A politeness strategy in expressing sympathy by american and vietnamese speakers Tạ Thị Thanh Hiền Trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ Luận văn ThS. Chuyên ngành:Linguitics; Mã Số: 60 22 15 Người hướng dẫn: Prof. Assoc. Tran Huu Manh, PhD Năm bảo vệ: 2010 Abstract: This study investigates the politeness strategies employed by American and Vietnamese native speakers expressing sympathy. It attempts to seek what politeness strategies Vietnamese and American speakers use in expressing sympathy, and then how Vietnamese teachers and learners should acquire politeness strategy. The data was analyzed using a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and basing on the models proposed by Blum-Kulka, et al (1989) including three dimensions: the Head Act, the Internal modifications and External modifications.The findings show that the American speakers used more external modifications. Differently, Vietnamese people were more indirect and used many different types of external modifications. Also it was found that a variety of internal modifications were exploited by American speakers from the interrogative, modals, intensifier, subjectivizers to downtoner, commitment upgrader while Vietnamese people used more external modifications with explanations or advice. On the basis of the findings, certain implications for the teaching and learning language functions were proposed, limitations were pointed out, and further research was suggested. Keywords: Tiếng Anh; Người mỹ; Người Việt Content: 5 TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background and significance of the study … 1 1.2. Objectives …………………………………. 2 1.3. Overview of the study………………………. 2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1. Speech acts …………………………………. 4 2.2. Politeness…………………………………… 7 2.2.1. Theory of politeness………. 7 2.2.2. Social factors affecting politeness …………………………………8 2.2.3. The notion of face ……………………………………………… 9 2.2.4. The notion of positive and negative politeness……………… …….9 2.3. Directness and indirectness………………… 10 2.3.1. Direct speech acts…………. 10 2.3.2. Indirect speech acts………… 11 2.4. Cooperative principles………………………. 12 2.5. The speech act of comfort…………………. 14 2.6. Politeness in expressing sympathy………… 14 2.7. Sympathy and antipathy…… ………………………………………… 17 CHAPTER 3: METHODLOGY 19 3.1. Research methods of the study…………… 19 3.2. Research questions…………………………. 19 3.3. Research design…………………………… 19 3.3. 1. Selection of subjects………. 19 3.3.2. Data collection instruments…… 20 3.3.3. Data collection procedure…. 23 3.4. Analytical framewor………………………… 24 3.4.1. Internal modification………. 24 3.4.2. External modifications……. 25 6 3.4.3. The Head Act formula……. 26 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 29 4.1. The choice of strategy………………………. 29 4.2. The choice of External modification or Supportive Moves 30 4.3. The internal modifications……………………… ………….31 4.4. The realization of sympathy expression……… 32 4.5. Summary of major findings…………………. 33 4.6. Discussion of findings……………………… 34 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 37 5.1. Conclusion…………………………………… 37 5.2. Implications…………………………………………………………… 38 5.3. Suggestions for further study……………… 39 REFERENCES 40 APPENDIX A I APPENDIX B IV APPENDIX C VIII APPENDIX D………………………………………………………….…….XII 9 PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Background and significance of the study English has been one of the compulsory subjects in Vietnamese universities for many years. However, the tendency in teaching and learning English has placed a great emphasis on communicative competence. That means it requires the learners to be able to use the language grammatically, appropriately ad effectively. In other words, the learners must have the ability to say the right thing in the right situation in order to get what they want. Nevertheless, the process of teaching and learning in Vietnam, communicative competence has been paid little attention. Therefore, learners have difficulties in oral communication though they can read or write well. Furthermore, since the open door policy and recent social development, more and more Vietnamese people have been now working in foreign companies and have to speak English in their work; the need for oral communication in English is increasing. Apart from the grammatical and lexical knowledge, much awareness in verbal communicative competence has been paid attention to. In addition, in order to achieve the communicative goals and avoid misunderstandings, learners have to develop a sense of socio-cultural appropriateness. However, despite this increasing emphasis on sealing, both teachers and learners still have difficulties in direct interaction with foreigners due to the lack of knowledge of when, how and to whom to say what. With an aim to improving learners’ communicative competence, there have been many English and Vietnamese cross-cultural studies on the realization and the usage of such speech acts as thanking (Tam, 1990), offering (Lan, 2000), apology (Van, 2000), inviting (Hien, 2002), prohibiting (Thuc, 2001), etc. Those studies have shown similarities and differences in the selection of the strategies and the distribution of linguistic element. Further, Vang’s study (1990) in requests raises some significant concerns in cross- cultural issues relating to request. His study shows that there are potential differences in perspective and the use of politeness strategies in making requests between Vietnamese subjects and Australian ones which are relevant to Vietnamese learners of English. 10 Similarly, in a study on complaining; Hanh (2003) pointed out the similarities and differences in formulation of the speech act of complaint with respect to the use of complaint strategies, directive acts and external modifiers. IT also showed a variety of differences between Vietnamese speakers and Australian speakers. It concludes that complaints can be realized in a great variety of forms depending on a particular context. These studies have provided some significant insights in to both the problems Vietnamese learners of English as well as area where Vietnamese learners have fewer difficulties. However, to date a study on politeness strategies of sympathy expressions in American and Vietnamese has not yet been adequately investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the realization of the speech act of sympathy by Vietnamese native speakers and the American speakers in order to fill in the gap in research in this area. This study concentrates on answering the following questions: 1. What politeness strategies do Vietnamese speakers use in expressing sympathy in the contexts studied? 2. What politeness strategies do American speakers use in expressing sympathy in the contexts studied? 2. The scope of the study This study is aimed at comparing sympathy expressions in Vietnamese with those in English with particular references to the theory of speech acts. Besides, it is to uncover differences in sympathy expressions of the two populations in terms of linguistics. The study focuses mainly on verbal communication and the analysis of the data collected from the survey questionnaire on expressing sympathy. The target groups who express sympathy are common American and Vietnamese speakers in all situations from work to private home. Further, the study is confined to ten selected situations. In such situations, the Speaker is familiar with the Hearer. 3. The organization of the study The study is divided into three main parts PART A INTRODUCTION introduces the background, the significance, the objectives and the design of the study. 11 PART B DEVELOPMENT focuses on the theoretical issues related to the topic of the study. Firstly, it presents and discusses the issues of speech acts and the speech act of comfort including the theory of politeness. Then the notions of directness and indirectness in sympathy together with the matters of the conversational maxims, the cooperative principles are dealt with. It also presents the research questions and the design, the research methods including the selection of subjects, data collection instruments, the procedure of the data collection, and finally analytical framework of the study. Besides, this part reports some findings on the strategy and the choice of external and internal; modifications as well as the sympathy expression realization in relation to the variables of Power, Social Distance and Ranking of seriousness in the context studied. PART C CONCLUSION offers an overview of major findings and implications for ELT in Vietnam and suggestions for further research. 48 REFERENCES 1. Austin, J.L.(1962). How to do things with words. New York: Oxford University Press. 2. Blum-Kulka, S.s, & House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural and situational variation in requesting behavior. In S.Blum-Kulka/J.Houae/G.Kasper (Eds.), Cross- cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies (pp123-154) . 3. Brown, G. &Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. 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(1983). Interaction, acculturation, and the acquisition of communicative competence: A case study of an adult. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds.), Socio-linguistics and language acquisition (pp. 237-274).Rowley, MA: Newbury House. 21. Tam, N.B. (1990). Politeness formulae, In U. Nixon (Ed.), Discourse analysis papers. Canberra: Canberra University. 22. Tam, H. C. (1998). Request in Australian native speakers of English and Vietnamese learners of English. MA thesis, Hanoi National University. 23. Thao, T. X. (1990). Inviting in Vietnamese and Australian English. In U. Nixon (Ed.), Discourse analysis papers. Canberra University. 24. Thomas, J. 1995 Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Longman Group Limited. 25. Vang, N.X. (1990). Requests. In U. Nixon (Ed.), Discourse analysis papers. Canberra: Canberra University. 26. Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . seek what politeness strategies Vietnamese and American speakers use in expressing sympathy, and then how Vietnamese teachers and learners should acquire politeness strategy. The data was analyzed. speech act of sympathy by Vietnamese native speakers and the American speakers in order to fill in the gap in research in this area. This study concentrates on answering the following questions:. directive acts and external modifiers. IT also showed a variety of differences between Vietnamese speakers and Australian speakers. It concludes that complaints can be realized in a great variety