CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Background of the Research Research Scope, Aims and Hypotheses Case Selection, Case Studies and Methodology Overview of the Conceptual Framework Significance of the Research Organization of the Dissertation Abstract This chapter outlines the background of the research, research questions, brief review of the literature, research scope, aims and hypotheses, significance and limitations of the research, the overview of the conceptual framework and definition of terms, case selection, case studies and analytic methodology, as well as a road map for the rest of the dissertation 1.1 Background of the Research There are more than 32,000 golf courses worldwide1, with a rate of development increasing annually, along with their adverse impacts on the environment And for the last 20 years, the world has seen a considerable proliferation of golf courses in Asia owing to sustained economic growth in the region.2 Moreover, golf has become the preferred sport amongst Asians nowadays and many governments have adopted golf tourism as national policy to spur economic growth.3 The Philippines, for instance, boasts of seventy-eight golf clubs compared with just 20 courses from two decades ago.4 Thailand has 2225 courses, Viet Nam is hurriedly catching up with Visit http://www.golf-research-group.com/start.html Accessed on October 16, 2012 The proliferation commenced in 1990s and peaked before the 1997 Asian economic downturn started to implode There was a development hiatus for seven years and construction started to pick up again, with China building hundreds of golf courses annually (in 2004, there are 170 courses which grew to 645 in 2011) Read “New Golf Openings”, Golf Research Group (2003) at http://www.golf-researchgroup.com/start.html Also visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_in_China Accessed on May 5, 2013 Thailand and Philippines, in many news accounts, have declared a national policy to promote golf tourism, e.g construction of infrastructures to connect and link golf courses to the national highway and city centres; grant of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to golf complexes established in tourism economic zones “Golf Tourism Exploding in Asia”, Golf Asian.com at http://www.golfasian.com/about/golfasianpress-releases/news/golf-tourism-exploding-in-asia/ Accessed on January 23, 2013 Visit National Golf Association of the Philippines (NGAP) at http://www.ngaponline.net/History.php Accessed on May 17, 2013 See generally, Golf Guide Philippines, 2010, JTech Publications listing of partially developed or temporarily shelved golf courses for various reasons, e.g lack of funds or legal problems Visit Thailand Golf Association (TGA) at http://www.tga.or.th/#suwcontent=contentsuwcntdispcontentpagesuwcntDIV_MAINCONTENTsuwcntC ONTENTTYPE%3Dhistorysuwcnt1368740286848 Accessed on May 17, 2013 twenty-eight6 and Singapore has eighteen golf clubs with twenty-six courses.7 These figures are increasing steadily at an average rate of two new courses being constructed annually.8 Most of these golf courses are considered “traditional” or conventional, because they pursue a particular mode of construction and management, i.e prodigious use of chemicals, water, white sand or pebbles, and hybrid turf grasses - not only to ensure the playing quality of the surface but also aesthetically to enhance the greens and a substantial portion of the golf course (tees, fairways) Moreover, most courses are built either on pristine or un-spoilt lands, hilly plains and mountainous areas for breathtaking landscapes and challenging games During the construction and landscaping stage, the earth-moving activities generally destroy topsoil, re-direct riverine and wild life habitats, as well as damage ecosystems But mostly, golf courses have converted vast tracts of agricultural lands, particularly paddy fields, which bring trepidations about food security in the region Significantly, the “traditional” or conventional method of construction and operation of golf courses is causing adverse environmental, health, social and economic impacts Firstly, golf courses require vast tracks of land for the construction of complexes These lands could either be agricultural, hilly or mountainous areas, reclaimed marine or coastal areas, or mostly state lands Secondly, golf courses use large quantities of chemicals which are highly toxic and can also bioaccumulate in organisms9 Chemicals also pose risks to people exposed to them Thus, there is a need to regulate the use of these chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and coagulants) The problem is exacerbated in developing countries, where government policies encourage agro-chemical use as chemicals are seen as production enhancers – similarly, substantial chemical application has become the popular “culture” in turf grass management in golf courses There are however, “sustainable” golf courses – those courses that break from the norm to explore and adopt new practices and principles, disproving the notion that golf courses Twenty-eight courses are under construction Data taken from Viet Nam Golf Association (VGA) at http://www.vga.com.vn/?show=intro&ic=1&list=6 Accessed on May 17, 2013 Visit Singapore Golf Association (SGA) at http://www.sga.org.sg/Association/History/tabid/175/Default.aspx Accessed on May 17, 2013 The approximation is based on reports culled from the national bodies of golf and news reports Bi-accumulation is a “general term describing a process by which chemicals are taken up by an organism either directly from exposure to a contaminated medium or by consumption of food containing the chemical”, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), available at http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/bioaccumulation.html Accessed on March 24, 2011 invariably are destructive.10 “Sustainable” golf courses observe or conform to a combination of legal and regulatory compliance, self-regulation, best management practices, good governance, transparency and corporate social responsibility, etc These types of golf courses also adopt the principle of ethical and responsible utilization of land, water, chemicals, sand and hybrid turf grasses The non-traditional or sustainable golf courses meet the aim of balancing the philosophy of PPP (People, Profit and Planet) that lies at the heart of the sustainable development paradigm It can be stated that, “tradition and practice” have popularly considered golf course management or turf maintenance as agriculture.11 This “misplaced” treatment and recognition – both by the government regulators and the regulated golf course industry actually results in disorder or confusion, particularly in the compliance and enforcement of laws and regulations This is evident in the use and application of chemicals, which is one of the core operations of golf courses Currently, legislation and regulations on chemical application specifically applies only to agricultural activities and production Theoretically, turf management is not agriculture Agriculture is defined as “an activity intended for food production”.12 Food production is not the goal or the objective of golf course management 13 rather it is the cultivation of the greens and other golfing surfaces to ensure playing quality It follows that turf management would appear to be excluded from the coverage of chemical regulation of agricultural activity This also means that the laws governing the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in the context of agricultural activities may not apply to golf courses Presumably, the confusion was due to the fact that turf grass management is a branch of a broad and multi-disciplinary science of agriculture, which encompasses soil science and fertility, pest control, ornamental horticulture, landscape design and environmental science, etc Moreover, golf course superintendents have 10 The TAT Filipinas Golf Club, Philippines, received the Inaugural “Custodian of the Environment Award” for sustainable golf practices and management Underwritten by the government of the Royal Sultanate of Brunei, the prize was awarded last December 11, 2012, in Brunei Darussalam The International Sustainability Council, Asia-Pacific Golf Conferences and the Audubon Lifestyles also support the inaugural award Visit the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources website of Brunei Darussalam at http://www.bruneimipr.gov.bn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=555:asiapacific-golf-summit-dinner-and-award-presentation-for-the-inaugural-custodian-of-the-envirommentaward&catid=79:news-highlights and http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/12/12/call-to-make-golfcourses-environmentally-sustainable/ Accessed on January 23, 2013 11 See, Scott R Templeton, David Zilberman and Mark S Henry, Golf Courses in California As Modern Agricultural Enterprises, available at http://agecon.ucdavis.edu/extension/update/articles/v13n3_3.pdf Accessed on March 11, 2011 12 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2007 Edition defines agriculture (n.) as the science, art, and business of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock; farming 13 Turf grass management pertains to the science and study of grasses See generally, http://cropsoil.psu.edu/turf/outreach Accessed on November 3, 2010 traditionally “treated” or considered turf management as agriculture owing to adhered conventional practices and orientation As habitat for wild plants, aquatic animals and other organisms, golf courses have a considerable impact on biodiversity However, existing laws focus on habitat protection, nature and wildlife conservation, as well as regulation of the trade in endangered species There are also golf courses, which are constructed or developed in natural, coastal, marine or protected areas, which can destroy intertidal flats, reefs and corrals, but existing laws have not incorporated the regulation of golf courses on reclaimed lands The environmental cost arising from golf course development on reclaimed coastal areas have not been considered although these maybe determined through a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) The adverse impacts, associated by dredging and landfill operations on land and water resources of coastal reclamation should also be considered, as there are environmental trade-offs Golf courses also consume significant amounts of water to keep them green and of excellent playing quality The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) estimates that golf courses worldwide consume some 2.5 billion gallons of water a day.14 In a world where water is getting more scarce as a result of climate change, urbanization, industrialization, population growth and inefficiencies, there is a need for better regulation of water consumption by golf courses Water for golf courses come from various sources: from rainfall, from the ground, from rivers, from water re-use, etc The amount of water that golf courses consume – in competition with other uses – raises an issue on the pricing of water that golf courses must pay This implies a need for special regulation on water consumption by golf courses that would otherwise not be normally covered by regulations on water consumption by domestic and industrial sectors Other critical issues discussed in this dissertation include hybrid turf grass use15, which involves “genetic selection and recombination resulting in the introduction of new and improved 14 Water Facts, Water Information Program, available at http://www.waterinfo.org/resources/water-facts Accessed on June 24, 2012 Sources, Water Usage: Chris Reuther, Know Your Environment, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1999; National Golf Foundation; State of the World 2004; Pesticides: “EcoMall: A Greener Golf Course, 2004” 15 When golf courses grow hybrid turf grasses, conventional maintenance practices require huge watering demand and massive chemical usage, etc Read generally, James B Beard, Turf Management for Golf Courses, United States Golf Association (USGA), Macmillan Press, 1982 cultivars”.16 Genetic modifications naturally increase chemical requirements owing to the special characteristics of the species, which may vary from temperate to tropical zones The possibility of “trans-gene release or escape into the wild from transgenic plants may result in ecological disaster 17 There are also instances when historical and archeological sites are disturbed, damaged or destroyed to make way for golf course development, particularly the case of Eastridge Golf Course in the Philippines, one of the case studies in this dissertation In developing countries golf per se is linked with socio-cultural issues e.g corruption, displacement of farm-workers, land use conversion18, “land grabs”19 and prostitution20 A Sustainable Development There is concern that the proliferation of traditionally managed golf courses represents the type of economic growth, which conflicts with sustainable development The Brundtland Report (1987) in “Our Common Future” first coined the notion of Sustainable Development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” Seminal works have been written about the definition and meaning of sustainable development, including debates and contestations Saunders (1990)21, Pearce (1993) 22, Beckerman (1994) 23, Daly (1995) 24, Alder and Wilkinson (1999) 25, Jacobs 16 Craig W Edminster, Future of Turfgrass Breeding Techniques, Cebeco International Seeds, Australia Available at http://www.intlseed.com/documents/info_future_of_turfgrass_breeding.htm Accessed on May 30, 2011 17 See Luo, H., Development of Environmentally Safe Transgenic Turf Grass with Improved Traits, Clemson University, United States Department of Agriculture Visit http://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/208011.html Accessed on May 30, 2011 18 In the Philippines, Executive Order 292, Series 1987, Book IV, Title XI stipulates that the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) is authorized to approve or disapprove conversion of agricultural lands to nonagricultural uses, such as industrial and commercial conversions under Republic Act No 6657, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law 19 Land Grabbing: The Global Search for Food Security in Southeast Asia (2010), NTS-Asia (Consortium of Non-Traditional Security Studies), Issue 1, May 2010 “Land grab” refers to the farmland acquired by government-backed foreign investors to secure food security A 2009 Report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) suggest that, “food security concerns and strategic investment opportunities are the key drivers of farmland acquisition” 20 Current practices in most Asian countries involve the hiring of young women (ages between 16-20) as caddies and umbrella girls However, the social impact of prostitution in golf courses will not be examined in this dissertation 21 Saunders, John Owen, ed.,“The Legal Challenge of Sustainable Development: Essays from the Fourth Institute Conference on Natural Resources Law”, Canadian Institute of Resources Law, 1990 22 See Pearce, David (ed), Blueprint 3: Measuring Sustainable Development, London, Earthscan, 199 and Pearce, David, Economic Values and Natural World, London, Earthscan 23 See Beckerman, Wilfred, A Poverty of Reason: Sustainable Development and Economic Growth, Oakland California, Independent Institute, 2003; Beckerman, Wilfred, Sustainable Development: Is it a Useful Concept, in Growth, the Environment, and the Distribution of Incomes, Essays by a Skeptical Optimist, Aldershot, UK, E Elgar, 1995 (1999)26 etc Nonetheless, it was not until after the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 that the word sustainable development has attracted the attention of legal scholars, particularly, to explore the question of how the law can further the objectives of sustainable development, for instance, Campbell-Mohn et al., (eds 1993)27, Boers et al., (eds 1996)28 and Robinson (1998).29 Other scholars have proposed principles, concepts and prospects for a legal sub-field called Sustainable Development Law, e.g Segger and Khalfan (2004)30, Schrijver and Weiss (2004)31, and French (2005).32 This dissertation primarily explores the question of how the law, coupled with good governance and management can promote sustainable development by using a cross-national comparative study involving golf courses in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore - a subject that has not received adequate attention from legal scholars studying sustainable development or environmental law B Law and Governance It is vitally important to discuss the aspects of law and governance in general, and in particular, the rule of law, including the institutional and internal governance in the golf course industry Black’s Law Dictionary (2010) defines rule of law as the "supremacy of regular power as 24 Daly, Herman E., On Wilfred Beckerman’s critique of Sustainable Development, Journal of Environmental Law, Volume (1995), Oxford University Press, p 49 25 Alder, John & Wilkinson, David, Environmental Law and Ethics, Macmillan Law Master, 1999, UK 26 Jacobs, Michael, Sustainable Development as a Contested Concept, see in Fairness and Futurity, Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Edited by Andrew Dobson, 1999, Oxford University Press, Part 1, at page 27 See Campbell-Mohn, Celia, et al., eds., Environmental Law from Resources to Recovery, St Paul, MN: West, Environmental Law Institute, 1993 and Campbell-Mohn, Celia, et al., eds Sustainable Environmental Law: Integrating Natural Resource and Pollution Abatement Law from Resources to Recovery St Paul, MN: West; Environmental Law Institute, 1993 28 Boer, B., "Sustainability law for the new millennium and the role of environmental legal education", Water Air and Soil Pollution, Vol 123, No 1-4 (2000): 447-465 29 Robinson, Nicholas A., "Comparative Environmental Law Perspectives on Legal Regimes for Sustainable Development" (1998) Pace Law Faculty Publications Paper 377 Available at http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/377 30 Segger, Marie Claire Cordonier and Khalfan, Ashfaq, Sustainable Development Law, Principles, Practicesand Prospects, 2004, Oxford University Press 31 Schrijver, Nico and Weiss, Friedl, “International Law and Sustainable Development: Principles and Practice”, Martinus Nidhoff Publishers, 2004 32 French, Duncan, International Law and Policy of Sustainable Development, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005 opposed to arbitrary power." It has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country33 The Rule of Law cannot exist without a transparent legal system, the main components of which are a clear set of laws that are freely and easily accessible to all, strong enforcement structures, and an independent judiciary to protect citizens against the arbitrary use of power by the state, individuals or any other organization.34 Former Singapore Chief Justice Chan SK shares that the Rule of Law “means an independent judiciary, one that is independent of government and not dependent on it or subservient to it” 35 The United Nations (UN) promotes the rule of law at the national and international levels,36 and refers to a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards37 In this dissertation, relevant laws and regulations are evaluated and reviewed comprehensively under Chapter III, Part II, which have direct and indirect impact on the development and operation of golf courses in the four subject countries Meanwhile, the word “governance” has not been clearly defined and remains contested owing to lack of clarity over its definition Kooiman (1993) however elucidates that in governance, “no single actor, public or private, has all the knowledge and information required to solve complex, dynamic and diversified problems; no actor has sufficient overview to make the application of 33 Kaufman, Daniel et al “Governance Matters VI: Governance Indicators for 1996-2006 World Bank Policy Research Working paper No 4280 (July 2007) Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=999979, accessed on May 17, 2013 34 Visit http://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/about-us/rule-of-law.page Accessed on April 12, 2013 35 “The Courts and the “Rule of Law” in Singapore” Speech given by Former Chief Justice SK Chan before the International Bar Association (2012), Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, p 209, December 2012 Also available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2242727 Accessed on May 28, 2013 CJ Chan mentioned that, “an independent Judiciary is absolutely essential to the ‘rule of law’, and vice versa” He also cited See Li-ann Thio, “Rule of Law within a Non-Liberal ‘Communitarian’ Democracy: The Singapore Experience” in Randall Peerenboom, ed., Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004) 36 The UN Reports states that, “establishing respect for the rule of law is fundamental to achieving a durable peace in the aftermath of conflict, to the effective protection of human rights, and to sustained economic progress and development The principle that everyone – from the individual right up to the State itself – is accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, is a fundamental concept which drives much of the United Nations work The principle of the rule of law embedded in the Charter of the United Nations encompasses elements relevant to the conduct of State-to-State relations Read (S/2004/616) Report of the Secretary-General on the Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies Accessed April 12, 2013 37 Id particular instruments effective; and no single actor has sufficient action potential to dominate unilaterally in a particular governing model.38 On the other hand, environmental governance according to Seymour and Faraday (2001) is “used as authority and capacity exercised by governmental and non-governmental actors in the management of the natural environment” Seymour, et.al, also mentions that the term “refers not only to the institutional framework of the environmental sector, but also to the actors and the powers they exercise over the use of natural resources” Thus, Seymour, et al, believe that “environmental governance includes broader governance issues like representation, legal recourse, civic activities, and protection of human rights that provide the context for society’s management of its natural environment”.39 This dissertation proposes three (3) different aspects of governance, namely, (1) institutional governance,40 (2) governance in golf courses (industry norms), and (3) NGO or civil society participative governance Thus, governance in golf courses may be classified (a) within the national and international golf associations and federations, and (b) within the golf club itself In this thesis, the phrase “environmental governance” covers the application of law, best practices, transparency, accountability and social responsibility It also includes the policy and norms of the golf course industry, which involves the interaction, collaboration and interplay of government, private individuals and civil society to achieve environmental protection in golf courses C Gap in Legal and Academic Literature Despite the proliferation of golf courses in Asia, very little is known in the literature about law and governance in golf courses Are golf courses coherently, effectively and adequately regulated or governed under existing national laws? Is there a common trend, in substance and procedure, across legal traditions in the subject countries? Are there industry norms, which have been adopted by the golf course industry? What are “traditional” or conventional golf courses? What are sustainable golf courses? What is the difference between “traditional” or sustainable 38 Kooiman, J., “Social-Political Governance: Introduction”, In Modern Governance New Government – Society Interactions, edited by J Kooiman London Sage, 1993a 39 Seymour Frances and Faraday, George, “Emerging Environmental Governance”, The Asian Environment Outlook, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2001 40 In this dissertation, institutional governance refers to the system of administration, supervision and control exercised by state administrative agencies over the development activities of golf courses The notion of an institution embodies several elements: formal and informal rules of behaviour, ways and means of enforcing these rules, procedures for mediation of conflicts, sanctions in the case of breach of rules, etc Read http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr04_2d_e.pdf Accessed on May 5, 2013 courses? Are there laws and regulations, which promote sustainable golf courses? This dissertation hopes to explore these questions For these reasons, law and governance in golf courses require a more coherent approach than is currently done in most countries In most developing countries, golf course regulations, e.g EIA requirements, biodiversity protection, nature conservation, land, water and chemical use controls, etc are not strictly enforced because of jurisdictional overlaps and lack of clarity in the separation of powers and duties among the different administrative agencies Enforcement would have to be carried out by numerous government agencies – agriculture, water, environment, local and national governments, etc thereby rendering these regulations less than effective This multi-sectoral approach of governance results in jurisdiction overlaps, conflict and turf wars There are also problems stemming from the lack of institutional capacity due to budgetary constraints This paper explores these issues and asks how the law and good governance can help promote sustainable development, and consequently, the construction and management of sustainable golf courses This dissertation also asserts that self-regulation is possible in the golf industry and provides documentation of an example of a sustainable golf course It argues that for golf courses to be sustainable and become an industry norm, the following conditions are necessary: selfregulation, benchmarking, public pressure, market demand, incentives and disincentives (“carrots and sticks”) from regulators and reliable verification and enforcement mechanisms Civil society and NGO participation is likewise important, in order to check and balance regulatory enforcements and implementations41 1.2 Research Scope, Aims and Hypotheses This dissertation proposes to answer the question of how the law and good governance can further the objectives of sustainable development in the context of golf courses More specifically, this thesis aims to fill the gaps in the legal literature about golf courses To achieve this aim, this dissertation primarily, proposes and tests a framework to cross-nationally evaluate and compare the laws and governance, from across and within the four countries The analytical framework - discussed in the next section - compares the coherence, adequacy and 41 Several NGOs and environmental advocacy groups promote sustainability and best practices in golf courses, among them, Golf Environment Organization (GEO), International Golf and Life Foundation (IGolf), Audubon Society, among others Nonetheless, there are many aspects of sustainability, which the case studies in this thesis will discuss responsiveness of both law and governance, particularly those related to the planning, construction and operation of golf courses The framework then is applied to the study of laws and governance in golf courses in Southeast Asia particularly in the Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore The rationales for selecting these countries are explained in the methodology section Using the framework of analysis, this dissertation qualitatively tests for the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Law and governance in golf courses tend to be incoherent, ineffective and inadequate This is because both law and governance have evolved in traditional, fragmented, compartmentalized and reactive or ad hoc manner Examples can be drawn from the following, (1) The regulation of water quality - water laws generally focus on the quality of drinking water and therefore seek to control pollution and contamination of the water supply, by prescribing effluent standards Not many jurisdictions have considered the regulation of groundwater extraction and the installation of flow meters; (2) The regulation of the use of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and other chemicals - these are derived from agriculture-related regulations, so it is unclear if the use of chemical in golf courses is regulated; (3) Most of land use regulations are intended for urban planning purposes and not adequately take into account the concerns of agriculture and the need for food security Thus, many agricultural lands, particularly paddy fields are converted for commercial or residential uses In short, because these regulations evolved and were designed for purposes other than to regulate golf courses, they have become incoherent, unresponsive and inadequate for purposes of regulating its adverse environmental impacts This thesis argues that a coherent and effective legal framework and governance is necessary to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of golf courses and to encourage the construction and development of sustainable golf courses The second hypothesis to be tested explores the idea that self-regulation by golf owners and operators is desirable and feasible under certain conditions Because the enforcement of regulation tends to be costly and imperfect, and technology for golf construction and operation is dynamic (evolving) it makes sense for environmental policy to promote self-regulation There is 10 Second Asia-Pacific Golf Conference, December 2-4, 2008, Mission Hills Golf Course, China Severinsson, Andreas, “The EIA system in Viet Nam- subject to irrationality, Minor Field Study Report, Department of Public Administration, Gothenburg University, 2004 at http://www.slu.se/en/collaborative-centres-and-projects/swedish-eiacentre/education/studentarbeten/lista-studentarbeten/the-eia-system-in-vietnam-subject-toirrationality/ Singapore 2001 Concept Plan at http://www.ura.gov.sg/conceptplan2001/ Singapore Parliamentary Debates Official Report, May 1996, vol 66 col 125 Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (31 July 1992), vol 60, col 105 Singapore Revenue Regulation 2004, LexiNexis, specifically, the Economic Expansion Incentives (Relief from Income Tax) Act, Cap 86, (2001 Edition) Speech by Grace Fu, Minister of State for National Development at http://www.ura.gov.sg/pr/text/pr06-68a.html Spiegel, Daniel, “Can the Public Trust Doctrine Save Western Groundwater?” NYU School of Law, NYU Environmental Law Journal, 2010, at pages 412-453 Statement of Global Anti-Golf Movement (GAGM) dated 13 January 1995 on the occasion of the “Golf and Environment Conference” at Pebble Beach, California from January 15-18, 1995 Supreme Court En Banc suspended Alberto L Lerma, Regional Trial Court Judge of Muntinglupa City, (In re Administrative Investigation against Judge Alberto L Lerma), Reported by Jomar Canlas, Manila Times, November 7, 2007 at http://findarticles.com/p/newsarticles/manila-times-the/mi_8072/is_20071107/court-suspends-golf-playingjudge/ai_n45965044/ Suthipon Chirapanda, The Thai Land Reform Program, Bangkok, 1998 Visit http://www.seameo.org/vl/landreform/frame.htm Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), Swedish Bilateral Support to Environmental Capacity Development – Overview of Key Results and Lessons Learned, Daniel Slunge and Emelie César, Draft Report, February 5, 2010, University of Gothenburg, School of Business, Economics and Law at http://www.hgu.gu.se/Files/nationalekonomi/EEU/Helpdesk/jointreports/Review%20of%20Sida %20support%20to%20EnvCapDev-DRAFT%20feb%205%202010_.pdf System, at page 144 Tan, Alan Khee Jin, Environmental Laws and Institutions in Southeast Asia: A Review of Recent Developments, Singapore Yearbook of International Law (SYBIL) [2004] Vol VIII, pp 177192 Tan, Allan Khee Jin, Preliminary Assessment of Philippine Environmental Law, Asia-Pacific Center for Environmental Law, National University of Singapore, 2002 Tan, Elizabeth, 1997, "Economy-wide Effects of Uniform Five Percent Tariff Reforms using an I-O based Trade Model", Forthcoming PIDS Paper 363 Tan, Kevin YL, Chapter 4: Parliament and the Making of Law, The Singapore Legal Tan, Yong Soon; Lee, Tung Jean, Tan, Karen, “Clean, Green and Blue, Singapore’s Journey Towards Environmental and Water Sustainability”, Introduction, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, page xxiii, quoting Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew Tax Circular No 230/2009/TT-BTC (2009) guides tax incentives for environmental protection activities prescribed in the Government’s Decree No 04/2009/ND-CP (2009) on incentives and support environmental protection activities at http://www.thuvienphapluat.vn/archive/Thongtu/230-2009-TT-BTC-vb101401t23.aspx Tay, Simon SC, Southeast Asian Fires: The Challenge for International Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, The Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Volume XI, Issue 2, Winter 1999, pages 241-305 Tellis, Winston, “Introduction to Case Study”, The Qualitative Report, Vol 3, No 2, 1997 at http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html/ The Ecological and Health Effects of the Vietnam War: University of Yale-Vietnam Conference, Yale University, September 15, 2002, at http://www.newmaterials.com/Customisation/News/Medical_Engineering/Medical_Implants/Ec ological_and_health_effects_of_the_Vietnam_war_subject_of_international_symposium_at_Yal e.asp The State of the Environment, Viet Nam, 2001, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The World Bank, 1994, "Economy-wide Policies and the Environment: Emerging Lessons from Experience", Washington, D.C Third Asia-Pacific Golf Conference, October 27-29, 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Timoshenko, Alexander, Berman, Max and Werksman, Jacob, (ed) Greening International Institutions (London, 1996), Earthscan, at page 43 and in http://www.2007amsterdamconference.org/Downloads/AC2007_Bauer.pdf Tookey, Douglas L., Southeast Asian Environmentalism at its Crossroads: Learning Lessons from Thailand’s Eclectic Approach to Environmental Law & Policy, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, (1999), Volume II, at pages 307-362 Toxic Ignorance: The Continuing Absence of Basic Health Testing for Top-Selling Chemicals in the United States, Environmental Defense Fund, 1997 at http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/243_toxicignorance.pdf Tran Thi Phuong, Environmental management and Policy-Making in Viet Nam, Seminar on Environment and Development in Viet Nam, December 6-7, 1996, Australian National University 364 Tseming Yang, Public Environmental Law in the United States, in Public Environmental Law in the European Union and the U.S.: A comparative Analysis, edited by Seerden, Renee J.G.H; Heldeweg, Michiel A and Deketelaere, Kurt R., Kluwer Law International, 2002 Tuholske, Jack, “Trusting the Public Trust: Application of the Public Trust Doctrine to Groundwater Resources”, VT J ENVTL L 189, 193–204 (2008) U.S Geological Survey, Fact Sheet: Ground Water Depletion Across the Nation (2003), at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-103-03/#pdf United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) Report on the 1991 Proposed Lower Peirce Golf Course and the role of NSS in opposing the project at http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/conference/ex_sg_17_nss.htm United States Golf Association (USGA) at http://www.usga.org Virapol Taesombut, “Regional Study on the Development of Effective Water Management Institutions: A Case Study of the Bang Pakong River Basin, Thailand”, Published by the International Water Management Institute, Library of the Parliament of Thailand, 2002 at http://library1.parliament.go.th/search/(3qejse5510erol451x5n1v3h)/resultall.aspx?Callnumber= TD365 Water: The Singapore-Malaysia Dispute - THE FACTS, New Straits Times, Malaysia, July 21, 2003 Wee, Y., Proposed Golf Course at Lower Peirce Reservoir, An Environmental Impact Assessment, 1992 at http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2008/2008nis41-49.pdf Werner G., Environmental Impact Assessment in Asia: Lessons from the past decade, Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries, Proceedings of an international conference on EIA, 1992, New Delhi, India Butterworth, Heinemann Ltd UK, p 190 Wheeler, Kit & Nauright, John, “A Global Perspective on the Environmental Impact of Golf”, Sport in Society Vol 9, No 3, July 2006 Winter, Jennifer G., Dillon, Peter J., Paterson, Carolyn, Reid, R.A and Somers, Keith M “Impacts of Golf Course Construction and Operation on Headwater Streams: Bio-assessment Using Benthic Algae” Canadian Journal of Botany, 81 No (2003) at http://rparticle.webp.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang=eng&journal=cjb&volume=81&year =2003&issue=8&msno=b03-081 Wongbandit, Amnat and Worapansopak, J., Water Resources Allocation and Practices in Thailand, ESCAP, 2000, at page 14, available at http://www.adb.org/Documents/books/WaterRights/Water-Rights.pdf Wongbandit, Amnat, Water Law Reforms in Thailand, Asian Development Bank Paper at http://www.adb.org/Water/Operations/2005/2SEAWF/Reforms-Amanat-Bali-Water-Law.pdf 365 C Websites A Business Guide to Thailand, Board of Investment, Ministry of Industry, 2007 at http://www.boi.go.th/english/services/bizzg.pdf Anti-Golf Movement at http://www.antigolf.org/english.html ASEAN website at http://www.aseansec.org/1490.htm Asian Turfgrass Centre at http://www.blog.asianturfgrass.com/2009/08/the-2nd-igolfsgasingapore-golf-and-environment-forum-.html AVA, Registration of Agricultural Pesticides at Board of Investment at http://www.boi.go.th/english/how/company_establishing.asp BOI portal at http://www.boi.gov.ph/ BSWM at http://www.bswm.da.gov.ph/ Building and Construction Authority at http://www.bca.gov.sg/index.html Camp John Hay Golf Club at http://www.cjhhotels.com/cjh_golf.htm Channel News Asia at http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/294176/1/.html Chek Jawa at http://chekjawa.nus.edu.sg/20060826-seminar.htm Concept Plan at http://www.ura.gov.sg/gallery/mainT4_Concept.html Convention on POPS, National Implementation Plan (2007) at http://chm.pops.int/Countries/National%20Implementation/tabid/253/language/enUS/Default.aspx Convention Parties to CBD at http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/parties/ Department of Agrarian Reform at http://www.dar.gov.ph/ Department of Agriculture (DA) at http://www.bas.gov.ph/?ids=agriperformance Department of Appraisal at http://www.nea.gov.vn/english/organization/Department/Dep-EIAEng.htm Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP) at http://www.deqp.go.th/website/52/ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Fact Sheet on Singapore at www.dfat.gov.au/ Department of Interior and Local Governments for Joint Memorandum Circular No 001, Series 2009 regarding Guidelines for the Harmonization of CLUP and 366 Comprehensive Development Plan Preparation at http://www.dilg.gov.ph/attachments/0000/1986/JMC2009-001.pdf Department of National Park, Thailand at http://www.dnp.go.th/parkreserve/nature.asp?lg=2 Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning at http://www.dpt.go.th/dpteng/relations/roles_re.html Department of Trade and Industry at http://www.dti.gov.ph/splash.html Eastridge Golf and Country Club at http://www.eastridgegolfclub.com/about.aspx and http://pbh-butterflies.yolasite.com/binangonan-shifting-habitats.php Erin Hills Golf Course at http://www.erinhills.com/ European Golf Association (EGA) at http://www.ega-golf.ch/ General Statistics Office of Viet Nam, available at http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=491 Golf and Environment Organization at http://www.golfenvironment.org/ Google map shows the Eastridge Golf Course at http://maps.google.com/?t=k&om=0&ll=14.532929,121.186693&spn=0.002534,0.003862&z=1 Guinsaungon landslide at http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-02-17-landslide_x.htm Halang Interchange Project of the Philippine Department of Public Works and Highways at http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:fSv6FnjSJ8YJ:www.mycenturyplace.com/canyon/pdfs/the _casitas_primer.pdf+halang+interchange+in+Philippines&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=sghttp://w ww.iro.ph/downloads/Presentations/DTI%20MY05.pdf Health Board at http://www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/legislations.aspx?id=214 History of the Housing Development Board at http://www.hdb.gov.sg/fi10/fi10320p.nsf/w/AboutUsHDBHistory?OpenDocument Housing and Development Authority portal at http://www.hdb.gov.sg/ http://cropsoil.psu.edu/turf/outreach http://datcp.state.wi.us/ http://dauthau.mpi.gov.vn/en/?Lang=TA http://dnr.wi.gov/ http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/dwg/gcc/ 367 http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/decisions.php?doctype=Decisions%20/%20Signed%20Resolutio ns&docid=1223885599204197368 http://emergencymanagement.wi.gov/ http://erac.ohio.gov/ http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=784&catid=21&subcatid=143 http://habitatnews.nus.edu.sg/news/pulauhantu/2006/01/call-to-view-marine-eia-forproposed.html http://hanoigolf.co.kr/en/doc/info.htm http://iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page04_ektid440.aspx http://iucn.org/ http://lagunagolf.com.sg/ http://lwr.state.wi.us/ http://mkb.slu.se/publikationer/projarb/mfs_vietnam.pdf http://ohiostategolfclub.com/Home-1.html http://ozone.unep.org/Ratification_status/ http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php http://us.asiancorrespondent.com/korea-beat/-p-885 http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ http://www.activetravelvietnam.com/nationalparks/north_eastern_national_parks.html http://www.agri.ohio.gov/ http://www.aideffectiveness.org/Country-Vietnam.html http://www.aseansec.org/6086.htm http://www.ava.gov.sg/AgricultureFisheriesSector/AgriculturalPesticides/ http://www.ava.gov.sg/Legislation/ListOfLegislation/ http://www.barclayssingaporeopen.com/ http://www.basel.int/ratif/ratif.html http://www.business-in-asia.com/long_an_province_vietnam.html 368 http://www.cbd.int/countries/ http://www.chilinhstargolf.com.vn/ http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.shtml http://www.cms.int/about/index.htm http://www.commerce.state.wi.us/ http://www.dalatpalacegolf.vn/ http://www.dbm.gov.ph/dbm_publications/nep_2005/details_files/dpwh-programs.txt http://www.dbm.gov.ph/dbm_publications/nep_2005/details_files/dpwh-programs.txt http://www.dgr.go.th/en/main.htm http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/ http://www.dilg.gov.ph/ http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/ http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/dwg/gcc/RTL-2000.pdf http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/dwg/gw/gw-ans.htm http://www.doa.state.wi.us/section.asp?linkid=133&locid=9 http://www.drl.state.wi.us/ http://www.egazette.com.sg/Document/gg/2006/065016.pdf http://www.epa.gov/lawregs/laws/cercla.html http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/annual/2000/2000annual.htm http://www.epa.state.oh.us/ http://www.esrcc.com.sg/news/kranji.html http://www.fpa.da.gov.ph/ http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05458.pdf http://www.gardentech.com/Dac_productinfo.asp http://www.ggaclubshares.com/ 369 http://www.golf-tours-thailand.com/golf-course/Golf-Courses-Bangkok-All.htm http://www.golf2thailand.com/Samutprakarn-golf/the-royal-golf-country-club.asp http://www.golfinakingdom.com/ http://www.hdb.gov.sg/ http://www.imgworld.com/sports/golf/course_design.sps http://www.keppelclub.com.sg/ http://www.keppelseghers.com/keppelite/23/Contract_for_fifth_incineration_plant_in_Singapor e http://www.law.mq.edu.au/html/MqJICEL/vol3/vol3-1_chun.pdf http://www.letsrecycle.com/do/ecco.py/view_item?listid=38&listcatid=218&listitemid=55981& section= http://www.llda.gov.ph/Services_LC.html#Fees http://www.mbgc.com.sg/index.htm http://www.monre.gov.vn/monreNet/Default.aspx?tabid=231 http://www.navatanee.com/ http://www.nea.gov.vn/en/laws/Pages/Golfcoursesfacegreengrilling.aspx http://www.nenepimentel.org/cgi-bin/build.pl?section=bluerib;id=CRF-51 http://www.nss.org.sg/about_history.html http://www.oceandunesgolf.vn/ http://www.ohiogolfguide.com/index.php http://www.onep.go.th/eia/ENGLISH/eia_eng_index.htm http://www.onep.go.th/onep_en/ http://www.opengolf.com/ http://www.owda.org/owda0001.asp?PgID=homepage http://www.panyagolf.com/ http://www.pcd.go.th/about/en_ab_mission.html Accessed November 30 http://www.pestproducts.com/daconil.htm 370 http://www.pgavietnam.com/COLUMNS/FTPS%202007/teed_off_25%20November%202007.h tm http://www.pub.gov.sg/about/Pages/default.aspx on history of PUB http://www.pub.gov.sg/mpublications/Pages/PressReleases.aspx http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/LocalCatchment.aspx http://www.puco.ohio.gov/ http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-official-docs/main/ramsar/1-31^7761_4000_0 http://www.royalgolfclubs.com/defaults.php http://www.safra.sg/page.aspx?pageid=144 http://www.seaisle1.com/ http://www.sembawanggolf.org.sg/ http://www.sicc.org.sg/web/main.aspx?ID=ff293385-7469-42b3-a3f9338108559e7c,,&TargetPageID http://www.sodfather.com/turf-grass/platinum-te-golf-courses.asp http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/PUBLICATIONS/electVoterPubs/muni.aspx http://www.swib.state.wi.us/ http://www.syngentaprofessionalproducts.com/prodrender/index.aspx?prodid=400 http://www.tamdaogolf.com/web/default.aspx?lang=en-US http://www.thaicountryclub.com/scripts/default.asp http://www.thailandgolfcourse.com/GolfCourse/Windmill%20Park%20Country%20Club.htm http://www.thegolfcourses.net/golfcourses/WI/Wisconsin.htm http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/conservation.htm http://www.ura.gov.sg/conservation/mod3.htm http://www.usga.org/course_care/articles/management/greens/Stimpmeter-Instruction-Booklet/ http://www.usga.org/news/2010/June/USGA-Names-Erin-Hills-Site-Of-2017-U-S Open-AndAwards-2018-U-S Amateur,-2019-U-S Open-To-Pebble-Beach/ http://www.usga.org/Rules.aspx?id=7788#show=ae24f9d42fea42b89a48cdee24ce9a9b 371 http://www.usopen.com/en_US/index.html http://www.uwex.edu/wgnhs/ http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/weeb/ http://www.vga.com.vn/?show=intro&ic=1&list=6 http://www.warren.org.sg/ http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=89684&refer=&units=metric http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/ http://www.zoysias.com/ http://www1.american.edu/ted/asiagolf.htm International Association of Golfing Tour Operators (IAGTO) at http://www.onecaribbean.org/content/files/Golf.pdf and http://www.iagto.com/ International Golf and Life Foundation at http://www.golfandlife.ch/ Investment regimes in ASEAN countries at http://asialaw.tripod.com/articles/lawaninvestment10.html IUCN at http://www.iucn.org/themes/WCPA/wpc2003/pdfs/programme/day2/b/changeandpas_sypnosis.p df Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) at http://www.thaitrade.sg/thai_advantage.html Japan’s ODA policy for Viet Nam at http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/region/e_asia/vietnam.pdf and http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/longlist/vietnam.pdf Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) at http://www.llda.gov.ph/ Laguna National Golf and Country Club at http://lagunagolf.com.sg/club-profile Lifestyle Survey 2009 at http://spring.ura.gov.sg/conceptplan2011/results/Report%20Mega Resorts, Golf Courses and Food Crises” at http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/tourism/doc/01.Mega-resorts.golf.courses.and.food.crisis.doc Ministry of Agriculture Report, 2008 in Vietnamese language at http://www.agroviet.gov.vn/Pages/default.aspx Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) at http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/ 372 Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) at http://www.ifaq.gov.sg/mewr/apps/fcd_faqmain.aspx Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand at http://www.mfa.go.th/multimedia/E_Book/b2.pdf Ministry of Health website at http://eng.moph.go.th/HealthSit/index.php Monetary Authority of Singapore portal at http://www.mas.gov.sg/legislation_guidelines/Explanation%20of%20MAS%20Instrument.html National Audubon Society at http://www.audubon.org/ National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) at http://localweb.neda.gov.ph/cgibin/st2.cgi?/eds/db/national/population/census_population_a.sc National Golf Association of the Philippines (NGAP) at http://www.ngapgolf.com National Golf Foundation, Golf Project Glossary of Terms at http://www.ngf.org/cgi/ccglossary.asp National Implementation Plan of POPs by Viet Nam at http://www.pops.int/documents/implementation/nips/submissions/NIP_Vietnam.pdf National Parks Board (NParks) at http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/ National Water Resources Board (NWRB) at http://www.nwrb.gov.ph/ Natural Resources Development Corporation (NRDC) at http://www.coa.gov.ph/1998_AAR/GOCCs/NRDC/NRDC_aar98es.htm Nature Society of Singapore at http://www.nss.org.sg/about_history.html Office of the President portal at http://www.president.gov.ph/cabinet/default.aspx Thailand Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONREPP) at http://www.onep.go.th/eia/ENGLISH/about_eieb/about_eieb.htm PAB at http://www.emb.gov.ph/pab/template/mainpab.htm Parliament No 11, Session 1, Volume No 85 on Sitting date 2009-02-06, at http://www.parliament.gov.sg/reports/public/hansard/title/20090206/20090206_S0003_T0006.ht ml PCD at http://www.pcd.go.th/indexEng Pesticide Action Network on Viet Nam Pesticide Registration at http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Country.jsp?Country=Viet%20Nam Philippine Embassy in Australia at http://www.philembassy.au.com/bus-ynvest.htm Philippine National Irrigation Administration at http://www.nia.gov.ph/ 373 Philippine National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) at http://www.namria.gov.ph/ Philippine National Statistics Office (NSO) at http://www.census.gov.ph/ Philippine National Statistics Office (PNSO) Report at http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/dataagri.html Philippines First National Report to the Secretariat of the CBD at www.cbd.int/doc/projects/gef/gef-ph-2010-nr4-p1-req-en.doc and http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/ph/ph-nr-04-en.pdf Pollution Control Department assists NEA in pollution control, at http://app2.nea.gov.sg/index.aspx POPs Secretariat at http://chm.pops.int/Countries/National%20Implementation/tabid/253/language/enUS/Default.aspx Portal of the Ministry of Interior is maintained in Thai language at http://www.moi.go.th/portal/page?_pageid=193,626326,193_626374&_dad=portal&_schema=P ORTAL Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau at http://www.pawb.gov.ph/ PUB at http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/imgcont/1233/040-051%20Water.pdf PUB at http://www.pub.gov.sg/mpublications/Pages/PressReleases.aspx?ItemId=255 PUB at http://www.pub.gov.sg/Pages/default.aspx Report of Viet Nam to UNESCAP at http://www.unescap.org/esd/water/publications/CD/escapiwmi/wastewater_management/Wastewater%20management%20and%20water%20environment %20in%20Vietnam.pdf Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland (R & A) Course Management Best Practice Guidelines, at https://www.bestcourseforgolf.org/content/environment Royal Irrigation Department at http://www.moac.go.th/eng/inside.php?pages_id=7 Sale of Property at http://www.iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page04.aspx?id=152 SEC Corporate Finance Department at http://www.sec.gov.ph/order/cfd/Legacy%20GS%20Fund,%20Inc%20(revoked).pdf SEC Guidelines on Penalties at http://www.sec.gov.ph/Documents/guidelines.pdf SEC reportorial compliance of all registered corporations at https://ireport.sec.gov.ph/iview/login.jsp 374 Securities and Exchange Commission Archives: Companies with CDOs at http://www.sec.gov.ph/ Securities and Exchange Commission at http://www.sec.gov.ph/ Securities and Exchange Commission at https://ireport.sec.gov.ph/iview/login.jsp Siam Stamp Catalogue, “Visit Thailand Year”, 1987 at http://www.siamstamp.com/catalogue/index.php?id=355 Singapore AVA at http://www.ava.gov.sg/ Singapore Department of Statistics at http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/keyind.html#keyind Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) at http://www.edb.gov.sg/edb/sg/en_uk/index.html Singapore Final Report on Land Allocation at http://www.ura.gov.sg/interim/report1.pdf Singapore Fourth National Report to the Secretariat of the CBD 2010, at http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/sg/sg-nr-04-en.pdf Singapore Golf Association (SGA) at http://www.sga.org.sg/Default.aspx?PageID=98 Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) at http://www.siac.org.sg/cms/ Singapore Island Country Club (SICC) at http://www.sicc.org.sg/Web/main.aspx?ID=,37caf7e12be7-4747-a171-b5bb5016408c Singapore Land Authority at http://www.sla.gov.sg/htm/hom/index.htm Singapore Public Utilities Board (PUB) at http://www.pub.gov.sg/newater/nationaltaps/Pages/default.aspx Singapore Sports Commission (SSC) at http://www.ssc.gov.sg/publish/Corporate/en.html Singapore Weather report at http://app.nea.gov.sg/data/mss/pdf/26March07.pdf Singapore’s 2010 Focus Group’s Report at http://www.ura.gov.sg/pr/text/2010/pr10-97.html Singapore’s Meteorological Services, National Environment Agency at http://www.weather.gov.sg/wip/web/Marine Singapore’s National Environment Agencies at http://app2.nea.gov.sg/topics_waste.aspx and http://app2.nea.gov.sg/topics_waterpollution.aspx Sta Elena Golf Club at http://www.staelena.com/golf.html State of Wisconsin Board of Commissioners of Public Lands at http://bcpl.state.wi.us/ Status of Ratification of POPs Convention at http://chm.pops.int/Countries/StatusofRatification/tabid/252/language/en-US/Default.aspx 375 TAT Filipinas Golf Club at http://www.tatfilipinas.com/ Tax Rates and Exemption Schemes at http://iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page04_ektid410.aspx Thailand Constitution 2007, unofficial English translation at http://www.asianlii.org/th/legis/const/2007/1.html Thailand at a Glance by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at http://www.mfa.go.th/multimedia/E_Book/a1.pdf Thailand Environment Institute at http://www.tei.or.th/AboutTEI/aboutTEI.htm Thailand Golf Association (TGA) at http://www.tga.or.th/#suwcontent=golfdbsuwcntsloperatingsuwcntDIV_MAINCONTENTsuwc ntsuwcnt1281433687987 Thailand Ministry of Interior at http://www.moi.go.th/portal/page?_pageid=193,626326,193_626374&_dad=portal&_schema=P ORTAL Thailand National Statistical Office at http://web.nso.go.th/ Thailand’s annual rainfall at http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/ThailandCLIMATE.html Thailand’s National Implementation Report (2009) to the CBD Secretariat at www.aseanbiodiversity.org/index.php?option=com_docman The Economist: Economic Terms at http://www.economist.com/research/economics/alphabetic.cfm?letter=R#regulatorycapture The History of Golf in Thailand at http://www.thailand.com/travel/golf/historyofthai.htm The Principles of Best Practices and Codes of the World Bank at http://rru.worldbank.org/PapersLinks/Codes-Best-Practice/ Third World Centre for Water Management in Mexico, at http://www.thirdworldcentre.org/english.html Third World Network at http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/sia-cn.htm Transparency International (TI) at http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table; http://transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results and http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009 United States Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (USGCSAA) at http://www.gcsaa.org/ URA at http://www.ura.gov.sg/pr/graphics/2010/pr10-97a_SDRpt.pdf Urban Planning Policies in Thailand at http://www.ghb.co.th/en/Journal/Vol2/15.pdf 376 Viet Nam Environmental Protection Agency (VEPA) at http://www.nea.gov.vn/en/Pages/homepage.aspx Viet Nam Golf Association (VGA) at http://www.vga.com.vn/?show=intro&ic=1&list=6 and http://www.vga.com.vn/?lg=1 Viet Nam Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) at http://www.mpi.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/mpi_en Viet Nam National Administration of Tourism at http://www.vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/index.php Viet Nam State Securities Commission at http://www.ssc.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/ssc_en Viet Nam National Institute for Soils and Fertilizer (NISF) at http://www.fadinap.org/vietnam/extension.html Viet Nam Fourth Country Report to the CBD Secretariat at www.cbd.int/doc/world/vn/vn-nr-04en.doc Wack-wack Golf Club at http://www.wackwack.com/ Water Pollution Control at page 16 of Annual Report 2005 at http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/pcd/EPDAnnualReport2005.pdf Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau, State of Wisconsin Blue Book 2007-2008, pages 751758 at http://www.sos.state.oh.us/SOS/PUBLICATIONS/electVoterPubs/muni.aspx Wisconsin Natural Resources at http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/permitprimer/water/index.html World Water Assessment Program by (UNESCO) at http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/case_studies/chao_phraya/index.shtml www.ehs.ohio-state.edu/index.asp?PAGE=envaff.spcc www.frac.info/frac/menu.htm ' 377 ... Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam and Singapore Chapter IV summarizes of the cross- national comparison and evaluation of law and governance in the subject countries And finally, Chapter V contains the. .. for Sand”, Chris Coles, New Mandala, April 25 , 20 12 Available at http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala /20 12/ 04 /25 /singapores-insatiable-hunger-for-sand/ Accessed on May 28 , 20 13 92 Singapore. .. discuss the aspects of law and governance in general, and in particular, the rule of law, including the institutional and internal governance in the golf course industry Black’s Law Dictionary (20 10)