MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY TA MINH HANG AN ANALYSIS OF COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN “PRIDE AND PREJUDICE” BY JANE AUSTEN IN COMPARISON WITH ITS VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION (PHÂN TÍCH CÁC PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT SỬ DỤNG TRONG TÁC PHẨM “KIÊU HÃNH VÀ ĐỊNH KIẾN” CỦA JANE AUSTEN SO SÁNH VỚI BẢN DỊCH SANG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A.THESIS Hanoi-2013 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY TA MINH HANG AN ANALYSIS OF COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN “PRIDE AND PREJUDICE” BY JANE AUSTEN IN COMPARISON WITH ITS VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION (PHÂN TÍCH CÁC PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT SỬ DỤNG TRONG TÁC PHẨM “KIÊU HÃNH VÀ ĐỊNH KIẾN” CỦA JANE AUSTEN SO SÁNH VỚI BẢN DỊCH SANG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A.THESIS Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Prof Dr Hoang Van Van Hanoi-2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that no part of the enclosed Master Thesis has been copied or reproduced by me from any other‟s work without acknowledgement and that the thesis is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor th Hanoi, December 20 , 2013 Candidate Supervisor Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân Tạ Minh Hằng i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In completion of this study, I have received a great deal of helpful assistance from many people First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Prof Dr Hoang Van Van With his profound knowledge and experience in teaching as well as great enthusiasm, he has given me a lot of advice, comments and encouragement so that I could finish my research with the best result I would also like to show my gratitude to all the professors of the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Hanoi Open University for their in valuable lectures Beside, I really wish to thank the authors of the books and articles I used as reference materials for this thesis My deepest thanks go to my beloved family and my friends who always stand by my side, and have helped and encouraged me during my preparation till the completion of the study Hanoi, December 2013 Ta Minh Hang ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the study Aims of the study Research questions Scope of the study Methods of the study Design of the study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Literature Review 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Discourse and discourse analysis 1.2.2 Context in discourse analysis 1.2.3 Cohesion 11 1.2.3.1 The concept of cohesion 11 1.2.3.2 Cohesion vs Coherence 11 1.2.4 Types of Cohesion 12 1.2.4.1 Grammatical Cohesion 14 1.2.4.2 Lexical cohesion 19 1.3 Overview of Translation 20 1.3.1 Concept of Translation 20 1.3.2 Important Factors of Translation 21 iii 1.3.3 The Basis of Translation 21 1.3.4 Source Language and Target Language 22 1.3.5 Translation of fiction 22 1.4 An overview on “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen 23 1.4.1 Introduction to “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen and the translated version 23 1.4.1.1 The source language version 23 1.4.1.2 The translated version 25 1.4.2 A brief summary of “Pride and Prejudice” 25 1.4.3 The selection of certain chapter 26 CHAPTER 2: AN ANALYSIS OF COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN “PRIDE AND PREJUDICE” BY JANE AUSTEN IN COMPARISON WITH ITS VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION 27 2.1 Grammatical cohesion 27 2.1.1 References 27 2.1.1.1 Exophoric 27 2.1.1.2 Endophoric Reference 28 2.1.1.3 Statistical Analysis of Reference Markers 30 2.1.2 Substitution 34 2.1.3 Ellipsis 36 2.1.4 Conjunction 38 2.2 Lexical cohesive devices 41 2.2.1 Reiteration 42 2.2.2 Collocation 47 2.3 Vietnamese Solutions to the English Cohesive Devices 49 2.3.1 Treatment of Referential cohesion 51 2.3.2 Treatment of Substitution 56 iv 2.3.3 Treatment of Conjunctions 57 2.3.4 Treatment of Lexical Cohesion Devices 59 2.3.5 Translation Techniques 60 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 63 3.1 Major findings of the cohesive devices employed in “Pride and Prejudice” 63 3.2 Analysis of the solution adopted in the Vietnamese translation 65 PART III: CONCLUSION 68 Recapitulation 68 Limitations of the study 69 Implications 69 Suggestions for further studies 71 REFERENCES 72 v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1.2: Types of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion 13 Figure 1.2: Types of reference 14 Table 1.3: Personal reference 16 Table 4: Demonstrative reference 16 Table 2.1 Personal Reference in “ Pride and Prejudice” 30 Table 2.2 Demonstrative Reference in “Pride and Prejudice” 31 Table 2.3 Comparative Reference in “Pride and Prejudice” 32 Table 2.4: Substitution in “Pride and Prejudice” 35 Table 2.5: Ellipsis in “Pride and Prejudice” 37 Table 2.6: Conjunctive Relations in “Pride and Prejudice” 39 Table 2.7 Occurrence and frequency of Vietnamese solutions to the English cohesive devices 50 vi PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study Cohesion is an important factor of discourse which has attracted a lot of attention from linguists The most significant research on cohesion is “Cohesion in English” by Halliday and Hasan (1976) Cohesion is considered one of the most challenging aspects of translation, as any language has its own unique manners in which it employs cohesive devices in the creation of a cohesive text Each language has its own patterns to convey the interrelationships of persons and events; there is not any language that these patterns may be ignored, if the translation is to be understood by its readers (Callow, 1974) The topic of cohesion has always appeared as the most useful constituent of discourse analysis that is applied to translation English and Vietnamese have different grammatical and lexical structures, and it is only natural that they pose great difficulties and challenges for a translator to deal with, especially in the field of literature Literature, which plays a very important role in our spiritual life, has been greatly developing as a consequence of high living standards As a matter of fact, there have been more and more people choosing to work in literary field and their efforts have created so many famous works It is open to questions as to which factors have to be taken into consideration to make a successful work? How important are those factors to the completion of a coherent and cohesive text? Added to this, the knowledge of cohesion and coherence are actually regarded as the crucial aspects of the language usage “Pride and Prejudice”, Jane Austen‟ most famous book, is a story of love and values unfolds in the class-conscious England of the late 18th century The main character Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy Elizabeth is one of five daughters with a mother who is keen to marry them all off to wealthy men For the Bennet sisters many trials and tribulations stand between them and their happiness, including class, gossip and scandal Jane Austen‟s book, therefore, make great impression on the readers Those reasons mentioned above are the most important ones that have encouraged the author to conduct “An analysis of cohesive devices used in “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen in comparison with its Vietnamese translation” as the topic this study Based on the detailed classification of cohesive devices in English by Halliday and Hasan (1976), this study provides a close analysis of particular cohesive devices employed in English and their equivalents in the Vietnamese translation The study is also expected to be a good reference for those who love “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen in particular and literary works in English in general for a good translation Aims of the study Based on the contrastive analysis of two parallel corpora, an original text in English and its translation into Vietnamese, this study aims to provide a close analysis of a particular cohesive devices employed in English and their equivalences in the Vietnamese translation It uses both quantitative and qualitative methods Then it will make a comparison between the use of cohesive devices of the original text and those of the target text Research questions This research aims at addressing the following questions: 1) “What cohesive devices are used in Pride and Prejudice?” and what extent cohesive devices contribute to the success of literary work? 2) “What are the techniques of translating cohesive devices?” noun plus a demonstrative pronoun The most popular general nouns are việc, điều, chuyện, cái, thứ, vật, etc They are usually accompanied by ấy, đó, For instance: [44] However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters Dù cho người ta biết cảm nghĩ hay quan điểm người đàn ông thế, đến cư ngụ vùng, thật in sâu vào đầu óc gia đình sống xung quanh, họ xem người đàn ông tài sản hợp pháp cô gái hay cô gái họ (Chapter 1) To get back to the point, it has been necessary, for the purpose of expressing continuity existing between parts of texts, to keep exploiting the significance of cohesion English cohesive ties are various in kind and are divided into five broad classes: conjunction, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and lexical cohesion In practice, in both Vietnamese and English, these ties work very well in providing texture In this study these relations are discussed in two major groups: grammatical and lexical cohesion Generally, each group embraces different ties Some ties just exist in English, while some ties in Vietnamese have no correspondence in English 2.3.5 Translation Techniques As mentioned before, some translation techniques were also used in Corpus B (target language text), namely those of reduction and reformulation The latter has been the most popular in the selected corpus 60 Reduction is also called omission and it refers to the situation where a part of the source text is omitted On the other hand, reformulation can be understood as the omission of the cohesive device An illustrative example of reduction can be seen in example [45] and [46], where the second of conjunction and, but was omitted in the translation Example [46] shows the reformulation technique [45] "My dear Mr Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" Mr Bennet replied that he had not "But it is," returned she; "for Mrs Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." Ông thân yêu, ông có biết tin có người thuê Netherfield Park chưa? Ơng Bennet trả lời ơng chưa biết Bà vợ nói tiếp “ Có người đến thuê Bà Long đến đấy, kể cho nghe tất việc này” (Chapter 1) [46] "You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." This was invitation enough Chính bà muốn kể cho tơi nghe thơi.Thế đủ khuyến khích cho bà nói tiếp (Chapter 1) [47] "It will be no use to us, if twenty such should come, since you will not visit them." "Depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty, I will visit them all." 61 “ Nếu có hai chục người đến ơng khơng chịu gặp gỡ họ vơ ích thơi Khi có đủ hai mươi người tơi gặp tất cả.” (Chapter 1) However, there are cases where this language is not clear, but the other languages are supplemental, as in this example: [48] Mrs Hurst and her sister allowed it to be so-but still they admired her and liked her, and pronounced her to be a sweet girl, and one whom they would not object to know more of Miss Bennet was therefore established as a sweet girl, and their brother felt authorized by such commendation to think of her as he chose Bà Husrt cô em gái nghĩ thế, hai người mến cô, cho cô thiếu nữ hiền dịu, không ngần ngại muốn biết thêm cô Thế Jane người công nhận hiền dịu, nên qua Bingley cảm thấy phép nghĩ đến cô anh muốn (Chapter 4) To make an overall conclusion, Diep Minh Tam has fulfilled the writer‟s intention, not only in the transformation of the original‟s content and form, but also the transformation of pragmatic and aesthetic values We are, therefore, strongly convinced that the translations satisfy the target readership‟s taste for literary works and are highly appreciated 62 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This chapter aims at summarizing the major findings of cohesive devices used in “Pride and Prejudice” as well as analysis of the solution adopted in the Vietnamese translation 3.1 Major findings of the cohesive devices employed in “Pride and Prejudice” As a matter of fact, we have spent such a long time studying the novel “Pride and Prejudice” The most important thing is that we could realize cohesive devices play a very important role and is one of the key factors which make the book a great success Within the scope of this thesis, we have just focused on the areas of cohesive devices- through which we can withdraw some findings as follows “Pride and Prejudice” exploits nearly all the items of cohesive devices mentioned by Halliday and Hasan (1976) And of course, some items are more preferred to the others, for example under the terms of substitution the writer prefers using verbal substitution while nominal ellipsis is less used Below are the detailed findings of such cohesive devices Reference: -Personal reference: appear in almost every chapter of the book Of these, singular masculine “he,him,his” are most frequently used with a total of 132 times On the contrary, that of plural personal references is only 18.5 % with only 62 occurrences The proportion of singular feminine and neuter are 21.2% and 20.9% respectively (71 occurrences for she/ her/hers and 70 times for they/ them/their/theirs) -Demonstrative Reference: This kind of reference frequently occur in the book, among which the number of non-specific (it, the) is the biggest with 63 175 occurrences; next comes to near demonstrative (that, those, there) with 73 cases The last group of “this, these” and “here” occurs only 10 times -Comparative Reference: In comparison with the other two types of Reference, comparative referential items are not as frequently used There is a total of 54 occurrences for general comparatives and 44 occurrences for specific ones Substitution: Substitution does not appear very often in “Pride and Prejudice”, through the three chapters of the book, there are only 13 cases in which verbal substitution is exploited, the other for cases clausal and times for nominal substitution Although they are not employed much, substitution proves to be a very effective means of grammatical cohesion Conjunction: This kind of grammatical cohesion is used in “Pride and Prejudice” in great numbers Of all, the additive conjunction “and” appears the most with 108 times Adversative proper “but” ranks second with 46 times Casual and temporal conjunctions are also exploited quite often while the other items of additive and adversative (except for two cases “and, but”) count for a small number around 1-13 for each Lexical cohesive devices also contribute to the construction of a novel Repetition frequently used in each chapter This finding is the same as that in some previous studies review in chapter It is evident that repetition is not an effective way, if not say boring if overused sometimes, to maintain the content of the story Yet, it is claimed to be the easiest way to help readers follow the story, especially for a such multi-chapter novel Other sub-type of lexical cohesive devices namely collocation, synonyms and superordinate, though make a smaller contribution, play a vital 64 role in the novel analyzed in the way they make the text coherent and less boring It is combination of all these cohesive ties that runs the novel smoothly and frees readers from the boredom with simple word that are inherent attributes of a literary works 3.2 Analysis of the solution adopted in the Vietnamese translation This is an analysis of the use of cohesive devices in English literature and in its translation into Vietnamese In general, the target texts are identified to have an analogous network of cohesion to the source texts They both make use of reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, and lexical cohesion Most specific patterns of cohesive types share great similarity to those of the source texts; differences also appear but minor From the findings, it could be seen that the pattern of reference see more differences than any other cohesive patterns Those dissimilarities are mainly attributed to Vietnamese people‟s preference of kinship terms and noun phrases to personal pronouns and no Vietnamese ready equivalents to “the” More frequent occurrences of „far‟ demonstrative reference in source texts also contribute to the differences in the referential patterns Patterns of ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction are being less adjusted One of the reasons lies in the fact that adjustments in the pattern of conjunction may affect the content of the text and its interpretation Another reason is attributed to similar pattern of ellipsis between Vietnam and English As for the pattern of lexical cohesion, adjustments are mainly identified in the area of reiteration The level of word repetition and super-ordinates in both translations is higher than that of originals as a result of no ready equivalents and avoidance of possible ambiguity However, it should be emphasized that dissimilarities in translation seems unavoidable due to limit that are predetermined by the peculiarities of 65 the language in which it is created In addition, difficulties and complexities that a translator has to face when reproducing a literary text in another language and another cultural context also add more to those differences Baker (1992) also argues that „as hard as one might try, it is impossible to reproduce networks of cohesion in a target text which are identical to those of the source text‟ In this sense, adjustments Tam makes in hers translations are also what most translators in practice to strike a balance between accuracy and naturalness The Vietnamese translation of this mechanism was normally another grammatical device However, it was not substitution and ellipsis but reference the most widely employed The major use of reference, as an equivalent to the English substitutive item, changes the texture of the Vietnamese translation That makes it looser than the original, at least in those particular parts of the text The above analysis shows the flexibility, sensitivity and diversification in Tam‟s exploitment of Vietnamese language to deal with English personal pronoun In hers translation, the same pronoun is transformed into different Vietnamese words like he-> anh, ông, ect and vice verse the same Vietnamese word is used to replace different English pronoun like ông-> you, he, etc This is one of remarkable elements forming textual features of the Vietnamese translations Moreover, of the same way of operation but some ties in English are discussed within the scale of lexical cohesion; whereas those in Vietnamese, within the scale of other cohesive devices For example, synonymy in English is coded as a means of lexical cohesion while in Vietnamese, of the same way as English synonymy does, that notion is interpreted as a case of substitution It is originated from the different viewpoints of English and Vietnamese linguists of cohesion‟s nature 66 In addition, the concepts of English lexical cohesion overlap those of Vietnamese one There are some links that can be found in English, but not in Vietnamese, and vice versa Some kinds of English are of broader domain in comparison with those of Vietnamese; while others, of narrower scope The results of the present study illustrate how two different languages such as English and Vietnamese select different cohesive devices for the same linguistic situation Every language has its own devices for establishing cohesive links Both language and text-type preferences must be taken into consideration in the process of translation The findings of the research also indicate that a good translator, especially one of fiction does not translate word for word He has to look out for other surrounding factors that may affect the meaning to be conveyed, reconstruct this same meaning and then determine the best translation which is appropriate in the target language and its cultural context This means that in many cases he has to see something in a different light It is justified when a literal translation results in a form which is grammatically correct but not quite natural, going against the feeling of the target language Once again, this requires from every translator both a good understanding of separate words and phrases and the text as a whole And the concept of what sounds natural in the target language is also essential for a good translator 67 PART III: CONCLUSION Recapitulation As the author of the study, hope that the result found in the field of functional comparison of cohesive devices will become a useful tool for teachers of English to improve their teaching and will serve as a good reference for researcher to make deeper and more special studies on related fields of linguistics The analysis of the corpus has revealed how problematic inconsistent knowledge about cohesion in both the source language and the target language can be for the translator The reason for the results achieved in this study can be found in the different natures of these two languages English is less flexible than Vietnamese There are many important aspects that distinguish both languages; on the one hand, English requires the presence of subject in all sentences; this requirement makes the language use mechanisms such as reference more extensively On the other hand, the existence of gender markers in nouns and adjectives in Vietnamese helps establish the referent immediately These inherent features of the language determine the type of coherent devices that the language can employ It is understood that translation is not standing alone without the concepts of cohesion and coherence; as a process of studying the lexicon, the grammatical structure, and the communication situation of the source language text; by analyzing it in order to determine the meaning Each language might have different systems of cohesive devices that help in creating meaning in relation to the broader concept of coherence, and the relationships expressed should be relevant to each other 68 Limitations of the study The results of the present study illustrate how two different languages such as English and Vietnamese select different cohesive devices for the same linguistic situation Although the analysis of these limited corpora does not provide a conclusive generalization about how reference in English literary works is transferred into Vietnamese It is rather important to mention that the scope of the study is not broad enough to verify all previous research As Mona Baker (1992) states “every language has its own devices for establishing cohesive links Language and Text-type preferences must both be taken into consideration in the process of translation” Implications This study may be good use to translators, students and teachers of English in general and translation in particular The study highlights the importance of textual equivalence between the source and target language texts It can be said that success of a translation is determined not only by the equivalence of meaning The degree of success also depends on some other factors like stylistic equivalence, pragmatic equivalence or textual equivalence However, in the field of translation so far this kind of equivalence seems not to have gained as much attention as the others The neglect of textual equivalence for any possible reasons may affect or reduce the target reader‟s reception of a translation Therefore, it is requires for a considerate translator to be aware of the source language text‟s textual peculiarities and reproduce them in the target language one In the light of that recommendation, the study also lays an emphasis on cohesion as an essential factor in shaping texture of a text This raises 69 awareness and attracts attention from Vietnamese students and teachers of English, those who have been known for their neglect of cohesion to a large extent in their learning and teaching activities That neglect may result in a number of bad consequences in student‟s production and processing of the language In production, they may create a stretch of language which may comprises correct sentences in isolation but is not coherent at all due to poor use of cohesion In processing, they may find it hard to recognize in what ways sentences are related to each other or in what patterns they are formed In this sense, students may well understand sentences individually but still fail to understand the whole discourse This may be either because they are so involved in decoding individual sentences and lose signs of cohesive device items or because they are not well equipped with the knowledge of cohesion For any those reasons, a full attention to cohesion is required in English teaching and learning activities The study also appeals for adequate concerns on the side of a translator about the form of a literary text There is no doubt that in literature the linguistic form of a text is by no means less important than its content Form plays a crucial role in conveying meaning, even intensifying and strengthening meaning It also has aesthetic values So it is agreeable that form can not be ignored in any literary translation This also leads to a suggestion that differences in the cohesion system between the source and target languages in addition to the writer‟s preferences for certain cohesive types are what a translator should think about in his reproduction of texture in particular and form in general of a piece of literary works 70 Suggestions for further studies For the scope of the study, this paper has attempted to bring out the cohesive devices of a discourse in particular literacy context and detail analysis of cohesive devices in “Pride and Prejudice” in comparison with its Vietnamese version Further studies conducted could focus on the followings: - A study on other discourse features of “Pride and Prejudice” such as logical cohesive devices, etc - A contrastive analysis of cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese version of “Pride and Prejudice” - A study analysis of cohesive devices in other English literary works 71 REFERENCES ENGLISH REFERENCE: Baker, C (1992) Attitudes and language Multilingual Matters 83 Clevendon, Avon, England: Multilingual Matters Binh, Tran Thi Hai (2005) An error analysis on the use of cohesive devices in writing by freshmen majoring in English at Thang Long University M.A thesis, Hanoi: HNU, College of Foreign Languages Bloor, T & Bloor, M (1995) The Functional Analysis of English London: Arnold Brown, G and Yule, G (1983) 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Explorations in Applied Linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press 24 Yule, G (1996) The Study of Language Oxford: Oxford University Press 73 VIETNAMESE REFERENCE: Diệp Quang Ban (1998) Văn Bản Liên Kết Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất giáo dục, Hà Nội Diệp Quang Ban (2005) Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất giáo dục, Hà Nội Hoàng Văn Vân (2000) Ngữ pháp Kinh Nghiệm Cú Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Nguyễn Quang (2002), Giao Tiếp Giao Tiếp Giao Văn Hóa, Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Diệp Minh Tâm (2009) Kiêu hãnh định kiến Nhà xuất hội nhà văn, Hà nội 74 ...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY TA MINH HANG AN ANALYSIS OF COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN ? ?PRIDE AND PREJUDICE? ?? BY JANE AUSTEN IN COMPARISON WITH ITS VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION. .. 26 CHAPTER AN ANALYSIS OF COHESIVE DEVICES USED IN ? ?PRIDE AND PREJUDICE? ?? BY JANE AUSTEN IN COMPARISON WITH ITS VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION As mentioned above, ? ?Pride and Prejudice? ?? is a fantastic book... analysis of cohesive devices used in ? ?Pride and Prejudice? ?? by Jane Austen in comparison with its Vietnamese translation? ?? as the topic this study Based on the detailed classification of cohesive devices