ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❋❛❝❡ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✿ ❚❤❡ ❯s❡ ♦❢ ◆♦♥✲❛rt✐st✐❝ ❙❦❡t❝❤❡s ✺✼ ✹✳✶ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❚❡st✐♠♦♥② Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ❋❛❝❡ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❙❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❇✐❛s ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡♠♦✈❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❲❡✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ❖✉t❧✐♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉❡❜✐❛s❡❞ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ■♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ◆♦♥✲❆rt✐st✐❝ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✸✳✶ ▼✉❧t✐✲❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❲❡✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✸✳✷ ■♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❖r❞❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✸✳✸ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✲❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✸ ✹✳✹ ✹✳✺ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✿ ❲♦♥❞❡r ❊❛rs✱ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ❚✇✐♥s ❢r♦♠ ❊❛r ■♠❛❣❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❊❛r ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❊❛r ■♠❛❣❡ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❲❡✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✾✼ ✺✳✶ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✸ ■♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❛❧❧ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✺✳✹ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❚✇✐♥ ❊❛r ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✺✳✹✳✶ ✺✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✾✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✺ ✻ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✶✷✷ ✻✳✶ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✻✳✷ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ P✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✶✸✷ ✻ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✶✳✶ ❙♦♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ✉♥r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❛rt✐st✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ✭t✇♦ ❧❡❢t ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ❢r♦♠ ❍❚❚P✿✴✴❞❡♣❧❡t❡❞❝r❛♥✐✉♠✳❝♦♠✮ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❡ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ✭t✇♦ r✐❣❤t ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ❬❙✐♥❤❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❜❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✶ ✶✽ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦ t♦ s❦❡t❝❤ ❡✐❣❡♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❚❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❋r♦♠ ❧❡❢t t♦ r✐❣❤t✿ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣❤♦t♦✱ ❡✐❣❡♥❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦✱ ❡✐❣❡♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❦❡t❝❤✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ s❦❡t❝❤✳ ✷✳✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❤♦t♦ t♦ s❦❡t❝❤ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬▲✐✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❋r♦♠ ❧❡❢t t♦ r✐❣❤t✿ ♣❤♦t♦ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ s❦❡t❝❤ ❞r❛✇♥ ❜② ❛rt✐st✱ ♣s❡✉❞♦✲s❦❡t❝❤ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ♣s❡✉❞♦✲s❦❡t❝❤ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❬❚❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ✷✳✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦✲s❦❡t❝❤ ♣❛✐r ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❤✉✐ ▲✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✏s❦❡t❝❤❡s✑ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡r❡ ♠❡r❡❧② tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♠✲ ❛❣❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤♦t♦s✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t r❡❛❧ ❤❛♥❞✲❞r❛✇♥ s❦❡t❝❤❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✹ ✷✾ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ s❦❡t❝❤✲♣❤♦t♦ ♣❛✐rs ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❲❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❚❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ❋r♦♠ ❧❡❢t t♦ r✐❣❤t✿ ♣❤♦t♦✱ ❛rt✐st s❦❡t❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ s❦❡t❝❤✳ ✼ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✺ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ s❦❡t❝❤✲♣❤♦t♦ ♣❛✐rs ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❩❤♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❳✐❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ❋r♦♠ ❧❡❢t t♦ r✐❣❤t✿ ♣❤♦t♦✱ ❛rt✐st s❦❡t❝❤✱ s②♥t❤❡s✐③❡❞ ♣❤♦t♦ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐♥ ❬❳✐❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✱ ❛♥❞ s②♥✲ t❤❡s✐③❡❞ s❦❡t❝❤ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐♥ ❬❩❤♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✻ ✸✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ s❦❡t❝❤✲♣❤♦t♦ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬Pr❛♠❛♥✐❦ ❛♥❞ ❇❤❛tt❛❝❤❛r❥❡❡✱ ✷✵✶✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✼ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ s❦❡t❝❤✲♣❤♦t♦ ♣❛✐rs ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❇❤❛tt ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✽ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤✲♣❤♦t♦ ♣❛✐rs ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬❑❧❛r❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶❪ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ✇♦r❦ t❤❛t ❤❛s t❡st❡❞ ♦♥ ❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s✱ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❡①❛❝t s❦❡t❝❤❡s✳ ✭❚✇♦ ❧❡❢t ❝♦❧✉♠♥s✮ ❚✇♦ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ❣♦♦❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤♦t♦❣r❛♣❤s✱ ❛♥❞ ✭t✇♦ r✐❣❤t ❝♦❧✉♠♥s✮ t✇♦ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ♣♦♦r q✉❛❧✐t② ❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤♦t♦❣r❛♣❤s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✶ ✸✹ ❋♦✉r ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ s❦✐❧❧❡❞ ■❞❡♥t✐❑✐t ♦♣❡r❛✲ t♦r✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ❞❡♣✐❝t❡❞ ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ ❢❛♠♦✉s ❝❡❧❡❜r✐t✐❡s✳ ❉❡❣r❛✲ ❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❤❡r❡ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤ts t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡♠❡❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③✐♥❣ ❢❛❝❡s ✭❢r♦♠ ❬❙✐♥❤❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❜❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✹✶ ✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ t❤❛t ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐✈❡ t♦ ❢❛❝❡s ✐♥ t②♣✐✲ ❝❛❧ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s✳ ❚❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ✧❋✉s✐❢♦r♠ ❋❛❝❡ ❆r❡❛✧ ✭❋❋❆✮ ✐s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❧♦❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❢✉s✐❢♦r♠ ❣②r✉s ❛♥❞ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♣✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❜♦t❤ s✐❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❢❛❝❡s✱ ✐t ✐s t❤❡ r✐❣❤t s✐❞❡ t❤❛t ✐s ✉s✉❛❧❧② ♠♦r❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❢❛❝❡s ✭♥♦t❡ r❛❞✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ❧❡❢t ❛♥❞ r✐❣❤t ❛r❡ r❡✈❡rs❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥✱ ♣♦st ♠♦rt❡♠✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❢✉s✐❢♦r♠ ❢❛❝❡ ❛r❡❛ ✐s ❝♦❧♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ♣✐♥❦✳ ✭■♠❛❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❬P✐❡r❝❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✮ ✸✳✸ ✳ ✹✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ ❛✈❡r❛❣✐♥❣ st❡♣s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❋❛❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦✈❡r t❡♥ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❚♦♥② ❇❧❛✐r ❬❇✉rt♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ✭❆✮ ❙❤♦✇s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ✭❇✮ ❙❤♦✇s r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ♠♦r♣❤✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s t♦ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ s❤❛♣❡✳ ✭❈✮ ❙❤♦✇s t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✲❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s❤❛♣❡✲ st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❧ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❈❛r❜♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✼❪✱ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ Pr✐♥❝❡ss ❉✐❛♥❛✳ ❚❤❡ s❝❛❧❡ r❛♥❣❡s ❢r♦♠ ✲✺✱ ✉♣ t♦ ✰✺ ✇✐t❤ ③❡r♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✭✈❡r✐❞✐❝❛❧✮ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❙✉❜❥❡❝ts s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡s ❜✐❛s❡❞ t♦✇❛r❞ t❤❡ ✰✺ ♦r ✲✺ ❛s t❤❡ ✈❡r✐❞✐❝❛❧ ❢❛❝❡✱ ❛❢t❡r ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ✰✺ ♦r ✲✺ ❢❛❝❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ❜✐❛s❡❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❛ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❢❛❝❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦rt ✹✳✶ ❡①♣♦s✉r❡ t♦ ❜✐❛s❡❞ st✐♠✉❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❛rt✐st✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡❧❛t❡❞ t❛r❣❡t ❢❛❝❡ ✻✵ ✾ ✳ ❆✳ ●✳ ●♦❧❞st❡✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❈❤❛♥❝❡✳ ▼❡♠♦r② ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ s❝❤❡♠❛ t❤❡♦r②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✶✵✺✿✹✼✕✺✾✱ ✶✾✽✵✳ ❑✳ ●r✐❧❧✲❙♣❡❝t♦r✱ ❢❛❝❡ ❛r❡❛ ◆✳ s✉❜s❡r✈❡s ❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✐✿ ◆✳ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ◆❛t ◆❡✉r♦s❝✐✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ✶✵✾✼✲✻✷✺✻✳ ❑♥♦✉❢✱ ❑❛♥✇✐s❤❡r✳ ♥♦t ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ✼✭✺✮✿✺✺✺✕✺✻✷✱ ▼❛② ❢✉s✐❢♦r♠ ✇✐t❤✐♥✲❝❛t❡❣♦r② ✷✵✵✹✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✸✽✴♥♥✶✷✷✹✳ ■❙❙◆ ❯❘▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✸✽✴♥♥✶✷✷✹✳ ❘✳ ●r♦ss✱ ■✳ ▼❛tt❤❡✇s✱ ❏✳ ❈♦❤♥✱ ❚✳ ❑❛♥❛❞❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❇❛❦❡r✳ ▼✉❧t✐✲♣✐❡✳ ■♥ ✬✵✽✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✕✽✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❋● ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❆❋●❘✳✷✵✵✽✳✹✽✶✸✸✾✾✳ ❙✳ ❘✳ ●r♦ss✱ ❑✳ ❏❛❝♦❜②✱ ❉✳ ❏✳ ▼❛t❤❡s♦♥✱ ◆✳ ▼♦♥t❣♦♠❡r②✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ P❛t✐❧✳ ❊①♦♥✲ ❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t❡❞ st❛t❡s ✶✾✽✾ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈r✐♠✐♥❛❧ ▲❛✇ ✫ ❈r✐♠✐♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✾✺✿✺✷✸✕✺✻✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❏✐♥❣✲▼✐♥❣ ●✉♦✱ ❈❤❡♥✲❈❤✐ ▲✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❍♦❛♥❣✲❙♦♥ ◆❣✉②❡♥✳ ❋❛❝❡ ❣❡♥❞❡r r❡❝♦❣✲ ♥✐t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❢❛❝❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ s✉♣✲ ♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✳ ■♥ ❙②st❡♠ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✭■❈❙❙❊✮✱ ✷✵✶✵ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✸✼ ✕✻✹✵✱ ❥✉❧② ✷✵✶✵✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴■❈✲ ❙❙❊✳✷✵✶✵✳✺✺✺✶✼✷✽✳ ▼❛r❦ ❋✳ ❍❛♥s❡♥ ❛♥❞ ●❛r② ❆✳ ❆t❦✐♥s♦♥✳ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ✸❞ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐✲ t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧s✳ ■❈❊❇❚✱ ✷✿✷✻✕✸✹✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❏✳ ❱✳ ❍❛①❜②✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♥❡✉r❛❧ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❚r❡♥❞s ❈♦❣♥✳ ❙❝✐✳✱ ✹✿✷✷✸✕✷✸✸✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❑✳ ❋✳ ❍✐❧❧✐❛r ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ■✳ ❑❡♠♣✳ ❇❛r❛❝❦ ♦❜❛♠❛ ♦r ❜❛rr② ❞✉♥❤❛♠❄ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠✉❧t✐r❛❝✐❛❧ ❢❛❝❡s ✐s ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♥❛♠❡s ❛ss✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ✸✼✿✶✻✵✺✕✶✻✵✽✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ✶✹✵ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ❈✳ ❘✳ ❍✉✛✱ ❆✳ ❘❛tt♥❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ❙❛❣❛r✐♥✳ ❈♦♥✈✐❝t❡❞ ❜✉t ✐♥♥♦❝❡♥t✳ ❚❤♦✉s❛♥❞ ❖❛❦s✱ ❈❆✿❙❛❣❡✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❨✉♥❣ ❤✉✐ ▲✐✱ ▼✳ ❙❛✈✈✐❞❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ❇❤❛❣❛✈❛t✉❧❛✳ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ t♦❧❡r❛♥t ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ♥♦✈❡❧ ❢❛❝❡ ❢r♦♠ s❦❡t❝❤ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✜❧t❡rs✳ ■♥ ■❈❆❙❙P ✷✵✵✻✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✱ ♣❛❣❡s ■■ ✕■■✱ ✶✹✲✶✾ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴■❈❆❙❙P✳✷✵✵✻✳✶✻✻✵✸✺✸✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❏✳ ❍✉r❧❡②✱ ▼❛r❦ ❙✳ ◆✐①♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❏♦❤♥ ◆✳ ❈❛rt❡r✳ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡❛r ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❝s✳ ❋♦r❝❡ ✜❡❧❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ■♠❛❣❡ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣✱ ✾✽✭✸✮✿✹✾✶✕✺✶✷✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❆✳ ■❛♥♥❛r❡❧❧✐✳ ❊❛r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ✶✾✽✾✳ ❘✳ ■♠❤♦❢❡r✳ ❉✐❡ ❜❡❞❡✉t✉♥❣ ❞❡r ♦❤r♠✉s❝❤❡❧ ❢✉r ❞✐❡ ❢❡stst❡❧❧✉♥❣ ❞❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐t❛t✳ ❆r❝❤✐✈ ❢✉r ❞✐❡ ❑r✐♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❡✱ ✷✻✿✶✺✵✕✶✻✸✱ ✶✾✵✻✳ ❑✳ ■✇❛t❛✱ ❑✳ ❨❛♠❛♠♦t♦✱ ❑✳ ❑❛t♦✱ ❚✳ ❙✉③✉❦✐✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❯♠❡♠✉r❛✳ ❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② s②st❡♠ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢r♦♥t ❢❛❝❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❢❛❝❡✳ ■♥ ❙■❈❊ ✷✵✵✷✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹✶st ❙■❈❊ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✼ ✕ ✸✷ ✈♦❧✳✶✱ ❛✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❙■❈❊✳✷✵✵✷✳✶✶✾✺✶✼✺✳ ❈♦r❡♥t✐♥ ❏❛❝q✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❇r✉♥♦ ❘♦ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❢❛❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❝❝✐♣✐t♦✲t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦rt❡① ✐s ❤♦❧✐st✐❝✿ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t❡ ❢❛❝❡ ✐❧❧✉s✐♦♥✳ ✶✺✸✹✲✼✸✻✷✳ ❯❘▲ ❏✳ ❱✐s✳✱ ✾✭✻✮✿✶✕✶✻✱ ✻ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❙❙◆ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❥♦✉r♥❛❧♦❢✈✐s✐♦♥✳♦r❣✴✾✴✻✴✽✴✳ ■✳ ❏❛r✉❞✐ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❙✐♥❤❛✳ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t♦ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ▼■❚ ▲✐❜r❛r✐❡s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❏✐♥❣r♦♥❣ ❏✐❛✱ ▲✐❥✉♥ ❨✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ▼♦rr✐ss❡②✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❦✐♥ ❝♦❧♦r ❢♦r ✧♦t❤❡r✲r❛❝❡✧ ❡✛❡❝t✳ ■❈▼❊✱ ✶✿✸✾✾✕✹✵✷✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ✶✹✶ ❚✳❈✳ ❏♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❏✳❈✳ ❇❛rt❧❡tt✳ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❢❛❧s❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦✉t ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✿ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r② ✫ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ✸✼✭✷✮✿✶✹✸✕✺✼✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✾✵✲✺✵✷❳✳ ❍✳ ❑✐❛♥✐ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❙✐♠✳ ■♥t❡r✲♠♦❞❛❧✐t② ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝❡♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■❈▼❊✱ ✷✵✶✷❛✳ ❍✳ ❑✐❛♥✐ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❙✐♠✳ ❋❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜② ❧♦❝❛❧ r❛❞♦♥ ❜✐♥❛r② ♣❛tt❡r♥✿ ▲r❜♣✳ ■❈■P✱ ✷✵✶✷❜✳ ❇✳ ❑❧❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❏❛✐♥✳ ❙❦❡t❝❤ t♦ ♣❤♦t♦ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣✿ ❛ ❢❡❛t✉r❡❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❙P■❊ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ❍✉♠❛♥ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❇✳ ❑❧❛r❡✱ ❩❤✐❢❡♥❣ ▲✐✱ ❆✳❑✳ ❏❛✐♥✳ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ s❦❡t❝❤❡s t♦ P❛tt❡r♥ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ■❊❊❊ ♠✉❣ s❤♦t ♣❤♦t♦s✳ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✸✸✭✸✮✿✻✸✾ ✕✻✹✻✱ ♠❛r❝❤ ✷✵✶✶✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✻✷✲✽✽✷✽✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❚P❆▼■✳✷✵✶✵✳✶✽✵✳ ◆✳ ❑r✉❣❡r ▲✳ ❲✐s❦♦tt✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ ❋❡❧❧♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ✈♦♥ ❞❡r ▼❛❧s❜✉r❣✳ ♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜② ❡❧❛st✐❝ ❜✉♥❝❤ ❣r❛♣❤ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♠❛❣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ■♥ ❋❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣✲ Pr♦❝✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r✲ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✷✾✕✶✸✷ ✈♦❧✳✶✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴■❈■P✳✶✾✾✼✳✻✹✼✹✵✶✳ ▼✳ ▲❛❞❡s✱ ❏✳ ❈✳ ❱♦r❜r✉❣❣❡♥✱ ❏✳ ❇✉❤♠❛♥♥✱ ❏✳ ▲❛♥❣❡✱ ❈✳ ✈♦♥ ❞❡r ▼❛❧s✲ ❜✉r❣✱ ❘✳ P✳ ❲✉rt③✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❑♦♥❡♥✳ ♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✭✸✮✿✸✵✵✕✸✶✶✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✶✾✾✸✳ ❧✐♥❦ ❞♦✐✿ ❉✐st♦rt✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❜❥❡❝t r❡❝♦❣✲ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t✳✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴✶✷✳✷✶✵✶✼✸✳ ✹✷ ❯❘▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴✶✷✳✷✶✵✶✼✸✳ ✫ ❈❛r❜♦♥ ❈✳✲❈✳ ▲❡❞❡r✱ ❍✳ ✐♥ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❤✐♥❞❡rs✦ ❧❡❛r♥✲t❡st ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t② ◗✉❛rt❡r❧② ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✸✺✕✷✺✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ✶✹✷ ✺✽❆✿ ❉✳ ❆✳ ▲❡♦♣♦❧❞✱ ❆✳ ❏✳ ❖✬❚♦♦❧❡✱ ❚✳ ❱❡tt❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ❇❧❛♥③✳ Pr♦t♦t②♣❡✲r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡❞ s❤❛♣❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ❜② ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❛❢t❡r❡✛❡❝ts✳ ◆❛t ◆❡✉r♦s❝✐✱ ✹✭✶✮✿✽✾✕✾✹✱ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✵✵✶✳ ■❙❙◆ ✶✵✾✼✲✻✷✺✻✳ ❞♦✐✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✸✽✴✽✷✾✹✼✳ ❯❘▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✸✽✴✽✷✾✹✼✳ ❉✳ ❆✳ ▲❡♦♣♦❧❞✱ ■✳ ❱✳ ❇♦♥❞❛r✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❆✳ ●✐❡s❡✳ ◆♦r♠✲❜❛s❡❞ ❢❛❝❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❜② s✐♥❣❧❡ ♥❡✉r♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❦❡② ✐♥❢❡r♦t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦rt❡①✳ ◆❛t✉r❡✱ ✹✹✷✭✼✶✵✷✮✿ ✺✼✷✕✺✼✺✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉❆ ▲❡♦♣♦❧❞✱ ● ❘❤♦❞❡s✱ ❑▼ ▼ü❧❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ▲ ❏❡✛❡r②✳ ❚❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❢❛❝❡s✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ❇✱ ✷✼✷✿ ✽✾✼✕✾✵✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❉✳ ▲❡✈✐♥✳ ❘❛❝❡ ❛s ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✿ ❯s✐♥❣ ✈✐s✉❛❧ s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✲ ✐♥❛t✐♦♥ t❛s❦s t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❢❛❝❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝r♦ss✲r❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡✜❝✐t✳ ❏ ❊①♣ Ps②❝❤♦❧ ●❡♥✱ ✶✷✾✿✺✺✾✕✺✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✳❙✳ ▲✐♥❞s❛②✱ P✳❈✳ ❏❛❝❦✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳❆✳ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥✳ ❖t❤❡r✲r❛❝❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✼✻✭✹✮✿✺✽✼✕✺✽✾✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ❈✳ ▲✐✉✱ ❏✳ ❨✉❡♥✱ ❆✳ ❚♦rr❛❧❜❛✱ ❏✳ ❙✐✈✐❝✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❋r❡❡♠❛♥✳ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❛❝r♦ss ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❝❡♥❡s✳ ■♥ ❙✐❢t ✢♦✇✿ ❉❡♥s❡ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✵t❤ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥✿ P❛rt ■■■✱ ❊❈❈❱ ✵✽✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✽✕✹✷✱ ❇❡r❧✐♥✱ ❍❡✐❞❡❧❜❡r❣✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✲❱❡r❧❛❣✳ ❈❤❡♥❣❥✉♥ ▲✐✉✳ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧✐③❡ ♦♥ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈✲ ✐♥❣ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♥❞ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❚P❆▼■✱ ✷✽✭✺✮✿✼✷✺✕✼✸✼✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✻✷✲✽✽✷✽✳ ❞♦✐✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❚P❆▼■✳✷✵✵✻✳✾✵✳ ◗✐♥❣s❤❛♥ ▲✐✉✱ ❳✐❛♦♦✉ ❚❛♥❣✱ ❍♦♥❣❧✐❛♥❣ ❏✐♥✱ ❍❛♥q✐♥❣ ▲✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❙♦♥❣❞❡ ▼❛✳ ❆ ♥♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❈❱P❘ ✷✵✵✺✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✵✵✺ ✕ ✶✵✶✵ ✈♦❧✳ ✶✱ ✷✵✲✷✺ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❈❱P❘✳✷✵✵✺✳✸✾✳ ✶✹✸ ❊✳ ❋✳ ▲♦❢t✉s✳ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss t❡st✐♠♦♥②✳ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ▼❆✿ ❍❛r✈❛r❞ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✳✱ ✶✾✼✾✳ ❊✳ ❋✳ ▲♦❢t✉s✳ P❧❛♥t✐♥❣ ♠✐s✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♠✐♥❞✿ ❆ ✸✵✲②❡❛r ✐♥✈❡s✲ t✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❧❧❡❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♠❡♠♦r②✳ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✫ ▼❡♠♦r②✱ ✶✷✿✸✻✶✕✸✻✻✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❊✳ ❋✳ ▲♦❢t✉s✱ ❉✳ ●✳ ▼✐❧❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❏✳ ❇✉r♥s✳ ❜❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r②✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡r✲ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✿ ❍✉♠❛♥ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✫ ▼❡♠♦r②✱ ✹✿✶✾✕✸✶✱ ✶✾✼✽✳ ▲✳ ◆✳ ❙♠✐t❤ ▼✳ ❋✳ ❍❛♥s❡♥✱ ●✳ ❆✳ ❆t❦✐♥s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ▲✳ ❙♠✐t❤✳ ✸❞ ❢❛❝❡ r❡✲ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ♣❤♦t♦♠❡tr✐❝ st❡r❡♦ ✉s✐♥❣ ♥❡❛r ✐♥❢r❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❧✐❣❤t✳ ■❈❊❇❚✱ ✶✶✹✿✾✹✷✕✾✺✶✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❇✳❙✳ ▼❛♥❥✉♥❛t❤✱ ❘✳ ❈❤❡❧❧❛♣♣❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ✈♦♥ ❞❡r ▼❛❧s❜✉r❣✳ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❆ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P❛tt❡r♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ❈❱P❘ ✬✾✷✳✱ ✶✾✾✷ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✸ ✕✸✼✽✱ ❏✉♥ ✶✾✾✷✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❈❱P❘✳✶✾✾✷✳✷✷✸✶✻✷✳ ❆✳▼✳ ▼❛rt✐♥❡③ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❇❡♥❛✈❡♥t❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r ❢❛❝❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ r❡♣♦rt✱ ❈❱❈ ❚❡❝❤✳ ❘❡♣♦rt✱ ✷✹✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❇✳ ❉✳ ▼❝❈❛♥❞❧✐ss✱ ▲✳ ❈♦❤❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❉❡❤❛❡♥❡✳ ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡ ❢♦r r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉s✐❢♦r♠ ❣②r✉s✳ ❚❤❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✇♦r❞ ❢♦r♠ ❛r❡❛✿ ❚r❡♥❞s ✐♥ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✼ ✭✼✮✿✷✾✸✕✷✾✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❊ ▼❝❑♦♥❡✱ ❏ ▲ ❇r❡✇❡r✱ ❙ ▼❛❝P❤❡rs♦♥✱ ● ❘❤♦❞❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❲ ● ❍❛②✇❛r❞✳ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r ♦t❤❡r✲r❛❝❡ ❢❛❝❡s s❤♦✇ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❤♦❧✐st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ r♦❜✉st t♦ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✉❛❧ str❡ss✳ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ✸✻✭✷✮✿✷✷✹✕✷✹✽✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ✶✹✹ ❆❤♠❡❞ ▼ ▼❡❣r❡②❛ ❛♥❞ ❆ ▼✐❦❡ ❇✉rt♦♥✳ ❯♥❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❢❛❝❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❢❛❝❡s✿ ❊✈✐✲ ❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❛s❦✳ ▲②♥♥ ▼❡✐❥❡r♠❛♥✳ ▼❡♠♦r② ✫ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ✸✹✱ ♥♦✳ ✹✿✽✻✺✕✽✼✻✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ■♥t❡r✲ ❛♥❞ ✐♥tr❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡❛r♣r✐♥ts✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ▲❡✐❞❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❏♦s❡♣❤ ▼✳ ▼❡❧❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❏♦♥❛t❤❛♥ ❲✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠✐sr❡♠❡♠❜r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✇✐♥❡s ♣❛st✿ ❱❡r❜❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ✈❡r❜❛❧ ♦✈❡rs❤❛❞✲ ♦✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❛st❡ ♠❡♠♦r②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▼❡♠♦r② ❛♥❞ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✸✺✭✷✮✿✷✸✶✕✷✹✺✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❙✳ ▼✐❧❜♦rr♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ◆✐❝♦❧❧s✳ ▲♦❝❛t✐♥❣ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛❝t✐✈❡ s❤❛♣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❊❈❈❱✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❈✳ ❆✳ ▼♦r❣❛♥✱ ▼✳ ❍❛③❧❡tt✱ ●✳ ♥❛❞ ❇❛r❛♥♦s❦✐✱ ❆✳ ❉♦r❛♥✱ ❙✳ ❙♦✉t❤✇✐❝❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✳❋✳ ▲♦❢t✉s✳ ❆❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡❞ t❡st ♦❢ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▲❛✇ ✫ Ps②❝❤✐❛tr②✱ ✸✵✿✷✶✸✕✷✷✸✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❍✉❣♦ ▼✉♥st❡r❜❡r❣✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❲✐t♥❡ss ❙t❛♥❞ ❊ss❛②s ♦♥ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❈r✐♠❡ ✭❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❈r✐♠✐♥❛❧ ❏✉st✐❝❡✮✳ ❆♠s Pr ■♥❝✱ ✶✾✷✼✳ ❍ ◆❡❥❛t✐ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❙✐♠✳ ❆ st✉❞② ♦♥ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③✐♥❣ ♥♦♥✲❛rt✐st✐❝ ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤❡s✳ ❲❆❈❱✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✹✵✕✷✹✼✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❍✳ ◆❡❥❛t✐✱ ▲✐ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ❚✳ ❙✐♠✱ ❊✳ ▼❛rt✐♥❡③✲▼❛rr♦q✉✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ●✉♦ ❉♦♥❣✳ ❲♦♥❞❡r ❡❛rs✿ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ t✇✐♥s ❢r♦♠ ❡❛r ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ■♥ P❛tt❡r♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭■❈P❘✮✱ ✷✵✶✷ ✷✶st ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✷✵✶✕✶✷✵✹✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❍♦ss❡✐♥ ◆❡❥❛t✐✱ ❚❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙✐♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❊❧✐s❛ ▼❛rt✐♥❡③✲▼❛rr♦q✉✐♥✳ ❉♦ ②♦✉ s❡❡ ✇❤❛t ✐ s❡❡❄ ❛ ♠♦r❡ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✕✽✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ✶✹✺ ❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❝s✱ ■♥t❡r♥❛✲ ❆✳ ❏✳ ❖✬❚♦♦❧❡✱ ❑✳ ❆✳ ❉❡✛❡♥❜❛❝❤❡r✱ ❍✳ ❆❜❞✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❈ ❇❛rt❧❡tt✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✧♦t❤❡r✲r❛❝❡✧ ❡✛❡❝t ❛s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✳ ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✱ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✫ ❏❈◆✱ ✸✿✶✻✸✕✶✼✽✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ❙t❡♣❤❡♥ ❊✳ P❛❧♠❡r✳ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❱✐s✉❛❧ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❧❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✿ ◆♦t❡s ♦♥ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ s❡♥s♦r②✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❋r❡❡✲ ♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✼✺✳ ❉✳ ■✳ P❡rr❡tt✱ ❑✳ ❆✳ ▼❛②✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❨♦s❤✐❦❛✇❛✳ ❋❛❝✐❛❧ s❤❛♣❡ ❛♥❞ ❥✉❞❣❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❢❡♠❛❧❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss✳ ◆❛t✉r❡✱ ✸✻✽✭✻✹✻✽✮✿✷✸✾✕✷✹✷✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ P✳❏✳ P❤✐❧❧✐♣s✱ P✳❏✳ ❋❧②♥♥✱ ❑✳❲✳ ❇♦✇②❡r✱ ❘✳❲✳❱✳ ❇r✉❡❣❣❡✱ P✳❏✳ ●r♦t❤❡r✱ ●✳❲✳ ◗✉✐♥♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ Pr✉✐tt✳ ❉✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ t✇✐♥s ❜② ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❋● ✷✵✶✶✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✽✺ ✕✶✾✷✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❋●✳✷✵✶✶✳✺✼✼✶✸✾✺✳ ❑✳ P✐❡r❝❡✱ ❘❆✳ ▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ❏✳ ❆♠❜r♦s❡✱ ●✳ ❆❧❧❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ❈♦✉r❝❤❡s♥❡✳ ❋❛❝❡ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❝❝✉rs ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❢✉s✐❢♦r♠ ✬❢❛❝❡ ❛r❡❛✬ ✐♥ ❛✉t✐s♠✿ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠r✐✳ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❇r❛✐♥✱ ✶✷✹✿✷✵✺✾✕✼✸✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ▼✳✲▼✳ P✐q✉❡t✲❚❤❡♣♦t✳ ❇✉❧❧❡t✐♥s ❡t ▼é♠♦✐r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❙♦❝✐été ❞✬❛♥t❤r♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞❡ P❛r✐s✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✵✼✱✷✵✽✱ ✶✾✻✽✳ ❏✳ ❉✳ P♦③③✉❧♦ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ▼❛r❝✐♥✐❛❦✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r♣❡tr❛t♦r ❤❛s ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡✳ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❈r✐♠❡ ✫ ▲❛✇✱ ✶✷✿ ✹✷✾✕✹✸✽✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❙✳ Pr❛♠❛♥✐❦ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❇❤❛tt❛❝❤❛r❥❡❡✳ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❢❛❝❡✲s❦❡t❝❤ P❛tt❡r♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✭P❘■▼❊✮✱ ✷✵✶✷ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴■❈P❘■▼❊✳✷✵✶✷✳✻✷✵✽✸✽✶✳ ✶✹✻ ♣❛❣❡s ✹✵✾ ✕✹✶✺✱ ♠❛r❝❤ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❑✳❍✳ P✉♥ ❛♥❞ ❨✳❙✳ ▼♦♦♥✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❡❛r ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❝s✳ ■♥ ❋●✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✻✹ ✕ ✶✻✾✱ ♠❛② ✷✵✵✹✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❆❋●❘✳✷✵✵✹✳✶✸✵✶✺✷✺✳ ❏✳ ❉✳ ❘❡❛❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ✐♥ ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✿ ❚❤❡ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♠✐s❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❈♦❣✲ ♥✐t✐✈❡ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✾✿✾✶✕✶✷✶✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❉✳ ❘❡♥✱ ❲✳ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❈✳ ❍♦♥❣ ▲✐✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❳✳ ❋✉✳ ■❞❡♥t✐t② ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲❢❛❝❡ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣✳ ❏✳ ❱✐s✳✱ ✾✭✺✮✿✶✕✶✺✱ ✺ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❆❧✐ ▼✳ ❘❡③❛✳ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠ ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛✲ t✐♦♥ ✭❝❧❛❤❡✮ ❢♦r r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❏✳ ❱▲❙■ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✳ ❙②st✳✱ ✸✽✿✸✺✕✹✹✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❏✳ ❙❛❞r✱ ■✳ ❏❛r✉❞✐✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❙✐♥❤❛✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❡②❡❜r♦✇s ✐♥ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ✸✷✿✷✽✺✕✷✾✸✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ▼✉❦❤❡r❥❡❡✲❙✳ ❚❤♦r❡s③ ❑✳ ✫ ❙✐♥❤❛ P✳ ❙❛❞r✱ ❏✳ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❞❡❧✐t② ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦r❞✐♥❛❧ ■♥ ❚✳ ❉✐❡tt❡r✐❝❤✱ ❙✳ ❇❡❝❦❡r ✫ ❩✳ ●❤❛❤r❛♠❛♥✐ ✭❊❞s✳✮✱ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠s ✶✹✳ ▼■❚ Pr❡ss✿ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ▼❆✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ▼✳ ■✳ ❙❛❧❡❤✱ ❲②❛tt ❈✳ ▲✳✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❙❝❤❛✉♠♦♥t✳ ❊✐❣❡♥✲❢❛❝❡✱ ❡✐❣❡♥✲❡❛rs✳ ✉s✐♥❣ ❡❛rs ❢♦r ❤✉♠❛♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ▼❛st❡r✬s t❤❡s✐s✱ ❱✐r❣✐♥✐❛ P♦❧②t❡❝❤♥✐❝ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❛♥❞ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❇✳ ❙❝❤❡❝❦✱ P✳ ◆❡✉❢❡❧❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❉✇②❡r✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧ ✐♥♥♦❝❡♥❝❡✿ ❋✐✈❡ ❞❛②s t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❞✐s♣❛t❝❤❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇r♦♥❣❧② ❝♦♥✈✐❝t❡❞✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❉♦✉❜❧❡❞❛②✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ▲❛✉r❛ ❙❝❤♠❛❧③❧✱ ▼❛① ❈♦❧t❤❡❛rt✳ ❘♦♠✐♥❛ P❛❧❡r♠♦✱ ▼❡❧✐ss❛ ●r❡❡♥✱ ❘✉t❤ ❇r✉♥s❞♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❚r❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✈✐s✉❛❧ s❝❛♥ ✶✹✼ ♣❛t❤s ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡s ✐♥ ❛ t✐✈❡ ◆❡✉r♦♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❝❤✐❧❞ ✇✐t❤ ✷✺✿✼✵✹ ✕ ❝♦♥❣❡♥✐t❛❧ ✼✷✾✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ♣r♦s♦♣❛❣♥♦s✐❛✳ ■❙❙◆ ❈♦❣♥✐✲ ✵✷✻✹✲✸✷✾✹✳ ❯❘▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♥❢♦r♠❛✇♦r❧❞✳❝♦♠✴✶✵✳✶✵✽✵✴✵✷✻✹✸✷✾✵✽✵✷✷✾✾✸✺✵✳ ❏❲✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧❡r ❛♥❞ ❚❨✳ ❊♥❣st❧❡r✲❙❝❤♦♦❧❡r✳ ❱❡r❜❛❧ ♦✈❡rs❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♠❡♠✲ ♦r✐❡s✿ ❙♦♠❡ t❤✐♥❣s ❛r❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❧❡❢t ✉♥s❛✐❞✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✷✭✶✮✿✸✻✕✼✶✱ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✾✾✵✳ ❆✳ ❙❝❤✇❛♥✐♥❣❡r✱ ❈✳✲❈✳ ❈❛r❜♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ▲❡❞❡r✳ ❊①♣❡rt ❢❛❝❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✿ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧✲ ✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ✐♥ ❣✳ s❝❤✇❛r③❡r ✫ ❤✳ ❧❡❞❡r ✭❡❞s✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❢❛❝❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✽✶✕✾✼✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈✳ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ❲❡❛✈❡r✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ■❧❧✐♥♦✐s Pr❡ss ❯r❜❛♥❛✱ ✶✾✻✷✳ ❆✳ ❙❤❛r♠❛ ❛♥❞ ❉✳❲✳ ❏❛❝♦❜s✳ ❇②♣❛ss✐♥❣ s②♥t❤❡s✐s✿ P❧s ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♣♦s❡✱ ❧♦✇✲r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❦❡t❝❤✳ ■♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P❛tt❡r♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❈❱P❘✮✱ ✷✵✶✶ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✺✾✸✕✻✵✵✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❈❱P❘✳✷✵✶✶✳✺✾✾✺✸✺✵✳ P✳ ❙✐♥❤❛ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ P♦❣❣✐♦✳ ▲❛st ❜✉t ♥♦t ❧❡❛st✿ ✬✉♥✐t❡❞✬ ✇❡ st❛♥❞✳ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ✸✶✿ ✶✸✸✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ P✳ ❙✐♥❤❛✱ ❇✳ ❇❛❧❛s✱ ❨✳ ❖str♦✈s❦②✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❘✉ss❡❧❧✳ ❤✉♠❛♥s✿ ❛❜♦✉t✳ ❋❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜② ◆✐♥❡t❡❡♥ r❡s✉❧ts ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✈✐s✐♦♥ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❦♥♦✇ Pr♦❝✳ ■❊❊❊✱ ✾✹✭✶✶✮✿✶✾✹✽✕✶✾✻✷✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✶✽✲✾✷✶✾✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❏P❘❖❈✳✷✵✵✻✳✽✽✹✵✾✸✳ P✳ ❙✐♥❤❛✱ ❇✳ ❏✳ ❇❛❧❛s✱ ❨✳ ❖str♦✈s❦②✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❘✉ss❡❧❧✳ ❤✉♠❛♥s✳ ❋❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜② ❋❛❝❡ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✿ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✱ ✷✵✵✻❜✳ ✶✹✽ ❘✳ ❙t❛rr❢❡❧t ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ●❡r❧❛❝❤✳ ❚❤❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✇❤❛t ❢♦r ❛r❡❛✿ ❲♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ♣✐❝t✉r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ❢✉s✐❢♦r♠ ❣②r✉s✳ ◆❡✉r♦■♠❛❣❡✱ ✸✺✭✶✮✿✸✸✹ ✕ ✸✹✷✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ■❙❙◆ ✶✵✺✸✲✽✶✶✾✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳♥❡✉r♦✐♠❛❣❡✳✷✵✵✻✳✶✷✳✵✵✸✳ ❳✐❛♦♦✉ ❚❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❳✐❛♦❣❛♥❣ ❲❛♥❣✳ ❋❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✳ ◆✐♥t❤ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✽✼ ✕✻✾✹ ✈♦❧✳✶✱ ♦❝t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴■❈❈❱✳✷✵✵✸✳✶✷✸✽✹✶✹✳ ❳✐❛♦♦✉ ❚❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❳✐❛♦❣❛♥❣ ❲❛♥❣✳ ❋❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚✲❈❙❱❚✱ ✶✹✭✶✮✿ ✺✵✕✺✼✱ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ■❙❙◆ ✶✵✺✶✲✽✷✶✺✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❚❈❙❱❚✳✷✵✵✸✳✽✶✽✸✺✸✳ ❙✳ ❚❤♦r♣❡✱ ❉✳ ❋✐③❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ▼❛r❧♦t✳ ❙♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ✈✐s✉❛❧ s②st❡♠✳ ◆❛t✉r❡✱ ✸✽✶✿✺✷✵✕✺✷✷✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ▼✳ ❚r❡❛❞✇❛② ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ▼❝❈❧♦s❦❡②✳ ❈✐t❡ ✉♥s❡❡♥✿ ❉✐st♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❧♣♦rt ❛♥❞ ♣♦st♠❛♥ r✉♠♦r st✉❞② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss t❡st✐♠♦♥② ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ♠❛♥ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✶✶✿✶✾✕✷✺✱ ✶✾✽✼✳ ▲❛✇ ❛♥❞ ❍✉✲ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✹✼✲✼✸✵✼✳ ✶✵✳✶✵✵✼✴❇❋✵✶✵✹✹✽✸✻✳ ▼✳ ❯♥♥✐❦r✐s❤♥❛♥✳ ❑♦✐♥♦♣❤✐❧✐❛ r❡✈✐s✐t❡❞✿ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛t❡ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ▼✳❑✳ ❯♥♥✐❦r✐s❤♥❛♥✳ ❚❤❡♦r✳ ❇✐♦❧✳✱ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✵✷✿✺✻✸✕✺✼✵✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❏✳ ❍♦✇ ✐s t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞❄ ✷✻✶✭✸✮✿✹✻✾ ✕ ✹✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✵✷✷✲✺✶✾✸✳ ❞♦✐✿ ❉❖■✿ ✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳❥t❜✐✳✷✵✵✾✳✵✽✳✵✶✶✳ ❚✳ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥❡✳ ❆ ✉♥✐✜❡❞ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss✱ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ r❛❝❡ ✐♥ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧② ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✹✸✭✷✮✿✶✻✶✕✷✵✹✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ●✳ ❲❛❧❧✐s ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❍✳ ❍✳ ♠❡♠♦r②✳ ❇✉❧t❤♦✛✳ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ Pr♦❝✳ ◆❛t❧ ❆❝❛❞ ❙❝✐✱ ✶✹✾ ✾✽✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦✳ ♦♥ ✽✿✹✽✵✵✕✹✽✵✹✱ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❞♦✐✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✼✸✴♣♥❛s✳✵✼✶✵✷✽✺✾✽✳ ❯❘▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✼✸✴♣♥❛s✳✵✼✶✵✷✽✺✾✽✳ ❳✐❛♦❣❛♥❣ ❲❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❳✐❛♦♦✉ ❚❛♥❣✳ ❋❛❝❡ ♣❤♦t♦✲s❦❡t❝❤ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐✲ P❛tt❡r♥ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥✱ ✸✶ t✐♦♥✳ ✭✶✶✮✿✶✾✺✺ ✕✶✾✻✼✱ ♥♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✻✷✲✽✽✷✽✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❚P❆▼■✳✷✵✵✽✳✷✷✷✳ ●✳ ▲✳ ❲❡❧❧s✳ ❲❤❛t ❞♦ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❜♦✉t ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥❄ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐st✱ ✹✽✿✺✺✸✕✺✼✶✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ●✳ ▲✳ ❲❡❧❧s✱ ▼✳ ❙♠❛❧❧✱ ❙✳ P❡♥r♦❞✱ ❘✳ ❙✳ ▼❛❧♣❛ss✱ ❙✳ ▼✳ ❋✉❧❡r♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❆✳ ❊✳ ❇r✐♠❛❝♦♠❜❡✳ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s✿ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❧✐♥❡✉♣s ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦t♦s♣r❡❛❞s✳ ▲❛✇ ✫ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✷✷✿✻✵✸✕✻✹✼✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ●✳ ▲✳ ❲❡❧❧s✱ ❆✳ ▼❡♠♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❉✳ P❡♥r♦❞✳ ❊②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✿ ■♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ✐ts ♣r♦❜❛t✐✈❡ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✉❜❧✐❝ ■♥t❡r❡st✱ ✼✿✹✺✕✼✺✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ▲✳ ❲✐s❦♦tt ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ✈♦♥ ❞❡r ▼❛❧s❜✉r❣✳ ❋❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜② ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❧✐♥❦ ♠❛t❝❤✲ ✐♥❣✳ ▲❛t❡r❛❧ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦rt❡①✿ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❈❤❛♣✳ ✶✶✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❇✳ ❳✐❛♦✱ ❳✳ ●❛♦✱ ❉✳ ❚❛♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❳✳ ▲✐✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜② s❦❡t❝❤❡s ✐♥ ♣❤♦t♦s✳ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✳✱ ✽✾✭✽✮✿✶✺✼✻✕✶✺✽✽✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✶✻✺✲✶✻✽✹✳ ❞♦✐✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✳❧✐❜♣r♦①②✶✳♥✉s✳❡❞✉✳s❣✴✶✵✳✶✵✶✻✴❥✳s✐❣♣r♦✳✷✵✵✾✳✵✷✳✵✵✽✳ ▲✳ ❳✉ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❏✐❛✳ ❚✇♦✲♣❤❛s❡ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r r♦❜✉st ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡❜❧✉rr✐♥❣✳ ❊❈❈❱✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✼✕✶✼✵✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ P✳ ❨❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❑✳❲✳ ❇♦✇②❡r✳ ▼✉❧t✐✲❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❝s ✷❞ ❛♥❞ ✸❞ ❡❛r r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❆✉❞✐♦✲ ❛♥❞ ❱✐❞❡♦✲❜❛s❡❞ ❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❝ P❡rs♦♥ ❆✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✺✵✸✕✺✶✷✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ P✳ ❨❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❑✳❲✳ ❇♦✇②❡r✳ ❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ✸❞ ❡❛r s❤❛♣❡✳ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✷✾✼✕✶✸✵✽✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ✶✺✵ ❚P❆▼■✱ ❉✳ ❆✳ ❨❛r♠❡②✳ Pr♦❜❛t✐✈❡ ✈✳ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ♠❡♠♦r② r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❊①♣❡rt ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✱ ✺✿✽✾✕✾✼✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ■❙❙◆ ✵✾✻✺✲✸✻✹✸✳ ✶✵✳✶✵✷✸✴❆✿✶✵✵✽✽✶✽✷✵✺✼✺✷✳ ❆✳ ❲✳ ❨♦✉♥❣✱ ❉✳ ❈✳ ❍❛②✱ ❑✳ ❍✳ ▼❝❲❡❡♥②✱ ❇✳ ▼✳ ❋❧✉❞❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❲✳ ❊❧❧✐s✳ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❛♥❞ ✉♥❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❢❛❝❡s ♦♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ✶✹✿✼✸✼✕✼✹✻✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ❆✳ ❲✳ ❨♦✉♥❣✱ ❉✳ ❍❡❧❧❛✇❡❧❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❈✳ ❍❛②✳ ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ✶✻✿✼✹✼✕✼✺✾✱ ✶✾✽✼✳ ❏✐❡✇❡✐ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ◆❛♥♥❛♥ ❲❛♥❣✱ ❳✐♥❜♦ ●❛♦✱ ❉❛❝❤❡♥❣ ❚❛♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❳✉❡❧♦♥❣ ▲✐✳ ❋❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤✲♣❤♦t♦ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ■♠❛❣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✲ ✐♥❣ ✭■❈■P✮✱ ✷✵✶✶ ✶✽t❤ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✶✷✺✕✶✶✷✽✱ ✷✵✶✶❛✳ ▲✳ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ❍✳ ◆❡❥❛t✐✱ ▲✳ ❋♦♦✱ ❑✳ ❚✳ ▼❛✱ ❉✳ ●✉♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❙✐♠✳ ❆ t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦✜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ t✇✐♥s✳ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❋❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ●❡st✉r❡ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❋●✮✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❲❡✐ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ❳✐❛♦❣❛♥❣ ❲❛♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❳✐❛♦♦✉ ❚❛♥❣✳ ❈♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✲t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡ ♣❤♦t♦✲s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P❛tt❡r♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭❈❱P❘✮✱ ✷✵✶✶ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✺✶✸✕✺✷✵✱ ✷✵✶✶❜✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❈❱P❘✳✷✵✶✶✳✺✾✾✺✸✷✹✳ ❨♦♥❣ ❩❤❛♥❣✱ ❈✳ ▼❝❈✉❧❧♦✉❣❤✱ ❏✳❘✳ ❙✉❧❧✐♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳❘✳ ❘♦ss✳ ❍❛♥❞✲❞r❛✇♥ ❢❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜② ❤✉♠❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣❝❛✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ❢♦r❡♥s✐❝ ❛♣✲ ♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❙▼❈✲❆✱ ✹✵✭✸✮✿✹✼✺ ✕✹✽✺✱ ♠❛② ✷✵✶✵✳ ■❙❙◆ ✶✵✽✸✲✹✹✷✼✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴❚❙▼❈❆✳✷✵✶✵✳✷✵✹✶✻✺✹✳ ❏✳ ❩❤♦♥❣✱ ❳✳ ●❛♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✐❛♥ ❈✳ ❋❛❝❡ s❦❡t❝❤ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ❡✲❤♠♠ ❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡✳ ■♥ ❆❝♦✉st✐❝s✱ ❙♣❡❡❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ■❈❆❙❙P ✷✵✵✼✳ ✶✺✶ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✶✱ ♣❛❣❡s ■✕✹✽✺ ✕■✕✹✽✽✱ ❛♣r✐❧ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❞♦✐✿ ✶✵✳✶✶✵✾✴■❈❆❙❙P✳✷✵✵✼✳✸✻✻✼✷✷✳ ❇✳ ❩❤✉✱ ❈✳ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❊✳ ❋✳ ▲♦❢t✉s✱ ❈✳ ▲✐♥✱ ◗✳ ❍❡✱ ❈✳ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❍✳ ▲✐✱ ●✳ ❳✉❡✱ ❩✳ ▲✉✱ ❛♥❞ ◗✳ ❉♦♥❣✳ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❢❛❧s❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ❢r♦♠ ♠✐s✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✿ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ▼❡♠♦r②✱ ✶✽✿✺✹✸✕✺✺✺✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✶✺✷ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇✐❛s ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ❲❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s ❛s t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s❡s✳ ❲❡ ♥♦✇ ❝❤♦♦s❡ ❛♥ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥❞ r❡♠♦✈❡ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✜rst ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ❢✉❧❧② ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✱ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❧✐❦❡❧② s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❊①❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❘❡♣♦rt ▼♦❞❡❧ ✭❊❘▼✮ ❬❯♥♥✐❦r✐s❤♥❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✱ ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❊❘▼ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♥♦r♠✲ ❜❛s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ t❤❛t ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♥♦r♠✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ✈✐❡✇s ❛ ❢❛❝❡✱ s✴❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡s t❤✐s ❢❛❝❡ t♦ ❤✐s✴❤❡r ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦r♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡❝ts t❤❡ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♥♦r♠✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t❡❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛r❡ t❤❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❜✐❛s ✭t❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s✮ ✐s ❛❞❞❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❢❛❝❡ ✐s ✈✐❡✇❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❡♠♦r② ✐s t❤❡♥ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞r❛✇ t❤❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ✐s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s ✭t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s✮ ✐s ❛❞❞❡❞✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✷ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐❝t♦r✐❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s s❡♣❛r❛t❡❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛s✲ s✉♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡②❡✇✐t♥❡ss ♠❡♠♦r✐③❡❞ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧② ❛s ✐t ✐s✱ ❜✉t ✇❤❡♥ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ❞r❛✇ ✐t s✴❤❡ ❛❞❞s ❜♦t❤ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s❡s ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ❇② t❤✐s ✶✺✸ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✷✿ ❚❤❡ ♣✐❝t♦r✐❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s❡s ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② t❤❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤ ✭❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❊❘▼✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❜✐❛s ✐s ❛❞❞❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ❜❛s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦r♠✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❜✐❛s❡❞ ♠❡♠♦r②✳ ❚❤❡♥ t❤✐s ♠❡♠♦r② ✐s ✉s❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s❡❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ s❦✐❧❧s t♦ ❞r❛✇ t❤❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤✳ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤ ✐♥t♦ t✇♦ st❡♣s ♦❢✿ ✶✳ ❆♥ ✉♥❜✐❛s❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❢❛❝❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ g ✷✳ ❆ ❜✐❛s❡s ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❞❞s ❜♦t❤ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s❡s✱ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦✇ ❡❛s✐❧② r❡♣❧✐❝❛t❡ ❛♥❞ tr② t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ h−1 g h✳ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s❡s✮✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✸ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡s t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐❝t♦r✐❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ✶✺✹ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✳✸✿ ❚❤❡ ♣✐❝t♦r✐❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✉r ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss ♦❢ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤✳ ❲❡ s❤✐❢t ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜✐❛s❡s t♦ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ st❡♣✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r②✳ ❚❤✉s ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛♥ ✉♥❜✐❛s❡❞ ♠❡♠♦r②✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❜✐❛s ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ♠❡♠♦r②✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧t ✭t❤❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❦❡t❝❤✮ ✐s ♥♦t ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛s✐❧② ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ s❦❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜✐❛s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ♣r♦✜❧❡s✳ ✶✺✺ [...]... eyewitness testimony procedures by (1) designing a new eyewitness testimony procedure for faces that avoids psychological pitfalls; and (2) introducing a robust and practical face sketch recognition based on this new ETPs design From another perspective, in traditional ETPs the eyewitness contribution is passive (providing verbal description and conrmation), while the artist has the main active contribution... traditional ETPs to our proposed method, to cover fall-back options for our system, particularly for the cases that the eyewitness requires memory triggers to recall the target face structure We now continue this chapter with describing our contributions 1.1 Thesis Contributions In this text we present our contributions in eyewitness face sketch recognition as follows: 1 A novel, non- verbal eyewitness testimony. .. trained to draw the target faces based on the verbal 16 description of the eyewitness, and police ocers are trained in eective use of face composite software to reconstruct the face piece by piece (piecewise face reconstruction) These eorts are required because in many situations, the only image of the target face is a mental image in the eyewitness' mind Eyewitness testimony procedures are therefore... Chapter 1 Introduction Unlike the common belief of the accuracy of eyewitness testimony procedures, studies show that these procedures are not only highly error prone and unreliable, but also the major cause of wrongful convictions A recent survey by Morgan et al showed than more than 75% of the convictions overturned through DNA testing since the 1990s were based on eyewitness testimony [Morgan et al.,... eyewitness testimony procedure (ETP), designed based on psychological ndings, to deliver non- artistic face sketches, while avoiding many psychological pitfalls of the current procedures Our ETP provides another option for conducting a more reliable ETP 2 A accompanying new automatic face sketch recognition method (FSR), designed based psychological ndings, to robustly match the non- artistic sketches to... non- verbal method of retrieving the eyewitness' memory of a face The basis of our proposed ETP is on non- artistic sketches, drawn directly by the eyewitness Being the rst non- verbal ETP, we prevent adding several types of distortions to the nal sketch, by removing the artist from the ETP, avoiding piecewise reconstruction of the face, biased instruction, post-event information, etc But more importantly,... eyewitness' mind In terms of eyewitness participation, we also provide another option in which eyewitness has the main contribution to the sketch (by drawing it by him/herself ), which is clearly contrasted with current ETPs in which eyewitness has a passive contribution and the police artist has the responsibility of producing the sketch from the verbal description In our accompanying eyewitness face. .. accompanying eyewitness face sketch recognition (FSR), we particularly focus on the perceptual and sketch drawing biases of each eyewitness, and based on the eyewitness' information from the ETP stage, we try to esti- 23 mate what the eyewitness mean based on what the eyewitness draws We rst estimate and remove introduced biases to the non- artistic sketch, based on a set of training sample sketch-photo... Automatic Face Sketch Recognition Related Works Once a face is reconstructed based an eyewitness testimony, it can be matched against the police database of faces In this stage, automatic face sketch recognition methods (FSRs) are introduced to perform automatic matching between the forensic sketches and the database of mugshots Several works have been proposed on automatic face sketch recognition (FSR),... providing new options for ETPs and FSRs We also noted that the process of producing an eyewitness face sketch involves the mental recollections of a human from a target face (eyewitness' mental face image), a method of transferring this mental image (traditionally verbal description), and an artist or machine (traditionally face composite software) which compiles the transferred information into a face sketch