SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 1 IT IS (NOT) NECESSARY TO + V  S + DON’T HAVE TO / NEED TO + V Example : It isn’t necessary to shout  You don’t have to shout. 1.It isn’t necessary for you to wear uniform on Sunday. => You don’t …………………………………………… 2.It isn’t necessary for you to book the tickets. =>You don’t ……………………………………………… 3.There was no need for you to have gone to all the trouble. =>You don’t ………………………………………………. 4.It is a waste of time reading that novel. =>You needn’t …………………………………………… 5.It is essential to meet your aunt at the airport? =>Does your aunt …………………………………………… 6.It is impossible for roses to be grown in such poor ground. =>Roses can’t ……………………………………………… MODEL 2 HAVE + SO + DO GET + SO + TO DO HAVE / GET + STH + DONE Example : Mr.Bryan mended the washing machine for me.  I had/ get the washing machine mended by Mr.Bryan / I had Mr.Bryan mend the washing machine. 1.The hairdresser is cutting my hair this afternoon. => I am …………………………………………………… 2.I have had my car cleaned =>I have …………………………………………………. 3.Someone has just washed our car. =>We have ………………………………………………… 4.I employed my neighbor to clean my car =>I had …………………………………………………… 5.My suits needs to be cleaned before the interview. =>I must ……………………………………………………. 6.He had someone paint his house last month. => He ………………………………………………………… 7.The hurrican blew the roof off the house. =>The house had …………………………………………… MODEL 3 SOMEONE PEOPLE THEY SAY THINK BELIEVE RUMOUR EXPECT REPORT THAT  IT + BE + V3/ V-ed + THAT + S2 + V …. S2 + BE + V3/ V-ed + (1) TO + V (2) TO HAVE + V3/ V-ed Page 1 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS Dùng (1) khi V1 = V2 ( the same tense) Dùng (2) khi : V2 xãy ra trước V1 Example : a/ People say that he beats his wife V1 V2 V1 ( say ) : present => The same tense V1 = V2 V2 ( beats ) : present  He is said to beat his wife. b/ People thought that he had died in battle. V1 V2 V1 ( thought) : past => V2 xãy ra trước V1 V2 (had died) : past perfect  He was thought to have died in battle. 1.People said that he had gone to Italy. => He ……………………………………………… 2.They say that he escaped to an Africa country. => He ……………………………………………… 3.People say that Nam is living with his uncle ia America. => Nam …………………………………………………… 4.People believe that there exists ghost. => It is ………………………………………………………. 5.They all say that he speaks very good English. => He ……………………………………………………… 6.People used to think that he was shefish. => He used …………………………………………………… 7.They say that football is the best game to play. => Football ………………………………………………… 8.People used to believe that the earth was flat. => It used ……………………………………………………. 9.People believe that he was killed by teriorists. => He ………………………………………………………… MODEL 4 S + BE/ GET USED TO + NOUN / V-ing Example: Getting up early is not a problem to me.  I am/ get used to getting up early. 1.I don’t find it difficult to study late at night. => I am ………………………………………………… 2.It is not a habit of mine to sleep in the afternoon. => I am not ………………………………………………. 3.She feels strange when she drives on the left. => She is not ……………………………………………… 4.She doesn’t usually stay up late. =>She is not …………………………………………………. 5.He gets up early in the morning and he’s used to it. =>He’s used to ……………………………………………… Page 2 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 5 ADJ / ADV + ER THAN …. MORE + ADJ / ADV  THE ADJ / ADV + EST MOST + ADJ / ADV NOT + SO/ AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS   ADJ / ADV + ER THAN MORE + ADJ / ADV Example: a/ Hang is the fattest girl in my class.  No girl in my class are fatter than Hang. b/ Susan isn’t as good at chemistry as Sarah.  Sarah is better at chemistry than Susan. 1.You are the worst chess player in the world. => No one in the world …………………………… 2.Tom is the best programmer in his company => No one in Tom’s company …………………………… 3.They say that Nam is the brightest in our school. =>No other students ……………………………………… 4.Gary is the best guitarist in the class. =>No one else in our …………………………………………. 5.Have you got a cheaper carpet than this? =>Is this the ……………………………………………………… 6.This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever read =>This is the ………………………………………………………………… 7.I don’t play the guitar as well as he does. =>He plays ………………………………………………………………… 8.Geopor is not nearly as energetic as he used to be. =>He used to be ……………………………………………………………. 9.It’s not cheap as it was =>It’s more ……………………………………………………………… 10.My mother cooks better than my father does. =>My father cooks ……………………………………………………. MODEL 6 S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + V3/ V-ed … SINCE / FOR   -S + LAST + V2/ V-ed ….WHEN … -THE LAST TIME + S + …… WAS Example: a/ I haven’t heard him since August.  The last time I heard him was in August. b/ I haven’t seen him since I was a student.  I last saw him when I was a student. 1.I haven’t played football since 1970. =>The last time …………………………………. 2.We haven’t seen Tom since he moved to Bristol. =>We last ………………………………………… 3.It hasn’t rained for a fortnight. =>The last time …………………………………… =>It last …………………………………………… 4.Lucy hasn’t worn that dress since Barbara’s wedding. Page 3 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS =>The last time ………………………………………… 5.My father hasn’t been to Vung Tau for 2 years. =>The last time …………………………………………. MODEL 7 S + V2/ v-ED ………… AGO   -S + HAVE/ HAS + V3/ V-ed + SINCE (FOR) -S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ing + SINCE/FOR Example: a/ He started working for this factory a year ago.  He has worked/ has been working for this factory for a year. b/ My sister has studied English for a year  My sister began to study English a year ago. 1.It’s a long time since we became close friends. =>We have ……………………………………………. 2.Minh last wrote to his pen pal five months ago. =>Minh hasn’t …………………………………………. 3.The last time I met Mai was in 1999. =>I haven’t ……………………………………………… 4.We haven’t seen one another for a long time. =>We stopped ……………………………………………. 5.My father started to give up smoking last year =>My father has …………………………………………… 6.This is her six appearance on stage in our city this year. =>She has ………………………………………………… MODEL 8 S + HAVE/ HAS + V3/ V-ed ….+ TIME   IT IS + TIME ….+ SINCE + S + (last) V2/ V-ed Example: a/ I haven’t seen my father for one month.  It’s one month SINCE I last saw my father. b/ Tom and Daisy have been married for two years.  It is two years SINCE Tom and Daisy got married 1.I haven’t seen Henry for two years. =>It is ………………………………………………… 2.Tim has not had his hair cut for over 3 month. =>It is ………………………………………………… 3.I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years. =>It is …………………………………………………. 4.I haven’t eaten this kind of food for 5 years =>It is …………………………………………………. 5.It is five years since I last met David. =>I haven’t ……………………………………………… Page 4 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 9 S + HAVE/ HAS NOT + V3/ V-ed … + BEFORE   … FIRST TIME + S + HAVE/ HAS + V3/ V-ed Example: a/ I haven’t seen that man here before. -> It’s the first time I have seen that man here. b/ I have never read this book before. -> This is the first time I have read this book. 1.My father hasn’t driven a car before. =>This is …………………………………………. 2.I’ve never met such a famous singer before. =>It’s ………………………………………………. 3.She has never been to the ballet before. =>It’s ……………………………………………… 4.She hasn’t drunk Coca Cola before. =>This is …………………………………………… 5.my grandfather hasn’t been in hospital before. =>This is ……………………………………………… MODEL 10 PRESENT WISH + PAST SITUATION FUTURE  PAST SUBJUNCTIVE WISH + PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE WOULD + V (bare –inf ) Example: a/ I am not a millionair -> I wish I were a millionair. b/ She won’t visit me a tomorrow. -> I wish she would visit me the following day/ the day after. c/ What a pity you failed in your exam.  I wish you hadn’t failed in your exam. 1.It is a pity I can’t come to your birthday party. =>I wish …………………………………………………. 2.I would love to study in Britain for a year. =>I wish ………………………………………………… 3.I didn’t borrow her some money yesterday. =>If only …………………………………………………. 4.It would be nice to have a swimming pool in our garden. =>I wish ……………………………………………………. 5.I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my homework =>I wish …………………………………………………… 6.I regret not going to the airport to say goodbuy to him =>I wish ……………………………………………………. 7.I’m sorry now that I didn’t tell you the truth =>I wish …………………………………………………… 8.It’s a pity he doesn’t take the doctor’s advice =>I wish ……………………………………………………. Page 5 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 11 BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( S + V )   BECAUSE OF + (ADJ ) +NOUN/ V-ING . Example: She went to bed early because she was/ felt sick -> She went to bed early because of her sickness. 1.I went to bed early because I felt tired. ->I went to bed early because of my tiredness/ feeling tired 2.I can’t play basketball because of my height. -> I can’t play basketball because ……………………… 3.She must stay in bed because of her illness. ->She must stay in bed because …………………………… 4.We can’t swim in this part of the river because of highly polluted water. -> We can’t swim in this part of the river because ………………………… 5.We couldn’t go on clearing the beach because of heavy rain. ->We couln’t go on clearing the beach because ……………………………. 6.He likes her because she is very beautiful ->He likes her because of ………………………………………………… 7.He couldn’t go to school because he was very poor. ->He couldn’t go to school because of ………………………………… 8.He failed the exam because because he didn’t learn the lesson carefully. ->He failed the exam because of ………………………………………… 9.I can’t buy that house because I don’t have enough money. ->I can’t buy that house because of ……………………………………… MODEL 12 ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH +CLAUSE (S + V )   INSPITE OF / DESPITE + N / V-ing HOWEVER + ADJ + S + V Example: Despite her like for coffee, she drank it => Although she didn’t like coffee, she drank it. 1.Mike will not go with Mariam even though he likes her. -Mike will not go with Mariam in spite of ……………………………… 2.In spite of their mother’s unhappiness, they held a party. -Though …………………………………………………………… 3.We took many photographs even thought the sky was dark. -We took may photographs despite ……………………………………… 4.Despite her madness, he wanted to make friends with her. -Though……………………………………………………………………. 5.In spite of her poor memory, she tried to recount what happened to the police. -Although………………………………………………………………… 6.He passed the test even though he was frequently absent from class. -He passed the test in spite of………………………………………………… 7.She still fat even though she is on a diet. -She still fat despite …………………………………………………………… 8.Even though she doesn’t earn much money, she spends like a millionaire. -In spite of ……………………………………………………………………………… Page 6 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 9.He went to bed even though he didn’t finish his lessons. -He went to bed dsepite ……………………………………………………………… 10.Although the water is cold, I will swim. -However ……………………………………………………………………………… 11.Even though you say anything, I won’t change my opinions. -Whatever ………………………………………………………………………………. 12.Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish. -Much ……………………………………………………………………………… MODEL 13 PRESENT UNREAL SENTENCE IN PAST UNREAL   PAST SUBJUNTIVE ( S + V2/V-ed ) IF + PAST PERFECT ( S + HAD + V3/ V-ed ) -WITHOUT/ BUT FOR + NOUN -IF IT HAD NOT BEEN FOR + NOUN -HAD + S + V3/ V-ED IF …NOT UNLESS + ( affirmative verb ) Example: a/ I can’t see the play because it is sold out.  If the play were not sold out, I cound see it. ( type 2 ) b/ We didn’t go because it rained.  If it had not rained, we could have gone.( type 3 ) c/ If you don’t phone immediately you won’t get any information. -> Unless you phone immediately you won’t get any imformation. 1.He failed in his exam because he was very lazy. => If …………………………………………………………… 2.I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t buy that laptop => If ………………………………………………………………. 3.I don’t have enough money, I can’t buy that expensive dictionary. => If ………………………………………………………………… 4.We must do our homework well or the teacher will get angry with us. => Unless ………………………………………………………………… 5.You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry. => Unless …………………………………………………………………. 6.She didn’t know you were in hospital, so she didn’t visit you. => If ……………………………………………………………………… 7.Unless you water these plants everyday, they will die => If ………………………………………………………………………. 8.If the police had found out him, he would have been in trouble. =>Had …………………………………………………………………… 9.We couldn’t have got the prize if our father hadn’t encouraged us. => If it ……………………………………………………………………. 10.Without Nam’s help, I wouldn’t have been able to solve this difficulty. => If Nam …………………………………………………………………… 11.John is fat because he eats so many chips => If ……………………………………………………………………………. 12.Thanks to Laura’s support, I was able to finish the project. Page 7 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS =>Had Laura ……………………………………………………………. 13.With a lot of luck, you may get your novel published. => If you ………………………………………………………………… 14.My advice is that Mary should apply for that job. => If I ……………………………………………………………………… 15.We can’t survive when there is no air. =>Without …………………………………………………………………… 16.Your warning helped prevent my failure in the test. => Had it ……………………………………………………………………… 17.They will go swimming if it is sunny. => Unless ……………………………………………………………………… 18.We could have lost that match if there hadn’t been efforts from everyone of us. =>Without efforts ………………………………………………………………… MODEL 14 PASSIVE FORM : S + BE + V3/ V-ed Example: Nobody told me about it.  I was not told about it. 1.My father made me study hard for my exams. =>I ……………………………………………………………………… 2.Thay won’t allow you to go in the house. => You …………………………………………………………………. 3.Nobody finished their exercises on time. =>Their exercises ………………………………………………………… 4.Nobody has ever asked me that curious question. ( not …ever = never ) =>I ………………………………………………………………………. 5.They hardly finish their work on time. =>Their work ………………………………………………………… 6.They paid no attention to Mr.Van’s lecture. =>Mr.Van’s lecture ………………………………………………… 7.It’s vital that this work is finished by Monday =>This work …………………………………………………………… 8.Temperature is measured by a thermometer. =>A thermometer …………………………………………………… 9.No one has lived in this house for years =>This house ………………………………………………………… 10.We should do something about it =>Something ……………………………………………………………. 11.They will have to change the date of the meeting again. =>The date of the meeting ……………………………………………… 12.Can they control the city traffic? => Can …………………………………………………………. 13.Lock the door carefully before going to bed. => The door must ……………………………………………… 14.I hear them singing a nice English song. => They ………………………………………………………… 15.She expected us to offer her the job => She …………………………………………………………… Page 8 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 16.Nobody knows anything about his family. => Nothing ……………………………………………………… 17.They are pulling down the old theater. => The old theater ………………………………………………. 18.People all the world speak English => English ……………………………………………………… MODEL 15 SO + ADJ + THAT ( quá … đến nỗi )   SUCH + ( A/ AN + ADJ ) + N + THAT Example: a/ The film was so good that I saw it three times.  IT WAS such a good film that I saw it many times. b/ It is such a bad book that nobody reads it.  THE BOOK is so bad that nobody read it. 1.The stamps are so beautiful that all of us want to buy them. =>They are such ……………………………………………… 2.It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it. =>The tea was ………………………………………………… 3.It was such dirty beach that we decided not to stay. =>The beach …………………………………………………… 4.The program was so interesting that none of us wanted to turn the TV off. =>It was such …………………………………………………………………… 5.The news was so good that she smiled happily. =>It was ……………………………………………………………………………. 6.Her handwriting is so bad that I can’t read. =>She writes so ………………………………………………………………… 7.It rained so heavily that they dicided to cancel the match.( cấu trúc đảo ngữ ) =>So …………………………………………………………………………… 8.He bought such a lot of books that he couldn’t read them all. =>So ……………………………………………………………………………… 9.The children were so excited that they talked about the show all night long. =>Such ………………………………………………………………………… MODEL 16: SO + ADJ + THAT … SUCH + (A/ AN + ADJ ) + N + THAT ….   TOO + ADJ + FOR … + TO + V ( quá …không thể ) ( NOT ) + ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR … + TO + V (đủ để ) Lưu ý : trong cấu trúc: “ too to / enough to” nếu chủ ngữ và tân ngữ cùng nói về một người hay một vật thì khi viết câu ta nhớ bỏ tân ngữ. +Nếu viết cấu trúc “ enough to” => S + be + not + tính từ trái nghĩa + enough …for …to Example: a/ This raincoat is so small that she can’t wear it  THIS RAINCOAT is too small for her to wear. ( mang nghĩa phủ định ) b/ It was such an intersting novel that I read it many times.  THE NOVEL was interesting enough for me to read many times. c/ He is too short to reach the shelf. -> He is not tall enough to reach the shelf. 1.It was such good weather that we went swimming. Page 9 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS =>The weather ………………………………………… 2.The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it. =>The water was not …………………………………………… 3.It was such a long dress that my sister could not wear it. =>The dress was not …………………………………………… 4.The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it. =>The furniture was ……………………………………………… 5.The switch was too high for him to reach. =>He was not ……………………………………………………… 6.I tried to eat the cake, but it was too sweet. =>The cake was …………………………………………………… 7.The furniture was too old to keep. =>It was such ………………………………………………………. MODEL 17 …WOULD RATHER + S + V2/ V-ed ( present meaning ) IT’S HIGH/ ABOUT TIME + S + V2/ V-ed Example: We’d prefer you not to smoke.  W’d rather you didn’t smoke. 1.We’s better buy a new cooker. =>It’s time ………………………………. 2.I really think you ought to acquire a few manners. =>It’s high time …………………………………… 3.Would you mind not smoking here? =>I’d rather ………………………………………… 4.I had better get back to work. =>It’s ………………………………………………… 5.You really should be able to dress yourself by now. =>It’s high …………………………………………… 6.It’s a pity you wrote that letter =>I’d rather …………………………………………. MODEL 18 S + V + V-ing S + V + preposition + V-ing S + V + O + preposition + V-ing  Example: a/ “ I’m sorry that I broke the glass” said Peter  Peter apologised for breaking the glass. b/ “ You were cheating” said to Carol to June  Carol accused June of cheating . c/ “ I did not steal the car” he said “ I just borrow it”  He denied stealing the car but admitted borrowing it. 1.She admitted that she had taken the necklace. =>She admitted to ……………………………………………. 2. “ You stole the jewels” the inspector said to him. =>The inspector accused ………………………………………. Page 10 [...]... machine That: được dùng thay cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật That có thể thay thế cho who, whom, which trong mệnh đề hạn định ( restrictive clause ) Ex: The man is very friendly He lives next door ->The man who / that lives next door is very friendly ->I don’t like the stories which / that have unhappy endings => THAT luôn được dùng sau cụm danh từ gồm cả người lẫn vật, sau các đại từ: everything, anything,... chủ ngữ ( subject ) hay tân ngữ ( object ) thay cho danh từ chỉ người Ex: Jake is the boy He plays the guitar ->Jake is the boy who plays the guitar Whom: dùng lam tân ngữ thay cho Who ( Whom dùng trong lối nói trang trọng ) The boy is Tom We are looking for him ->The boy whom we are looking for is Tom Which: dùng làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật hoặc sự việc Ex: My sister works for... =>She left the room …………………………………………………… 8.It is quite pointless to complain =>There is no ……………………………………………………… 9. John failed to find the source of the River Nile =>John didn’t succeed ……………………………………………… 10.I dislike it people criticise me unfairly =>I object …………………………………………………………… MODEL 19 WHY DON’T YOU + V ?/ LET’S + V IF I WERE YOU I SHOULD S + HAD BETTER + V …   WHAT/ HOW ABOUT + V-ing ….? S... + V (pp) DIDN’T + V NOT + V -ing Note: là đưa động từ về dạng nguyên mẫu rồi mới thêm “ ING” ( 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau) Example: a/David arrived home and went to bed immediately ->Arriving home, David went to bed immediately Tom had failed twice, so he didn’t want to try again ->Having failed twice, Tom didn’t want to try again Page 19 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS 1.Since we had nothing else to do,... here? She said to me  She asked me ……………………………………… 7 “ Do you go to school by bike? Lan told Nga  Lan asked Nga …………………………………… 8 “ Can you use a computer? Hoa said to Huy  Hoa asked Huy ……………………………………… 9 “ How old are you?” He said to me  He asked me how old ……………………………………… 10 “ Why do you want this job?” Peter told Maryan  Peter asked Maryan …………………………………… 11 “ Where do you live?” I said to him ... ………………………………………………………………… 16 “ Will you keep silent , Peter.” She shouted  …………………………………………………………………  ………………………………………………………………… 17 “ Let’s go” She said  …………………………………………………………………  ………………………………………………………………… 19. She said “ What a lovely dress!” -> ………………………………………………………………… 20.He said to me “ Hello! Where are you going?” -> …………………………………………………………………… 21.He said to her, “ How beautifully you have sung today!”... ………………………………………………………… 8.I advise you you to put money in the bank =>You’d ……………………………………………………………… Page 11 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM PATTERNS MODEL 20 REPORTED SPEECH 1.Statements in reported speech : câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp S1 + SAID / TOLD ( THAT ) + S2 + V  Example: a/ Tom said, “ I’m happy to see you”  Tom said he was happy to see you c/ Cousin Mai said, “ I will go to Hue tomorrow”... asked me “ What is her name?” -> Tom asked me what her name was b/ “ Where did you go last night , John?” said Mrs Clark  Mrs Clark asked John where he had gone the night before 3.Yes – No questions : câu hỏi “ có … không” trong lời nói gián tiếp S + ASKED/ WONDER/ WANT TO KNOW … + O + IF/ WHETHER + S + V  Example: a/ She said “ Are you hungry, Tom?” -> She asked Tom if / whether he was hungry b/ He... none và dạng so sánh nhất : the first/ last/ only Ex: I met the people, cattle and vehicles that went to market She is the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever met Whose: dùng để chỉ sự sở hữu thay cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật đứng trước Ex: I know the man His house is big ->I know the man whose house is big The house is not far from my house The roof of the house is green ->The house whose roof is... year 2000 I celebrate millenium in 2000 I can’t forget the year 2000 when I celebrate millenium I can’t forget the day I was born on that day I can’t forget the day when I was born Why: thay thế cho danh từ chỉ lý do Ex: You didn’t come to the party Tell me the reson ->Tell me the reason why you don’t come to my party 1.This is the woman She can help you with your homework Page 14 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIOM . pen pal five months ago. =>Minh hasn’t …………………………………………. 3.The last time I met Mai was in 199 9. =>I haven’t ……………………………………………… 4.We haven’t seen one another for a long time. =>We stopped. ………………………………………………………. 9. John failed to find the source of the River Nile. =>John didn’t succeed ……………………………………………… 10.I dislike it people criticise me unfairly. =>I object …………………………………………………………… MODEL 19 WHY. danh từ chỉ vật hoặc sự việc Ex: My sister works for a company. The company makes washing machine. ->My sister works for a company which makes washing machine. That: được dùng thay cho danh