VERB TENSES I/. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE : THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN Câu xác đònh I / You / We / They + V 0 She / He / It + V ( - s / - e s) * Động từ tận cùng có : S , SH , CH , X , O , Z thì ta thêm -es Câu phủ đònh S + don’t / doesn’t + V 0 Câu nghi vấn Do / Does + S + V 0 … ? * Động từ “ To be”: I + am You / We / They + are She / He / It + is * Cách dùng: - Diễn tả một hành động được lập đi lập lại Ví dụ: They go to church every Sundays - Nói về sự thật Ví dụ: Thanksgiving comes on the fourth Thursday of November * Từ nhận biết: Always (Luôn luôn), Usually (Thường thường), Often ( Thường xuyên), Sometimes (Thỉnh thoảng), Never ( Không bao giờ), Seldom, rarely (Ít khi), Every … ( Mỗi……), EXERCISES * Complete the following senrences, using the simple present tense 1. They ( go ) to church every Sundays. 2. She often ( watch ) TV in the evening. 3. What (you / do ) every morning? 4. I always ( get ) up at 7 o’clock in the morning. 5. After classes he often ( listen ) to music. 6. She ( not play ) volleyball every afternon. 7. Nam (often be ) late for school. 8. Lan and I ( be ) in class 6A II. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE: THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN Câu xác đònh S + am / is / are + V -ing Câu phủ đònh S + am / is / are + not + V -ing Câu nghi vấn Am / Is / Are + S + V -ing ? * Cách dùng: - Thì hiện tại tiếp diến diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm nói. Ví dụ: Please don’t make so much noise. I am working - Hành động đang xảy ra không nhất thiết vào tời điểm nói Ví dụ: Mary wants to work in France, so she is learning French * Chú ý cách thêm –ing vào động từ: - Động từ tận cùng là –e, ta bỏ –e, thêm – ing ( write – writing ) - Động từ một vần tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước có một nguyên âm ta gấp đôi phụ âm rồi thêm – ing. ( swim – swimming ) - Động từ 2 vần có dấu nhấn ở vần hai, tận cùng bằng một phụ âm, trước là một nguyên âm, ta gấp đôi phụ âm rồi thêm –ing ( begin – beginning ) * Từ nhận biết: Now, right now, at the moment, at present EXERCISES * Complete the following senrences, using the present progressive tense 1 1. Tom ( sleep ) and we ( play ) video games at present. 2. What you ( do ) now? 3. We ( not study ) now, we ( watch ) TV. 4. You ( listen ) to me, Mary? – Yes, I am 5. Hurry up. He ( wait ) outside III. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN Câu xác đònh S + will + V 0 Câu phủ đònh S + will + not + V 0 Câu nghi vấn Will + S + V 0 ……? * Cách dùng: Thì tương lai đơn diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong tương lai * Từ nhận biết: Tomorrow, next… , in + năm trong tương lai, some day, sooner or later * NEAR FUTURE: TƯƠNG LAI GẦN S + is / am / are + going to + V 0 Diễn tả một dự đònh trong tương lai EXERCISES * Complete the following senrences, using the simple future tense 1. Goodbye ! We ( see ) you tomorrow. 2. The weather ( start ) a little colder tomorrow. 3. Stay home. Lan ( call ) you tonight. 4. Look at those black clouds. It is going ( rain ) 5. You ( be ) free tomorrow? IV. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN Câu xác đònh S + V - ed / -2 I / he / she / it + was You / we / they + were Câu phủ đònh S + didn’t + V 0 S + was / were + not …… Câu nghi vấn Did + S + V 0 … ? Was / Were + S ……… ? * Cách dùng: - Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ - Diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ * Từ nhận biết: Yesterday, ago, last……., in + năm ở quá khứ * Chú ý: Cách thêm –ed - Động từ tận cùng là –e, ta bỏ –e rồi thêm –ed Ví dụ: arrive - arrived - Động từ tận cùng là –y, trước nó là một phụ âm thì ta đổi –y thành –i rồi thêm ed Ví dụ: try – tried - Động từ tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước nó là một nguyên âm, ta gấp đôi phụ âm rồi thêm -ed Ví dụ: fit – fitted EXERCISES * Complete the following senrences, using the simple past tense 1. I ( start ) school when I was six. 2. We ( meet ) his parents yesterday. 3. The school ( be ) in bad conditions three years ago. 4. Your aunt ( call ) you yesterday? 5. He ( not visit ) Da Lat last summer. V. THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN 2 Câu xác đònh S + was / were + V - ing Câu phủ đònh S + was / were + not + V - ing Câu nghi vấn Was / Were + S + V - ing ….? * Cách dùng: - Diễn tả hành động xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác đònh trong quá khứ Ví dụ: They were working at seven o’clock last night - Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì có một hành động khác xen vào S + was / were + V - ing when S + V - ed / -2 Ví dụ: I was sleeping when the phone rang S + V - ed / -2 while S + was / were + V - ing Ví dụ: The phone rang while I was sleeping EXERCISES * Complete the following senrences, using the past progressive tense 1. What you ( do ) at six o’clock yesterday? 2. Nam ( take ) a shower at eight o’clock last night. 3. I ( do ) my homework at seven o’clock yesterday. 4. While they ( eat ), the phone rang. 5. It ( rain ) when the plane got to Ha Noi. VI. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH Câu xác đònh S + have / has + V - ed / -3 Câu phủ đònh S + have / has + not + V - ed / -3 Câu nghi vấn Have / Has + S + V - ed / -3 ….? * Cách dùng:Thì hiện tại hoàn thành diễn tả: - Hành động vừa mới xảy ra trong quá khứ Ví dụ: I have just finished my homework - Hành động hay sự kiện tại một thời điểm không chắc chắn trong quá khứ Ví dụ: I have already seen that film - Hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại Ví dụ: She has studied French for three years * Từ nhận biết: Just, already, yet, ever, so far, recently, lately, before, up to now, since, for Since + a point of time ( một điểm thời gian ) (Since 2011, Since January,…… ) For + a period of time ( một khoảng thời gian) ( For 5 years ) EXERCISES * Complete the following senrences, using the present perfect tense 1. We ( not come ) to your house for two years. 2. She ( live ) here since last year. 3. He ( see ) you since yesterday? 4. Nam ( collect ) stamps since 1999. 5. You ( finish ) your composition yet? – Yes, I have. VII. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH Câu xác đònh S + had + V - ed / -3 Câu phủ đònh S + had + not + V - ed / -3 Câu nghi vấn Had + S + V - ed / -3 ….? 3 * Cách dùng:Thì quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động hay sự kiện xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một sự kiện khác trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: We had finished planting trees before lunchtime yesterday When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already gone home EXERCISES * Complete the following senrences, using the present perfect tense 1. We stopped for a rest after we ( walk ) for two hours. 2. I ( finish ) my homework before I went to school. 3. We received her letter after she ( move ) to a new house. 4. I ( see ) him eating in the restaurant before going home yesterday. 5. We missed the beginning of the play, because it ( already start ) when we arrived. EXERCISES I. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense: 1. I ( get )……………………………………. up the day before yesterday. 2. What…………………………………….you (do) ……………………………………. The day after tomorrow? 3. She always (go) …………………………………….to sleep before her mother does. 4. She rarely (take) …………………………………….a bath after dinner. 5. …………………………………….you (take) …………………………………….a trip next summer? 6. Alice and Mary (put) …………………………………….away the dinner dishes right now. 7.The telephone rang while I (take) …………………………………….my shower this morning. 8. In what year…………………………………….World War II (break) …………………………………….out? 9. We (learn) …………………………………….grammar right at the moment. 10. John and Tom (write) …………………………………….letters at the moment. 11. Listen! Someone (knock) …………………………………….at the door. 12. It always (snow) …………………………………….in winter. It (snow) ……………………………………. Now. 13. I (read) …………………………………….a book when the electricity was disconnected. 14. Look! A boy (run) …………………………………….after a dog. He (want) …………………………………….to catch it. 15. I (spend) ………………………….this weekend in Dalat. I (go) …………………………….there nearly everymonth. 16.The bell rang while I (have) …………………………………….lunch. 17. When the war (end) ……………………………………., we were living in the countryside. 18. Marconi (invent) ……………………………………. radio a long time ago. 19. She (not, speak) ……………………………………. To me for over a month. 20. I (buy) …………………………………….a good dictionary yesterday morning. 21. …………………………………….you (have) …………………………………….dinner yet? 22. So far, I (not, see) …………………………………….a camel. 23. In France birbs (fly) ……………………………………. to the South before winter comes. 24. He (sit) …………………………………….on a chair at 9:00 last night. 25. I (know) ……………………………………. him for a very long time. 26. My parents (come) …………………………………….to stay with me next month. 27. The war began while he (live) …………………………………….in France. 28. They (just leave) …………………………………….here. 29. He (turn) …………………………………….on the fan now. 30. There (be) …………………………………….no intelligent life on the moon. 31. He thanked me for what I (do) ……………………………………. . 32. My bicycle isn’t here any more. Somebody (take) …………………………………….it. 33. I (not, see) …………………………………….her for three years. I wonder where she is. 4 34. The performance (begin) …………………………………….at 7 o’clock and (last) …………………………………….for three hours. We all (enjoy) …………………………………….it. II. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 1. Samuel started keeping a diary in 1997. Samuel has…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. We started learning English five years ago. We have….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. I began living in Ho Chi Minh city when I was 8. I have…… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. She has taught the children in this remote village for five months. She started…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. He hasn’t written to me since April. The last time……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. She hasn’t had a swim for five years. She last ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. They last talked to each other two months ago They haven’t……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. The last time she saw her elder sister was in 1999 She hasn’t… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. She hasn’t written to me for years. It’s years…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Robert and Catherine have been married for ten years. It’s ten years……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. It’s two weeks since they cleaned their room. They…………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. It’s over six months since John had his hair cut. John…………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. How long is it since you rode a bicycle? When……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………? 14. How long is it since he wrote to me? When……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………? 15. When did he last talk to you? How long………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………? 16. When did you last telephone him? How long………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………? 17. We have never eaten this kind of food before. It’s the……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18. This is the first time I have seen this film. I have never……………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. John began playing the piano ten years ago. John has…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. He has given up smoking for 2 months. He started…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ***************************************************************************************************** PASSIVE VOICE 5 THE PASSIVE VOICE IS FORMED: be + past participle ( V/ V - 3 / - e d ) S + V + O ( active : chủ động) S + be + V ( - 3 / - e d) + by + O ( passive: bò động ) I/. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE : THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN S + V / V - s / - e s + O She opens the door S + am / is / are + V - 3 / - e d + by + O The door is opened ( by her ) II. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN S + V - 2 / - ed + O She wrote some letters to me S + was / were + V - 3 / - e d + by + O Some letters were written to me ( by her ) III/. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE : THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN S + am / is / are + V -ing + O Nam is reading a book in the room S + am / is / are + being + V - 3 / - e d + by + O A book is being read in the room by Nam IV. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH S + has / have + V - 3 / - ed + O We have just finished our homework S + has / have + been V - 3 / - e d + by + O Our homework has just been finished (by us) V. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN S + will + V + O My father will buy a new car next month S + will + be V - 3 / - e d + by + O A new car will be bought by my father next month VI. MODAL VERB: ĐỘNG TỪ KHIẾM KHUYẾT S + modal verb + V + O I can do this work S + modal verb + be V - 3 / - e d + by + O This work can be done (by me) * Ghi chú: Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, ought to, have to, must, be going to, should, used to,…. VII. CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI CÂU PHỦ ĐỊNH, CÂU HỎI YES/NO VÀ CÂU HỎI CÓ TỪ ĐỂ HỎI: 1. Câu phủ đònh: a. Hiện tại đơn She does not open the door 6 The door is not opened ( by her ) b. Quá khứ đơn: She did not write some letters to me Some letters were not written to me ( by her ) c. Hiện tại tiếp diễn: Nam is not reading a book in the room A book is not being read in the room by Nam d. Hiện tại hoàn thành: We have not just finished our homework Our homework has not just been finished (by us) e. Tương lai đơn: My father will not buy a new car next month A new car will not be bought by my father next month f. Modal verb: I can not do this work This work can not be done (by me) 2. Câu hỏi YES / NO: a. Hiện tại đơn Does she open the door ? Is the door opened ( by her ) ? b. Quá khứ đơn: Did She write some letters to you? Were some letters written to me ( by her )? c. Hiện tại tiếp diễn: Is Nam reading a book in the room? Is a book being read in the room by Nam? d. Hiện tại hoàn thành: Have you just finished your homework? 7 Has your homework just been finished (by you)? e. Tương lai đơn: Will my father buy a new car next month? Will a new car be bought by my father next month? f. Modal verb: Can you do this work? Can this work be done (by you)? 3. Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi: Where did your child find the key? Where was the key found by your child ? Which book do people prefer ? Which book is prefered ? Who made the final decision? By whom was the final decision made? VIII. SPECIAL CASES: MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HP ĐẶC BIỆT. 1. Động từ có hai tân ngữ: a. Loại câu passive thêm “TO” Những động từ “ give, send, show, pay, teach, tell, lend, promise, hand, throw, wish, deny, offer, own …” có 2 túc từ. Trường hợp này chúng ta có 2 hình thức của câu bò động. * Chúng ta sử dụng “TO” khi “DO” trở thành chủ từ trong câu bò động Ví dụ: My father gave me a new hat. S V IO DO I was given a new hat by my father A new hat was given to me by my father. b. Loại câu passive thêm “FOR” Những động từ “ buy, make, leave, order, do, save, get …” có 2 túc từ. Trường hợp này chúng ta có 2 hình thức của câu bò động. * Chúng ta sử dụng “FOR” khi “DO” trở thành chủ từ trong câu bò động Ví dụ: I bought my brother some books S V IO DO My brother was bought some books ( by me) Some books were bought for my brother ( by me) 2. People / they + V + that + S + V Cấu trúc active trên khi được đổi sang passive có thể theo hai cách sau: 8 Ví dụ: People know that she is married People know that she is married It is known that she is married She is known to be married Ví dụ: People know that she was married People know that she was married It is known that she was married She is known to have been married 3. Verb of perception: Các động từ chỉ giác quan S + V + O + V 0 ………. S + be + V - 3 / - e d + to + V 0 …………. * Động từ MAKE cũng được dùng như các động từ chỉ cảm giác. Loại câu này khi đổi sang passive voice ta thường bỏ BY và Object EXERCISES I. Turn these sentences into passive voice: 1. They have built up all sorts of fearsome prospects in their mind. 2. My brother is going to choose engineering for his future job. 3. They are preparing dinner in another room. 4. Lenin gave each of them two exercise books. 5. Women all over the world are acquiring greater independence. 6. The 20 th century has given us a lot of advantages. 7. You will have to make great efforts in studying. 8. We are going to translate HAMLET into our native language. 9. Your sister must pay attention to her teacher’s advice. 10. In his chapter, we are going to give him an intelligent test. 11. She isn’t going to pick these roses for the party. 12. Someone has taken away all of my English books. 13. People are talking about him everywhere. 14. Noone can answer that question . 15. People say that he is 007. 16. The teacher made us do a lot of exercises. 17. How are they going to do this project? 18. Which picture did you draw yesterday? 19. People rumoured that the coming crop was the worst. 20. People say that prevention is better than cure. 21. They used to make the little boys climb the chimneys to clean them. 22. Are you going to take an English course during the summer? 23. They have to cancel all the fights from London because of the bad weather. 24. We saw her cross the intersections. 25. People considered that Micheal Jackson has been the best pop singer. 26. They know that he is armed. 27. He saw the stranger rob the National Bank. 28. We believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police. 29. I rarely hear her call her children bad names. 30. The burglar broke into the house last night and klled the hostess . 9 31. The Irish had to put dowm the English flag. 32. They didn’t look after the children properly. 33. Everyone looks up to him. 34. They must hand in weaponds. 35. He poured all of the milk out. 36. When he come, they had solved the problem. 37. He made us work late at night. 38. What will I do if noone meets me at the airport? 39. Nobody showed them how to do. II. Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the original one: 1. Our boss has suggested a new idea. A new idea…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. You must wash this sweater in warm water. This sweater………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. We sold the last shirt of this style a few hours ago. The last shirt………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. They built the Effel Tower in 1889. The Effel Towe………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. The police are questioning him at their headquarters. He…………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. He sent me a nice gift on my birthday. A nice gift …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. They grow rice in tropical countries. Rice………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. My father will buy a new car next month. A new car…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Someone cleans this room everyday. This room…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. She hasn’t done her homework yet. Her homework………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. My sister will tell you what time the train leaves. You………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. We have asked some friends of hers to join us. Some friends……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. They declared that she won the competition. It……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. They think that he has died a natural death. He…………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack. The President……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number. It………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17. The teacher is watching them work. They………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. Noone has seen Peter since the day of the party. Peter ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 [...]... canceled…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 The house is very expensive He can not buy it The house is so……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ************************************************************************** 1 Form: 2 Use: V-ing GERUNDS 27 - Danh động từ làm chủ ngữ Ví dụ: Going to the cinema is fun - Danh động từ đứng sau giới từ Ví dụ: She is afraid of going there * Ta phải dùng danh động từ sau... despite 8 ………………………………they had had lunch, they went boating in the river A Before B So C When D After 9 …………………………… having a lot of homework to do, he usually helps his mom do the chores A After B Though C Because of D Despite 10 The city of Kobe in Japan was destroyed heavily……………………………a huge earthquake in 199 5 26 A because of B because C though D when 11 Tet is the most important holiday for Vietnamese... được theo sau vừa danh động từ ( V-ing) vừa động từ nguyên mẫu ( to + V): - Begin = bắt đầu - Continue = tiếp tục - Hate = ghét - Like = thích - Prefer = thích - Stop = dừng lại, ngưng, thôi + - Start = bắt đầu - Forget = quên - Intend = có ý đònh - Love = yêu thích - Remember = nhớ - Try = thử, cố gắng Ví dụ: He stopped to smoke ( Anh ấy dừng lại để hút thuốc ) He stopped smoking ( Anh ấy thôi không... with = bận rộn * Sau các động từ “ see, hear, watch, feel” ta dùng danh động từ để chỉ một việc đang còn tiếp diễn và dùng động từ nguyên mẫu không “to” để chỉ một việc đã hoàn thành S + see, hear, watch, feel + O + V-ing / V Ví dụ: I saw him crossing the street Tôi thấy anh ấy đang băng qua đường I saw him cross the street Tôi thấy anh ấy băng qua đường - S + make / let + O + V - S + allow / permit... motorbike A on B with C for D by th 16 Lan’s birthday is………………………………… 25 October A for B in C on D since 17.Television became popular……………………………………the 195 0s A ago B past C in D for 18 We have been pen pal………………………………… 3 years A in B on C since D for 19 They love watching stars……………………………………night A in B at C on D before 20 They will arrive here……………………………………….Monday A on B at C in D to 21 There are some... has she? S + V/ V-s (-es) …………………., do/does not + S? * Ghi chú: - I am right, aren’t I? - Let’s sing karaoke, shall we? - Turn on the light, will you? Dù phần đầu câu chủ từ là một danh từ (noun) thì trong tag-question danh từ đó phải được thay thế bằng một đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronoun) Ví dụ: Your daughter is a university student, isn’t she? noun pronoun 23 EXERCISES I Circle the best answer... thăm hỏi anh trai bạn dùm tôi nhé gửi lời thăm khi đến Pari) * Remember Forget + V-ing (Chỉ hành động đã thực hiện rồi) Regret Ví dụ: I remember going to Da Lat when I was a child (Tôi nhớ đã đi đến Đà Lạt khi tôi còn nhỏ đã đi Đà Lạt rồi) * Try + to + V0 : cố gắng Ví dụ: I’m trying to learn English * Try + V-ing : thử Ví dụ: The room was hot I tried opening the window, but that didn’t work * Danh động... about your mistakes, Jane”her teacher said Jane’s teacher told…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 “I’ll see you in the morning, Helen.” Jack told Helen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 I’m taking the 5.30 train tomorrow in the moring.” 19 Peter said …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 “I like this hotel very much.” Anna told... river A swim B swimming C to swim D swam 8 Thank you for………………………………… me A invite B invited C inviting D being invited 9 Maryam and I enjoy………………………………… to the park on summer evenings A to go B going C being gone D go 10 Maryam loves…………………………………………people A meet B met C meeting D being met 29 11 Her telephone number is easy……………………………… A remembering B remembered C remember D to remember 12 You can not make……………………………………... hơn a So sánh cao hơn: S1 + be + short adj-er + than + S2 (short adj: tính từ ngắn) Ví dụ: Tom is older than Mary S1 + be + more + long adj + than + S2 (long adj : tính từ dài) Ví dụ: I think health is more important than money b So sánh kém hơn: S1 + be + less + adj + than + S2 (adj: tính từ ngắn và tính từ dài) Ví dụ: Tom is less old than Mary 3 Superative form: so sánh nhất a So sánh cao nhất: S + . haven’t……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. The last time she saw her elder sister was in 199 9 She hasn’t… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. She hasn’t written to me for years. It’s years…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 live ) here since last year. 3. He ( see ) you since yesterday? 4. Nam ( collect ) stamps since 199 9. 5. You ( finish ) your composition yet? – Yes, I have. VII. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE: THÌ QUÁ. second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. 1. Samuel started keeping a diary in 199 7. Samuel has…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. We started learning