TOEfl® IS a r gist red trademark of Educational JIo \1 "' ~ esting ervic s (ETS) . e sentials T lis publication IS not e I ed or approved by ETS. ~ The Complete Guide to the TOEFL® Test ~- - _._- - The Complete Guide to the TOEFL@ Test PBT Edition Bruce Rogers ~ J# HEINLE _- (ENGAGE Learning - - Australia· Brazil· Japan. Korea· Mexico· Singapore. Spain. United Kingdom. United States ~ ~ HEINLE , , (ENGAGE Learning· The Complete Guide to the TOEFL ® Test: PBT Edition Bruce Rogers Publisher: Sherrise Roehr Acquisitions Editor: Tom Jefferies Director of Global Marketing: Ian Martin Director of Content and Media Production: Michael Burggren Content Project Manager: Daisy Sosa Print Buyer: Susan Spencer Cover Designer: Lisa Mezikofsky Cover Image: iStockphoto Compositor: MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Printed in the United States of America 12345671413121110 © 2011 Heinle, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Contents Preface Acknowledgements GETTING STARTED Questions and Answers about TOEFL Twelve Keys to High Scores on TOEFL f/ SECTION 1: GUIDE TO LISTENING COMPREHENSION About Listening Comprehension Sample Listening Comprehension Test Part A: Dialogs About Dialogs Lesson 1. Anticipating Questions about Dialogs Lesson 2. Dialogs with Sound Confusion Lesson 3. Dialogs with Homonyms and Words with Multiple Meanings Lesson 4. Dialogs with Idiomatic Expressions Lesson 5. Answering Inference Questions about Dialogs Lesson 6. Dialogs Involving Agreement and Disagreement Lesson 7. Dialogs Involving Suggestions, Invitations, Offers, and Requests Lesson 8. Dialogs Involving Contradictions, Assumptions, and Questions Lesson 9. Answering Questions about Activities, Plans, Topics, and Problems Lesson 10. Dialogs with Special Verbs Mini-Test 1: Dialogs Part B: About Extended Conversations About Extended Conversations Lesson 11. Anticipating Questions about the Extended Conversations Lesson 12. Answering Overview Questions about Extended Conversations Lesson 13. Answering Detail Questions about Extended Conversations Min i- Test 2: Extended Conversations Part C: Mini-Talks About Mini-Talks Lesson 14. Anticipating Questions about Mini-Talks Lesson 15. Answering Overview Questions about Mini-Talks Lesson 16. Answering Detail Questions about Mini-Talks Mini-Test 3: Mini-Talks Mini-Lessons for Section 1: Idiomatic Expressions ix xiii xv xvi xx 1 2 3 11 11 16 18 21 24 29 32 35 42 46 49 52 55 55 59 62 64 67 68 68 72 74 76 79 81 vi Contents SECTION 2: GUIDE TO STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION About Structure and Written Expression Sample Structure and Written Expression Test Part A: About Structure Introduction Lesson 17. Incomplete Independent Clauses Lesson 18. Incomplete Adjective Clauses Lesson 19. Incomplete or Missing Participial Phrases Lesson 20. Incomplete or Missing Appositives Lesson 21. Incomplete Adverb Clauses Lesson 22. Incomplete Noun Clauses Lesson 23. Missing or Incomplete Prepositional Phrases Mini-Test 4: Structure Lesson 24. Word Order Items Lesson 25. Items Involving Verb Problems Lesson 26. Incomplete or Missing Infinitive and Gerund Phrases Lesson 27. Items Involving Parallel Structures Lesson 28. Items Involving Misplaced Modifiers Lesson 29. Incomplete or Missing Comparisons Lesson 30. Missing Conjunctions Lesson 31. Missing Negative Words Mini-Test 5: Structure Part B: Written Expression About Written Expression Lesson 32. Errors with Word Forms Lesson 33. Errors in Word Choice Lesson 34. Errors with Verbs Lesson 35. Errors with Parallel Structures Lesson 36. Errors with Pronouns Lesson 37. Errors with Singular and Plural Nouns Mini-Test 6: Written Expression Lesson 38. Errors with Verbals Lesson 39. Errors with Prepositions Lesson 40. Errors with Articles Lesson 41. Errors with Comparatives and Superlatives Lesson 42. Errors in Word Order Lesson 43. Errors with Conjunctions Mini-Test 7: Written Expression Mini-Lessons for Section 2: Preposition Use 101 102 104 111 111 114 121 126 129 132 138 141 144 147 152 155 159 162 165 168 171 174 176 176 179 189 202 209 212 219 225 228 234 240 247 250 254 257 260 SECTION 3: GUIDE TO READING COMPREHENSION About Reading Comprehension Sample Reading Comprehension Test Lesson 44. Overview Questions Lesson 45. Factual Questions, Negative Questions, and Scanning Questions Lesson 46. Inference Questions and Purpose Questions Lesson 47. Vocabulary-in-Context Questions Lesson 48. Reference Questions Mini-Test 8: Reading Comprehension Mini-Lessons for Section 3: Vocabulary Building Guide to the Test of Written English (TWE) About the Test of Written English Ten Keys to Writing theTWE Essay Three Practice TWE Tests Three Complete Practice Tests About Taking the Practice Tests Scoring the Practice Tests Practice Test I Practice Test 2 Practice Test 3 About the Author Answer Sheets Contents vii 269 270 276 290 303 313 324 334 343 352 387 388 395 399 409 410 411 413 441 469 497 499 Preface About This Book If you are preparing for TOEFL, you are not alone. Over a million people all over the world take either the Internet- or Paper-based version of the test every year. A high score on this test is an essential step in being admitted to graduate or undergraduate programs at almost all colleges and universities in North America. A strong TOEFL score may also be needed to complete an English program at a language school or may be a requirement for graduation from a university. But preparing for this test can be a difficult, frustrating experience. Perhaps you haven't taken many standardized, multiple choice tests such as TOEFL. Perhaps you are not familiar with the format of TOEFL. Maybe you've taken TOEFL once but were not satisfied with your score, or maybe you've taken the test several times but can't seem to improve your score beyond a certain point. In any of these cases, you need a guide. That's why this book was written-to help students preparing for this important exam to maximize their scores. This is the most complete and accurate TOEFL preparation book for the Paper-based test now available. It is based on many years of classroom experience teaching TOEFL preparation classes in the United States and abroad, and on several years of research on the test. The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test is simply written and clearly organized and is suitable for any intermediate or advanced student of English as a second or foreign language. The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test offers a step-by-step program that teaches you critical test taking techniques, helps you polish the language skills specifically needed for the Paper-based test, and generally makes you a smarter test-taker. And the Guide is an efficient way to prepare for TOEFL; by concentrating only on the points that are actually tested on the TOEFL, it lets you make the most of your preparation period and never wastes your time. Good luck on TOEFL! x Preface About This Edition In 200S, Educational Testing Service (ETS) began administering the Internet-based TOEFL (iBT). It was introduced at first in the United States and a few other countries. Over the next few years, ETS began to administer the iBT in more and more countries. However, the original Paper-based TOEFL (PBT) is still given in many locations around the world. Whether you take the iBT or the PBT depends on the location where you take the test. It may also depend on when you take the test, because some centers offer the PBT on certain dates and the iBT on others. To find out if the iBT or the PBT is given in your area, you should check the TOEFL website. Go to www.ets.org.click on TOEFL and then click on Register for the Test. In addition, the Institutional TOEFL (called the TOEFL Institutional Testing Program (ITP) by ETS) is a paper-based test which is administered by language centers, universities, and other institutions all over the world. Over 400,000 people take the Institutional test every year. For students or classes that must prepare for the Internet-based test, The Complete Guide to the TOEFL: iET Edition is also available from this publisher. This edition of The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test meets the needs of people who want to take the TOEFL PBT rather than the iBT because the design of the two versions of the test is quite different. I believe The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test is the most complete and accurate and up-to-date guide to preparing for the Paper-based TOEFL available. If you have comments about this edition of The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test or about any aspect of the TOEFL test, I welcome your ideas, questions, and suggestions. please feel free to contact me at the e-mail address below. And, as always, good luck on TOEFL! Bruce Rogers Bruce_Rogers_CGT@mail.com Preface xi Organization of this Book Getting Started, th~ first section of the book, serves as an introduction to the Paper-based test. The opening<portion;of this section, Questions and Answers about TOEFL, provides you with information about the format of the test, guides you through the process of registering for the exam, and helps you understand your scores. The next portion of this section, Keys to High Scores, presents the "secrets" of being a good test-taker: arranging your preparation time, using the process of elimination, coping with test anxiety, pacing yourself during the test, and other important techniques. The main body of the book is divided into three parts, reflecting the three main sections of the Paper-based test: Listening Comprehension, Structure and Expression, and Reading Comprehension. Each of these sections consists of the following components: • An introduction containing basic strategies for that section of the test. • A full-length sample test to give you a feel for each part of the test and to provide a basis for understanding the lessons. • An introduction to each subsection of the test, with specific tactics for approaching the items in each portion of the test. • Lessons that break down the knowledge and skills needed for each part of the test into comprehensible "bites" of information. Each of the forty-eight lessons in the book contains sample items that illustrate exactly how the point brought up in that lesson is tested in TOEFL. Furthermore, each lesson contains one or more exercises for practicing the relevant points. Some of these items follow TOEFL format, others follow formats appropriate for the particular point being taught, but all of them have the same "feel" as actual TOEFL items. There are around 125 of these exercises in the GUide-totaling over 2,500 practice items! • Mini-tests that review the points brought up in the previous lessons. These tests put together the points practiced in isolation in the lessons and allow you to chart your progress. All the items on the mini-tests are identical in form to items on actual tests. • Mini-lessons covering important testing points which require more time to master than points brought up in the lessons. You should begin studying and working the exercises in the mini- lessons as soon as you he gin each section of the guide. • Section 1: Listening Comprehension This section is subdivided into three parts, each one designed to familiarize you with the problems commonly encountered on the three parts of the revised Section 1: Dialogues, Extended Conversations, and Mini-Talks. The exercises and tests in this part of the book are intended to be used with the audios that accompany the Guide. The mini-lessons for this section teach common idioms and figurative expressions that are often tested in Part A. • Section 2: Structure and Written Expression The first part of this section categorizes common grammatical points tested in Structure problems and suggests ways to solve these problems. The second part lists the usual errors that must be identified in Written Expression problems and offers ways to identify these mistakes. The mini-lessons for this section cover preposition usage, one of the most difficult of grammar skills. • Section 3: Reading Comprehension This section of the book prepares you for the third section of TOEFL. The Reading Comprehension portion of the book suggests reading attack skills, lists the various types of questions asked about the passages, and offers suggestions for answering each type of question. There are in-depth reading exercises to practice these techniques. The mini-lessons for this section systematically build your vocabulary, especially concentrating on the type of words that are asked about in the vocabulary items in the Reading section. • The Test of Written English This part of the book introduces the TWE and presents the best methods for planning, writing, and checking the essay you must write if you take this portion of the exam. There are two models of strong TWE essays and there are two practice TWE exams. [...]... • Three Complete Practice Tests Practice tests provide one of the best ways to get ready for TOEFL because they draw together all the points you have studied These tests duplicate the format, content, and level of difficulty of the actual exam You may want to take one of these tests as a diagnostic when you begin your studies To get the most out of these exams, follow the recommendations in the section... ~bout Taking the Practice Tests Scoring information is also included here Suggestions for Using This Book The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test: PBT Edition is designed to be used either as a textbook for TOEFL preparation classes or as a tool for individuals preparing for the exam by themselves If you are working alone, you will need the audio program to accompany the textbook as well as the answer keys... is the Internet-Based TOEFL (iBT) different from the PBT? A: The two versions of the test are quite different Some of the most important differences are as follows: • All the items on the PBT are multiple choice but there are some special computer-unique item types on the iBT • There is no Structure section on the iBT • There is no Speaking section on the PBT but there are six speaking tasks on the. .. many other standardized tests, such as the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) Although there are other standardized tests of English, TOEFL is by far the most important in North America ETS has offered this exam since 1965 Each year, over a million people take the TOEFL test at testing centers all over the world... 6nPaper-hased tests adminIstered by ETS The answer sheets are sent to ETS or a TOEFL representative for scoring Because ETS does not supervise these tests, most universities won't accept the results for admission purposes The questions types, number of items, and time limits for the Institutional TOEFL are the same as the Paper-based TOEFL Q: What is the Test of Written English (TWE)? A The TWE tests your... knowledge of the tactics used by good test takers and of the "tricks" of the test (which you will learn by using this Guide) • A general command of English (which must be built up over a long period) Following a step-by-step TOEFL preparation program, such as that presented in The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test, will familiarize you with the tactics you need to raise your scores The practice tests in... with the format and directions l You should have a clear map of the TOEFL test in your mind Then, as you're taking the exam, you'll know exactly where you are and what's coming next You can familiarize yourself with the basic TOEFL format by looking over the chart on page xvi The directions for each part of the TOEFL test are always the same; even the same examples are used If you are familiar with the. .. circle completely and have filled in only one answer per item If you have to erase an answer, erase it completely Notice the check marks by numbers 4 and 6 The test taker found these items difficult He or she guessed at the answers, and then used the marks as a reminder to come back to these items if the time allowed These marks should be erased before the end of the test Incidentally, if you mark the. .. puzzles to be solved Key #12: Learn from taking practice test and official TOEFL exams One of the most important steps in preparing for TOEFL is taking realistic, complete practice tests There are now three tests in this book In addition, you may take the official TOEFL test several times Each time you take a test, either a practice test or a real one, you should learn from it Immediately after the exam,... with the directions for each part before the exam But remember, you are not permitted to turn the page to look over answer choices while the directions are being read (No answer choices appear on the same page as the directions for Section 1.) • If you have any difficulties hearing the audio, inform one of the proctors during the introductory section Once the test has begun, the proctors cannot stop the . want to take the TOEFL PBT rather than the iBT because the design of the two versions of the test is quite different. I believe The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test. Internet-based test, The Complete Guide to the TOEFL: iET Edition is also available from this publisher. This edition of The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test meets the needs of. ed or approved by ETS. ~ The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test ~- - _._- - The Complete Guide to the TOEFL@ Test PBT Edition Bruce Rogers ~ J# HEINLE _- (ENGAGE