Ways of denoting characteristics through domestic animal metaphor in English Hồ Thị Thu Trang Trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ Luận văn ThS. Chuyên ngành: English Linguistics; Mã Số: 60 22 15 Người hướng dẫn: Dr. Hà Cẩm Tâm Năm bảo vệ: 2010 Abstract: The thesis investigates different ways of denoting human character traits through some domestic animal metaphors in English, i.e. Dog, Cat, Chicken, Pig, and Cow. It also attempts to explore the reasons underlying the association of these domestic animals’ ascribed attributes with some salient human character traits. Data for the analysis have been gathered mainly from English dictionaries and corpora. Some Vietnamese instances taken from online sources are also included, serving as illustrations of how these domestic animal are conceptualized in Vietnamese language, but a deeper contrastive analysis of domestic animal metaphors between the two languages is by no means within the scope of the study. The collected linguistic data are then grouped and analyzed according to the character traits that they represent. A total of 13 character traits have been discussed in the thesis and the most prominent character traits associated with Dog, Cat, Chicken, Pig and Cow are summarized. At the end of the thesis, teaching implications as well as some suggestions for translating texts concerning animal metaphor are also included. Keywords: Tiếng Anh; Vật nuôi; Ẩn dụ. Content: 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Table of contents iv PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Rationale 1 2. Aims of the study 2 3. Research question 2 4. Scope of the study 2 5. Organization of the study 3 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 4 Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 4 1.1. An overview of Cognitive Linguistics 4 1.2. An overview of Cognitive Semantics 5 1.3. Conceptual Metaphor Theory 7 1.3.1. Definition of Conceptual Metaphor 7 1.3.2. Domain and Mapping 8 1.3.3. Image – schema 9 1.3.4. Levels of Conceptual Metaphor 10 1.3.5. Types of Conceptual Metaphor 11 1.3.6. Some features of Conceptual Metaphor 14 1.4. Animal Metaphor and The Great Chain of Being Metaphor 15 Chapter 2: The Study 18 2.1. Research question 18 2.2. Data Collection 18 2.3. Analytical Framework 19 2.4. Analysis 20 5 2.4.1. Arrogance 20 2.4.2. Maliciousness 21 2.4.3. Selfishness/ Greediness 24 2.4.4. Stupidity 25 2.4.5. Loose moral 26 2.4.6. Obstinacy 27 2.4.7. Cowardice 28 2.4.8. Servility 29 2.4.9. Smugness 30 2.4.10. Aggressiveness 30 2.4.11. Despicableness 31 2.4.12. Mild-manner 33 .2.4.13. Tenaciousness 33 PART III: CONCLUSION 34 1. Conclusions 34 2. Implications 35 3. Suggestions for further research 36 REFERENCES 37 APPENDIX 40 6 Part I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Over the past century, English has emerged as an international language with its influence extending to almost every part of the world and almost fields of life. It is an indispensable medium for diplomacy, aviation, transaction of international trade, scientific and technological studies, etc. Accordingly, English teaching and learning are becoming increasingly important. In Vietnam, there seems to exist a commonly-held assumption among many English learners that in acquiring a foreign language, such linguistic factors as grammatical, lexical, phonological etc. rules must be put priority and be the centre of the learning process. Such assumption, though considered reasonable to certain extent, has somehow shaped a rigid learning method which heavily focuses on linguistics factors and take other non-linguistic elements for granted. However, it has been pointed out that if we learn English without studying, at the same time, the underlying aspects of the language, we are merely using words which might convey improper senses. A lot of language phenomena are associated with cultural aspects of the country from which the language stems, and some also reflect the specific way of viewing and experiencing the world of people of that country. Metaphor is one such phenomenon. Metaphor is traditionally considered a figure of speech, an ornamental device that is restricted to literature and poetry and “exclusive with the realm of ordinary everyday language” (Lakoff, 1993, p. 202). In recent decades, with the increasing interest of cognitive researchers in the subject, metaphor has been re-defined as a cognitive system that structures our thoughts and behavior rather than a language phenomenon, hence the term “conceptual metaphor”. According to cognitive linguistics, a conceptual metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source domain onto a target domain, in which the target domain is understood in terms of the source domain. It acts as a powerful thinking mode in which people use their familiar, material and concrete concepts to know, think about and experience immaterial concepts which are difficult to be realize, thus obtain better understanding about themselves and the outside world. 7 Out of the human world, there is a colourful animal world which is closely related with our life. The “neighbour” relationship between human and animals makes people very familiar with the habits of animals, and gradually they begin to associate some animals’ characters with someone’s characters, hence “PEOPLE ARE ANIMALS” metaphor. Metaphorical transfer from animal domain to human domain is considered universal and can be found in many languages, including English and Vietnamese. However, although the same animal metaphor may occur in the two languages, it does not mean that the concept represented by that metaphor in English is totally identical to that in Vietnamese and vice versa. The difference in the perception of each language community toward an animal metaphor may cause difficulties for English learners in both learning and translating process. Therefore, a good understanding of how an animal protypical atrribute is used to talk about a human trait in a certain language not only helps English learners use it properly but also offers them opportunity to get to the heart of English culture. For this reason, the study will attempt to explore how animals related expressions are used to denote human characteristics in English and Vietnamese. As it would be an exhausive work if all animal terms are investigated, the study will limit itself to analyze just some domestic animals that are common in both everyday life and language, namely Dog, Cat, Chicken, Pig, and Cow. 2. Aims of the study The study aims at - Investigating different ways of denoting human character traits through Dog, Cat, Chicken, Pig, and Cow metaphors in English. - Identifying the symbolism of Dog, Cat, Chicken, Pig and Cow in association with human character traits as encoded in English. 3. Research question To realize the above aims, the following research question will be addressed: How are salient human characteristics denoted through the Dog, Cat, Chicken, Pig and Cow metaphor in English? 8 4. Scope of the study The study examines a group of domestic animal metaphors. Within the domestic animal source domain, five sub-domains are chosen: dog, cat, chicken, pig and cow. When a comparison between humans and animals is made, different features of animals such as physical appearance features, sounds, and prototypical behaviours can be respectively mapped onto human domain. In this thesis, the foci will be on those metaphors that describe human characteristics. 5. Organization of the study The study consists of three parts. The first part “Introduction” gives a brief account of the rationale, scope, aims, research questions and organization of the study. The second and also the main part of the study, “Development”, consists of two chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical background, which provides an overview of conceptual metaphor such as its definition, levels, types and features as well as other central concepts to understand conceptual metaphor like domain, mapping and image-schema. Chapter 2: The study. This chapter restates the research question, briefly describes the data collection procedure as well as presents the analytical framework. The main focus of this chapter is a discussion on the usage of different expressions with Dog, Cat, Chicken, Pig, and Cow to denote human characteristics in English. The last part is “Conclusion”, which summarizes the main findings; draw important conclusion and offers suggestions for further studies. 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