KINH TE CHINH TRI Ve nen kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hoi chu nghTa 6 Viet Nam DAM KIEN LAP Jlfto hinh kinh te thi triCdng dinh hiXdng XHCN^ dd diCdc nghien ctiu, thiCc hien dat Jl*^%' nhieu thdnh tiCu to ldn d Viet Nam, nhiXng vdn con nhieu vdn de dat ra cd vi ly luan vd thiCc tien.^ Tit nghien ciiu xu hiidng van dgng cua kinh te thi tritdng, phan tich cdu thdnh sd hau, bdi viet gop phdn lam ro tinh khdch quan, nhUng dgc triing chung cua nen kinh te thi triXdng dinh hUdng XHCN vd dgc diem rieng d Viet Nam, til do de xudt nhihig vdn de co tinh nguyen tdc nhdm thiic ddy phdt trien nhanh nen kinh tetheo mo hinh ndy. 1. Quan niem hien nay ve nen kinh te thi trifd^ng dinh hifdng XHCN d Viet Nam - nhufng van de dat ra 1.1. Quan niem, quan diem cua Ddng Cong sdn vd Nhd nitdc Viet Nam Md hinh kinh te thi triidng dinh hiidng XHCN da diidc Dai hoi IX ciia Dang Cpng san Viet Nam chinh thutc dUa ra tren cd sd ke thiia, phat trien quan niem cua Dai hpi VI (nam 1986) ve phat trien nen kinh te hang hda cd ke hoach gdm nhieu thanh phan di len CNXH, va cua Dai hoi VII ve nen kinh te hang hda nhieu thanh phan, van hanh theo cd che thi triJdng, cd sii quan ly ciia Nha ntidc theo dinh hiidng XHCN. Md hinh nay da dUdc Dai hoi X, nhat la Hoi nghi TW 6 (khda X) dau nam 2008 tiep tuc lam ro them. Theo dd: 1- Kinh te thi triidng la san pham ctia van minh nhan loai, khdng phai la rieng cd cua CNTB. Nd la phiidng tien cd the sii dung de xay dung CNXH. 2- Kinh te thi triidng dinh hiidng XHCN la nen kinh te trong dd cac thiet che, cdng cu va nguyen tSc van hanh kinh te diidc tU giac tga lap va Sli diang de giai phdng triet de siic san xuat. Dd la nen kinh te viia tuan theo quy luat cua kinh te thi triidng, viia chiu sii chi phdi bdi. cac quy luat kinh te' ciia CNXH va cac yeu tdbao dam tinh dinh hiidng XHCN. 3- Tinh dinh hUdng XHCN diidc dgc trUng vd bdo ddm d nhihig yen td cd bdn sau: (1) muc tieu ctia nd la vi "dan giau, nitdc manh, xa hoi cdng bSng, dan chti, van minh"; (2) nhieu thanh phan kinh te ciing phat trien, trong dd kinh te nha niidc giut vai trd chu dao, kinh te nha niidc va kinh te tap the ngay cang trd thanh nen tang viing chSc cua nen kinh te qudc dan; (3) tang trUdng kinh te di ddi vdi cdng bang xa hpi, phat trien van hda, y te, giao due, bao ve mdi tritdng, giai quyet tdt cac van de xa hpi; (4) thiic hien phan phdi chii yeu theo ket qua lao dpng, hieu qua kinh te, dong thdi theo miic ddng gdp vdh cung cac nguon liic khac va thong qua he thdng an sinh xa hpi, phiic ldi xa hpi. (5) phat huy quyen lam chu cua nhan dan, bao dam vai trd quan ly, dieu tiet nen kinh te ctia Nha nitdc phap quyen XHCN diidi sti lanh dao ciia Dang. Trong dd, sU lanh dao ciia Dang Cpng san Viet Nam giti vai trd la nhan to' quye't dinh nha't dam bao tinh dinh hudng XHCN ciia nen kinh te. 1.2. Quan niem, quan diem trong gidi nghien ctlu Gidi nghien ciiu da so' nha't tri cao va cd nhieu nd lUc lam rd them quan niem, quan diem ctia Dang, Nha nUdc, song ciing cd nhUng nhan thUc khac ve mpt so' khia canh quan trpng, tham chi cd y kien hoan toan phan bac. Dam Kien Lap, ThS., Van phong Trung uang Dang. 1. C) day can phan biet: nSn kinh le thi Uirong dinh huang XHCN vcd tu each la cai khach quan, w&n dong Iheo quy luat, khong co muc dich; va m6 hinh kinh te thi truong dinh hudng XHCN v6i tu each mot chu thuyet, la cai chu quan, co muc dich. Ddi tugng ciia bai viei nay la cai Ihur nhai, de' phuc vu cho cai thii' hai. Ve nen kinh te thj truang 1.2.1. Ve cd sd ly ludn vd thiXc tien cua mo hinh: Cd y kien cho rang, xay dUng nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN cl Viet Nam la mpt sU dd'i mdi tU duy diing dan, co sdn cd sd ly luan trong chinh chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, phii hdp vdi quan niem chinh thong cua Cac Mac va "la sU trd lai vdi tU tudng stf dung cac quan he hang hda - tien te de xay dUng CNXH ma V.I.Le-nin da de ra trong Chinh sach kinh te mdi (NEP)"l Y kien khac cho rang day la "sU lUa chon mang tinh tat yeu, cd cd scl ly luan va thUc tien sau s^c", bdi: md hinh ke hoach hda tap trung that bai, trong khi nhieu nUdc svf dung kinh te thi trUdng thanh cong, song phat trien theo con dUdng TBCN khong phai la td'i Uu. Quan he hang hda - thi trUdng la nac thang tien hda, kinh te thi trUdng hien dai ngay cang the hien r5 sU tU phu dinh theo xu hudng XHCN, nhieu nUdc phat trien theo phUdng thiic riit ngan da thanh cdng, cho nen thUc chat day la mo hinh chu dong, di t&t, ddn dau xu the phat trien ciia thdi dai, cd the giiip thu hep sti tut hau, nhanh chdng hoi nhap, phat trien^. 1.2.2. Ve vai tro cda kinh te thi tritdng vd moi quan he vdi dinh hiidng XHCN: Nhieu ngUdi nha't tri cho kinh te thi trUdng la thanh tUu ciia van minh nhan loai, la phUdng tien hieu qua ma nha nU6c XHCN can va cd the sii dting de xay dUng CNXH. Cung cd y kien khac cho rang: CNXH va kinh te thi trUdng la dong hudng lich sii, trong dd kinh te thi trUdng la cd sci kinh te, la ban nguyen thii nha't, cdn dinh hudng XHCN la ban nguyen thU hai; nhUng dinh hudng XHCN cd nhiing ndi dung vUdt ra ngoai, cao hdn thi trUdng (nhu thUc hien cdng bang, dan chu, phat trien ben viing), chiing khong hoan toan va khong tu dpng tUdng hdp vdi thi trUdng^ GS.TS. Vu Dinh Bach cho rang: day la bUdc chuyen doi dac thu chua^ cd tien le, la phUdng thiic phat trien theo kieu "tien hda - cai each", khac vdi "tien hda - tU nhien", cho nen hdn ci dau va hdn bao gid^het, vai trd nhan to'chii quan ctia cac chu the trong he thong chinh tri la vo Cling quan trpng. Ve ban chat, mo hinh nay " dUdc hieu la kieu to chiic nen kinh te dac biet cua xa hoi dac biet - nen kinh te dang trong qua trinh chuyen bien each mang tii nac thang no sang nac thang kia. Do dd, nd viia tuan theo nhiing quy luat ciia ban than he tho'ng (kinh te thi trUdng), lai viia bi chi phdi b6i nhiing nguyen tac nam ngoai he tho'ng (nguyen tic xa hoi hda - XHCN)"l Khac vdi cac quan niem tren, GS.TS. Dd Hoai Nam cho rang: kinh te thi trUdng vdi tU each la mot cd che, mot he tho'ng, mot nen kinh te, n6 khong chi la phUdng tien ma "la thanh to' cau tnic ben trong, c6 tinh nen tang ciia he tho'ng kinh te - xa hoi dang phat trien theo hudng di len CNXH"^ Song, ciing cd khong it y kien cho rang: noi dung kinh te thi trUdng da ro, nhUng dinh hUdng XHCN thi chUa ro; tham chi cd y kien cdn cho rang: khdng the cd sU dung hdp giiia kinh te thi trUdng va dinh hUdng XHCN, do chi la sU gan ghep khien cUSng. 1.2.3. Ve ddc triing cua nen kinh te thi triidng dinh hiidng XHCN: - Nhieu y kien cho rang: dac trUng ctia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN dUdc the hien trUdc het h muc tieu ciia nd. GS.TS. Vu Dinh Bach cho do la: "Phat trien lUc lUdng san xuat, nang cao nang suat va hieu qua, xay diing cd sci vat chat - ky thuat cho CNXH, thUc hien dau giau, nU6c manh, xa hoi cdng bang, dan chii va van minh "^. Cdn y kien khac lai cho rang co the noi gon la " hieu qua kinh te, dan chu va cong bang (ham y phiic ldi 2. Trin Dinh Thien (2007): "Co sd ly luin va dieu kien thuc hien kinh tg' thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN", Tap chi cdng sdn, sol 7, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/details.asp?Object=4 &NewsJd=17957909. 3. GS.TS. Vu Dinh Bach, GS.TS. Tran Minh Dao (Ddng chii bien), 2006: "Ddc trung cua nen kinh te'thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN a Viet Nam ", Nxb Cbinh tri qudc gia. Ha Npi,tr.l85. 4. Tran Dinh Thien (2007), Da din. Nhu the co phai chang mudn cd sy tuong hpp jAiai cd ghep chiing lai vdi nhau ?! 5. GS.TS. va Dinh Bach, GS.TS. Tr^ Minh Dao Sdd, tr.l99. O day, tic gia khong ndi ro nguyen tic xa hoi hda - XHCN la the nao! 6. Trin Dinh Thien (2007), Da din. 7. G&TS va Efinh Badi, GSTS Tran Minh Dao .Sdd, tr.201. Nghi4n cdu Kinh ti s6 380 - Tiling 1/2010 Ve nen kinh te thj trirang xa hdi, phuc vu ngUdi ngheo)"*. Neu diing nhU vay thi phai chang nhieu nen kinh te tren the gidi ciing deu la dinh hudng XHCN. Van de dat ra la hieu qua kinh te, dan chu va cong bang dUa tren cd sd khach quan nao de cd the dat dUdc cao hdn kinh te'thi trUdng TBCN? - Ddc triing ve liic liidng sdn xudt: GS.TS. Vii Dinh Bach cho dd la trinh dp xua't phat rat thap kem va yeu cau phai tang td'c, riit ngan trinh dp phat trien^. - Ddc triing ve che do sd hihi vd thdnh phdn kinh te: + Cd y kien cho trong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN cd ba che do sci hiiu la: cdng cong, tU nhan va hon hdp; tUdng iing cd thanh phan kinh te nha nUdc, kinh te dan doanh, kinh te hdn hdp, cdn kinh te tU ban nha nU6c chi la mot hinh thiic thuoc thanh phan kinh te hdn hdp. GS.TS. D6 Hoai Nam cho ring; cd hai loai sd hiiu la tU hiiu va cong hUu, cong hiiu cd hai hinh thiic la sd hUu nha nUdc va tap the; sd hiiu tap the hieu theo Mac la sci hiiu cua nhiing ngUdi san xuat rieng le (khong chi nhiing ngUdi lao dpng ca the) lien hiep lai du6i cac hinh thiic td chiic kinh te hoat dpng theo che do co phan ndi chung. + Mpt van de dUdc chii trong va cd nhieu y kien rat khac nhau la ve vai tro chu dgo vd nen tdng cua nen kinh te: khdng it y kien cho ring; can kien dinh vai trd chii dao cua kinh te nha nUdc, vi day la lUc lUdng vat chat quan trpng de Nha nUdc dinh hUdng, dieu tiet kinh te, bao dam dn dinh kinh te vi md, tao mdi trUdng va dieu kien thiic day cac thanh phan kinh te cung phat trien; day cdn la lUc lUdng bao dam an ninh, quoc phdng, la nhan to' bao dam dinh hudng XHCN, do dd khong nen dUa vao quy mo de danh gia. Cd y kien cho rang: neu hieu "chu dao" la dan dit, giam sat, ttic tao lap va duy tri mdi trUdng vi md hieu qua, thi vai trd dd phai thuoc ve Nha nu6c. Vai trd chu dao ciia Nha nUdc khdng chi la tao lap mdi trUdng vi mo, ma cdn cung cap hang hda, dich vu cdng cpng, hd trd ngUdi ngheo, bao dam cdng bing xa hpi, ho trd qua trinh hpi nhap qudc te'"'. Nhieu y kien cho ring: hien nay va ve lau dai, nen tang cua nen kinh te phai gom 3 bp phan la: kinh te nha nUdc, kinh te tap the va kinh te' da sd hiiu (kinh te cd phan, kinh te cd sd hiiu hdn hdp), trong dd kinh te nha nUdc la chti dao vi thUc te vin chie'm 35% GDP va kinh te da sci hiiu ngay cang phat trien manh. GS.TS. Vii Dinh Bach cho rang: " nen tang che dp sd hiiu ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN la mpt cd cau sd hiiu vdi cac hinh thiic da dang, dan xen, hon hdp la phd bien, trong dd Nha nUdc XHCN giii vai trd la chu the quan trong nhat trong chi huy nen kinh te"^\ Cd y kien cho ring: chi cd kinh te nha nU6c va kinh te da sci hiiu ngay cang trd thanh nen tang vi kinh te tap the nhd yeu va phat trien rat khd khan. Y kien khac lai cho ring: chi kinh te da sci hiiu mdi cd the ngay cang trci thanh nen tang, vi kinh te nha nUdc ngay cang thu hep. Viec cho kinh te da sci hiiu la nen tang khong phai la mdi, Cac Mac da phat hien day la mpt hinh thiic ciia che dp cong hiiu ra ddi trong long che do cii va se phat trien manh trong tUdng lai. Hpi nghi Trung Udng 3 (khda XVI) cua Dang Cpng san Trung Qud'c ciing da xac dinh che dp cd phan la hinh thUc chii yeu thiic hien che dp cdng hUu. Song ciing cd y kien khong ddng tinh, de nghi can nhac ky, vi cho kinh te da sci hiiu phat trien rat phiic tap, de dan den CNTB, lam mat di ban chat ctia CNXH. Cd y kien cho ring: khong nen xac dinh nen tang ciia nen kinh te qud'c dan, vi da chu trUdng cac thanh phan kinh te deu la bp phan hdp thanh quan trpng ciia nen kinh te va binh ding trUdc phap luat. Y kien khac lai cho ring: khong nen xac dinh kinh te nha nUdc giii vai trd chti dao, kinh te nha nu6c va kinh te tap the la nen tang vi khong phii hdp thUc te. Trai lai, ciing cd nhieu y kien cho ring: che dp sd hiiu tU nhan cd vai trd then chd't^^, "kinh te tu nhan la dpng lUc chu yeu ciia nen kinh te'', tham chi cd ngUdi cho sd hUu tU nhan va kinh te tU nhan mdi that sU la nen tang ciia 8. Trin Dinh Thien (2007), Da dan. 9. G&TS. Vu Dinh Bach, GSTS Tran Minh Dao .Sdd, tr.260. 10. Tran Dinh Thien (2007), Da din. 11. GSTS Vu Dinh Bach, GSTS Tran Minh Dao .Sdd, tr.222. 12. Trin Dinh Thien (2007), Da din. Ngtii^n ciru Kinti ti s6 380 - Thing 1/2010 Ve nen kinh te thj trirang 1 nen kinh te qud'c dan, bdi chiing gin ket hiiu cd vdi kinh te thi trUdng, den nay CNTB vin cdn sii menh hch sii to ldn, nen sd hiiu tU nhan va kinh te tU nhan chUa the ket thtic vai trd lich sti ciia chiing, thtic te cho thay kinh te tu nhan dang giU vai trd rat quan trong trong viec thiic day tang trUdng, chuyen dich cd cau kinh te, tao nhieu viec lam, dao tao nguon nhanlUc.^l + Ve sd hiiu ddt dai, cd y kien cho ring: dat dai vdi tU each lanh thd la cua toan dan, tufng loai dat cd the ctia Nha nU6c, tap the, tU nhan; dat ci nen thupc tU nhan, dat ndng, lam nghiep cd the thupc sd hiiu toan dan hoac tap the. Trai lai, nhieu y kien cho rang: che dp sd hiiu dat dai hien nay ve cd ban da dn, neu thiia nhan sd hiiu tU nhan doi vdi dat dai, dat nUdc se bat dn. + Vekei cdu kinh te, GS.TS. Vii Dinh Bach, PGS.TS. Nguyen Ciic de nghi, nen chuyen each phan chia nen kinh te theo thanh phan sang theo khu vUc^" cho phii hdp thong le qud'c te va cho ring ket cau kinh te trong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN bao gdm hai khu vUc la kinh te nha nU6c va kinh te tU nhan. Hai khu vUc nay cd chiic nang khac nhau nhUng deu ciing muc tieu, trong dd kinh te nha nU6c la cong cu vi md, cdn kinh te tU nhan cd muc tieu duy nhat la kinh doanh va cd vai trd quyet dinh trong viec tao ra GDP^^. Trong dieu kien quan he san xua't dinh hudng XHCN va sti quan ly dieu tiet ctia Nha nUdc XHCN, kinh te tU nhan khong the mang tinh chat TBCN nhu trong CNTB. - Dgc trihig ve phdn phdi: GS.TS. Vu Dinh Bach chp ring: trong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN, phan pho'i "dUdc thtic hien theo yeu to' lao dong va cac yeu to' san xua't khac, dtia tren nguyen tic cd che thi trUdng co sU dieu tiet \'i mo ctia Nha nUdc, phat huy truyen thdng tUdng than tUdng ai ciia cong ddng dan cU nhim dieu hda thu nhap giiia cac giai tang xa hpi". 1.2.4. Ve nhiing yeu tdbdo ddm dinh hiidng XHCN: Nhieu y kien cho ring: Dang Cong san, Nha nudc XHCN va kinh te nha nu6c la nhiing nhan to' quye't dinh dinh hUdng XHCN cua nen kinh te thi trUdng^'', la dieu kien tien quye't, so'ng cdn dam bao giii viing dinh hudng va xay dUng thanh cong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN d Vigt Nam. Day la diem khac biet can ban vdi cac nen kinh te thi trUdng thong thUdng". GS.TS. Vii Dinh Bach cho ring: tinh dinh hudng XHCN khong chi dUdc xac dinh bdi nhan to' sd hiiu cong cong ve tU lieu san xua't, ma la he qua tdng hdp ciia ca mot cd cau sd hiiu tho'ng nha't. "Tinh chat dinh hudng XHCN cua bp phan s6 hiiu tU nhan dUdc xac dinh tii nhieu giac do, b6i le nd la mpt bp phan cau thanh cd cau sd hiiu tho'ng nha't". Tinh dinh hudng XHCN ciia nen kinh te Viet Nam hien nay khong phai dudc xac dinh can ban d "ban than sd hiiu" ma la d tinh chat ciia cac "chii the sci hiiu", can ban nha't la ci chti the nha nUdc XHCN^^ Y kie'n khac cho ring: cd "hai yeu to' chii yeu" quye't dinh tien trinh phat trien kinh te thi trUdng theo dinh hudng XHCN la "thi trUdng va nha nUdc", bai day la hai cd cau quyen lUc din dit sti phat trien, cho nen trong tam ciia viec ban luan phat trien kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN la ban ve md'i quan he chiic nang giiia hai liic lUdng nay, di sau hdn la ban ve van dd nhan thiic va hanh dpng cua nha nu6c vdi tU each la chii the quyen lUc c6 y thtic. Vdi vai trd chti dao thuoc nha nU6c (chii khong phai kinh te nha nUdc), dinh hudng XHCN dUdc bao dam bing nha nUdc XHCN, hay nha nU6c dinh hudng XHCN. Do khu vtic tU nhan ddng vai 13. Nguygn Thanh Tuyen, Nguydn Qudc Te va Luc(ng Minh Cir (2003), '"SdhOli tunhan vd kinh tetunlidn trong nen kinh te tlii trudng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam", Nxb Tdng hgp, thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, y. 13-25. 14. GS.TS. Vu Dinh Bach, GS.TS. Tran Minh Dao Sdd, tr.225; Nguygn Ciic va Kim Van Chinh (2006): "So hiru nha nudc va DNNN Uong nen kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng XHCN a Viet Nam", Nxb Ly luan chinh tri, lr.99-100. 15. GSTS Vu Dinh Bach, GSTS Tran Minh Dao &H tr.225. 16. Neu dung nhu viy, cd phai chang tinh dinh hudng XHCN khdng phai dupc the hien va bao dam tir chinh "cd sd ciia ddi sdng kinh te^' ma do kien tnic thupng tang quyei dinh (?>. 17. 18. GSTS. Vu Dinh Bach, GS.TS Trin Minh Dao Sdd, u. 289. Nghien cdu Kinti ti s6 380 • Tiling 1/2010 Ve nen kinh te thj trirang trd chu dao trong viec tao viec lam, cho nen tren quan diem tao viec lam, tang thu nhap va tang cUdng lUc lUdng cho dpi ngii cdng nhan, thi phat trien khu vUc tU nhan la yeu to' thiic day manh me, hieu qua nha't dinh hudng XHCN'^ Nhiing lap luan tren cho thay nhieu ngUdi da khd cong tim kiem, ly giai tinh tat yeu khach quan ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN, nhUng cuo'i ciing deu rdi vao duy tam chu quan, lam cho nhiing ly le khoa hpc mat tinh thuyet phuc khi cho tinh dinh hudng XHCN, hay TBCN khong phai do cai khach quan ma la do nhan to' chu quan, "chti the sd hiiu" quye't dinh, trong khi thiic ra chinh npi dung quan he sci hiiu quy dinh ban chat cua cac chti the sci hiiu, ke ca chu the nha nUdc chti khong phai ngUdc lai. Bcii chiing ta deu biet "trong tinh hien thiJc ciia nd, con ngUdi la tdng hda cac quan he xa hpi". 1.2.5. Ve dieu kien thiic hien mo hinh kinh te'thi triidng dinh hiidng XHCN: Noi chung, cd nhieu y kien cho la: (1) trUdc het, phai ddi mdi nhan thiic va phUdng thiic lanh dao ciia Dang; (2) phai nang cao vai trd va hoan thien cd che quan ly ciia Nha nU6c XHCN, phan dinh ro chiic nang nha nUdc va thi trUdng; (3) phai xay dting, phat trien ddng bp he tho'ng cac thi trUdng yeu to'; (4) phai doi mdi va xay dting cd cau sd hiiu va ket cau kinh te phii hdp; (5) phai phat trien giao due - dao tao, khoa hpc va cdng nghe, nhim nit ngin khoang each ve trinh dp lUc lUdng san xua't so vdi the gidi 1.3. NhUng van de dat ra ve ly luan vd thUc tien 1.3.1. Nhiing vdn de ddt ra vi nhdn thUc, ly ludn Qua khai quat nhiing quan niem, quan diem neu tren cho thay: nhan thiic ve nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN da cd budc tien mdi, ngay cang sau sic hdn, nhat la budc dau thay dUdc tac dong "kep" ciia cac quy luat khach quan chi pho'i sU van dong ciia nen kinh te nay. Tuy nhien, xem xet van de tii lap trUdng duy vat bien chiing cho thay vin cdn nhieu dieu chUa rd: 1- Neu cho kinh te thi trUdng la phiidng tien thi cd the sii dung hoac khdng va nhU vay se khdng the ly giai dUdc sii tien hda tii CNTB len CNXH, vi khong dam bao tinh lien tuc, tinh kethiia ciia sU phat trien. 2- Cho ring nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN co muc tieu la cd sU nham lan giiia nen kinh te vdi tU each la cai tdn tai, van dpng theo nhiing xu hudng nha't dinh du6i sti tac dpng cua cac quy luat khach quan, khdng cd muc dich; vdi chii thuyet, the che kinh te', chinh tri xa hpi la cai chii quan, cd muc tieu. Khong ai ndi trai dat quay xung quanh mat trdi, hay nu6c chay tCf tren cao xudng thap la nhim muc tieu nay hay khac! 3- Neu cho ring cac thiet che, cdng cu va nguyen tac van hanh nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN la do tii gidc tgo lap vd sii dung, nhu vay cd phai chang nhiing thiet che, nguyen tic ay khong cd trong hien thiic khach quan ma hoan toan sang tao ra. Dieu nay khdng kheo se lap lai sai lam nhU trUdc day khi cho ring sU ra ddi ciia CNTB la tU phat, cdn CNXH ra ddi hdan toan tU giac va hau qua la phai ddi mdi toan dien mdi cd dUdc nhiing thanh tUu ngay nay! 4- Cho ring "kinh te nha nU6c giii vai trd chd dgo, kinh te nha nUdc va kinh te tap the ngay cang trd thanh nin tdng vUng chac ciia nen kinh te qud'c dan", nhUng the nao la chii dao va nen tang lai chUa dUdc lam ro de tho'ng nha't nhan thUc, thUc hien. Mat khac, each mang la sU nghiep cua nhan dan, cac linh vUc khac ciia ddi so'ng xa hpi deu dUdc khang dinh phai dUa tren nen tang nhan dan, cdn kinh te lai chu trUdng dUa tren nen tang nha nUdc la bp phan thupc kien tnic thUdng tang. Hdn nUa, kinh te nha nUdc va tap the tren thiic te chUa td rd siic so'ng npi sinh. Ngoai ra, kinh te nha nu6c va tap the ve thiic chat cd phai la kinh te cong hUu XHCN hay khong, ciing la dieu can lam rd. Do dd quan diem nay chUa dn ca ve ly luan va thUc tien. Trai lai, neu cho kinh te da sd hiiu, hay kinh te'tU nhan la nen tang, thi tinh dinh 19. Tran Dinh Thien (2007), Da dan. Nghi6n cuu Kinti ti so 380 • Ttiang 1/2010 Ve nen kinh te thi truang hudng XHCN ciia thanh phan kinh te nay dUdc bieu hien nhU the nao va neu diing nhU vay, thi kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN khac vdi kinh te thi trUdng TBCN ra sao ? 5- Thed quan diem duy vat, tinh dinh hudng XHCN trUdc het nim d ben trong qua trinh san xua't va tai san xua't xa hoi, do do phai xem xet nd d qua trinh phan pho'i lan dau, chii khong phai d phan pho'i lai thong qua cac hoat dpng mang tinh nhan dao, tijf thien hay he tho'ng an sinh, phiic ldi xa hpi. Mat khac, neu cho ring trong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN, thUc hien phdn phdi chu yeu theo ket qud lao dgng vd hieu qud kinh te, song phan pho'i theo ket qua lao dpng khac vdi phan pho'i theo lao dpng nhU quan niem trUdc day va vdi che dp phan pho'i TBCN ra sao, nd cd gi Uu viet hdn ve ly luan va thtic tien can phai dUdc lam ro. 6- De dam bao tinh dinh hUdng XHCN, ddi hdi phai cd nhan to' chu quan la sU lanh dao, quan ly ctia Dang, Nha nUdc XHCN. Dieu dd la diing va cang diing hdn vdi hoan canh Viet Nam, song dieu cd ban la phai lam rd tinh khach quan ctia dinh hudng XHCN ca ve ly luan va thUc tien. ChUa lam rd dieu nay ma cii cho tinh dinh hudng XHCN la do nhan to' chii quan, do "chii the nha nUdc" quye't dinh, sang tao ra la trai vdi lap trUdng duy vat. 1.3.2. Nhiing vdn di dgt ra vi thiic tiin Thd nhdt, cho ring Dang va Nha nU6c la nhan to' quye't dinh tinh dinh hUdng XHCN, nhung ban than Dang, Nha nUdc dang cd nhiing bat cap, nha't la nhiing bieu hien suy thpai, tu diin bien neu chUa dUdc khic phuc mpt each cd hieu qua, thi lieu cd giii dUdc sii trung thanh hoac cd kha nang bao dam dinh hudng XHCN hay khong? Thd hai, cho ring sd hiiu nha nUdc va sd hUu tap the la sd hiiu XHCN, kinh te nha nudc va kinh te tap the ngay cang trd thanh nen tang ctia nen kinh te, nhUng tren thUc te cac hinh thiic sd hiiu va cac thanh phan kinh te nay chUa the hien dUdc tinh hieu qua, tinh Uu viet hdn hin so vdi sd hiiu tu nhan TBCN, vay do cd phai la sd hiiu XHCN va co the trci thanh nen tang ctia nen kinh te hay khong ? Nhiing van de dat ra neu tren deu lien quan den van de sci hiiu va sci hiiu XHCN; song sd hiiu XHCN la nhU the nao, dac trUng ban chat, dieu kien ra ddi va tdn tai khach quan ctia nd ra sao, tinh hieu qua va Uu viet ciia nd dUdc bieu hien the nao van chUa dUdc lam rd. 2. Quan niem ve tinh tait yeu, dac trvfng cua nen kinh te thi trifcfng dinh hiidfng XHCN va dac diem cua Viet Nam 2.1. Ve tinh tat yeu va dac triing chung cua nen kinh te'thi triidng dinh hudng XHCN Chiing ta deu thay ranh gidi giiia hai xa hoi tu ban va XHCN dang trong qua trinh chuyen hda, tiic ban chat kinh te chinh tri ciia xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp khong de phan biet rach rdi. De co the nhan ro, diing dan tinh tat yeu va nhiing dac trUng chung, khach quan ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN, can phai xem xet sii van dpng, phat trien ciia cac quan he sd hiiu, nha't la nhiing hinh thiic sci hiiu hien dai; di sau nghien ciiu sti chuyen bien, tien hoa trong cau tnic vi mo ciia chiing, gan lien vdi qua trinh van dpng, phat trien "tti nhien" ciia kinh te thi trUdng, nhu the mdi cd the thay ro xu hUdng phat trien khach quan ciia cac quan he sd hiiu hien nay va phan biet dUdc sti khac nhau giiia sd hiiu XHCN va s6 hiiu TBCN. Tren cd sd ly luan ctia Cac Mac ve CNTB tu do canh tranh, ciia Lenin ve chu nghia de quoc, tii ket qua nghien ciiu cau thanh quan he sd hiiu, cac tinh chat, xu hUdng van dpng ciia nd va qua bUdc dau nghien ciiu sii van dong, phat trien ciia cac quan he sd hiiu hien dai trong hien thiic, cho phep khang dinh: - Mpt la, the gidi ngdy nay dang qud do len CNXH vd thiic te dang ton tgi khdch quan hinh thdi kinh te thi triidng dinh hiidng XHCN d nhiiu niidc tren the gidi diidi nhieu sdc thdi cu the khdc nhau. That vay, c6 nhieu nen kinh te thi trUdng tren the gidi dang van dpng va phat then theo dinh hudng XHCN, tiic la cd nhieu nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN da va dang ra 8 Nghien cuu Kinh 14 s6 380 - Thang 1/2010 Ve nen kinh te thi trudng ddi, tdn tai va phat trien khach quan vdi nhieu bieu hien, sic thai khac nhau, phu thupc hoan canh lich sii va trinh dp phat trien cua moi nu6c. Dd la nhiing nen kinh te thi trUdng chua phai la kinh te XHCN, nhUng cung khdng cdn thuan tiiy la nen kinh te thi trUdng TBCN; nd it nhieu cd yeu to', tinh chat XHCN, tinh chat nay xua't hien khach quan va ngay cang tang len trong qua trinh phat trien^°. Do tinh chat qua dp cua no, nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN viia tuan theo quy luat ciia kinh te thi trUdng TBCN, viia cd sU chi pho'i bcii cac quy luat mdi nay sinh mang tinh XHCN vdi tU each la mpt bu6c tien hda mdi ciia kinh te thi trUdng. Mat khac, nd cdn chiu sU tac dpng thiic day hoac can trd ciia nhan to chu quan, nha't la cac dang chinh tri va nha nUSc, phap luat, tiiy sU tac dpng dd cd phii hdp vdi quy luat khach quan hay khdng. - Hai la, nen kinh tethi triidng dinh hiidng XHCN CO ddc triing ld^\ Ve liic liidng sdn xudt, da cd bUdc phat trien nhay vpt ca ve trinh dp cdng nghe va tinh chat xa hpi hda. Sti tich tu, tap trung vd'n cao dp da dan den xa hpi hda san xua't, sd hiiu sau rpng ca ben trong va ben ngoai bien gidi cac qud'c gia. Cd cau kinh te chuyen dich manh sang linh vtic dich vu, svt dung cdng nghe cao, ddi hdi lao dpng cd ky nang va ham lUdng tri thiic cao. Nhd do' da tao ra nang suat, chat lUdng va hieu qua kinh doanh cao. Ndi chung, lUc lUdng san xua't da phat trien cao den miic lam xudt hien qud trinh tha hoa tii bdn vd tgo ra nhiing hinh thdc sd hdu mdi. Vi che do sd hdu: dd la nen kinh te cd ket cau sci hiiu da dang, dan xen, hon hdp nhieu hinh thiic sd hiiu, trong dd cd ca nhiing hinh thiic sd hiiu ciia che dp xa hpi cii va mdi, tiiy trinh dp phat trien cua nen kinh te ma thanh phan sd hiiu nao chie'm da sd, mang tinh trdi. Dac biet la ket cau sci hiiu dd dang trong qua trinh van dpng theo xu hudng xa hpi hda XHCN, tiic dang cd sU xua't hien va tdn tai nhiiu hinh thdc sd hdu qud do, kieu "nxla ddi mia chupt", mang tinh xa hpi va XHCN vdi nhieu trinh dp txi thap den cao, tii sci hiiu tap the TBCN la chu yeu, sang sd hiiu xa hpi va XHCN ngay cang nhieu^^ tii chUa hoan thien den hoan thien hdn. Tii dd, mang lai nang suat, chat lUdng, hieu qua kinh te - xa hpi va the hien tinh Uu viet cao hdn, thiic day liic lUdng san xua't tiep tuc phat trien manh me. Cau thanh ciia nhiing hinh thiic sd hUu qua dp dd cd dac diem: ve chu the, nd mang tinh tap the, tinh cpng ddng, ndi chung la tinh xa hpi vdi nhieu cap dp tU nhdm den dai chiing, dp dd de thiic hien cac quyen va nghia vu sci hiiu phai thong qua "ngUdi dai dien". Ve dd'i tUdng sd hiiu, da va dang tiep tuc hinh thanh ngay cang nhieu dd'i tUdng dat trinh dp hien dai va tinh chat xa hpi hda cao, tham chi mang tinh toan cau. Ve npi dung cac quyen va 20. De dl hinh dung, cd the dya vao so do vS trang thai chuyen hda ciia sy vat tii A thanh B nhu sau: sy vat A chuyen thanh sy vat B cd the' trai qua cac giai doan qua dd nhu A^ A'-^ 'A"-> B"^ B'^ B. Cung cd the la A-> A'^ B"-> B'^ B, hoac A^ A'^ B"^ B Theo dd, d A' da cd nhan td mdi khac A nhung chua ro la nhan td B. O A" cd them nhan to mdi nhung cung chua rd la nhan td B. d B" bat dau cd nhan to B nhung chua ro lim. 0 B' thi nhan td B da ro nhung chua day dii. Can cu vao sa do dd va qua xem xet cac quan he sd hiru hien dai cd the ndi hien nay, xet ve tinh chai XHCN ciia sd hiru thi da cd d trang thai B", tham chi la B', con trang thai A' va A" thi da rai rd, nhung trang thai B, tire sd huu XHCN hoan chinh chua hinh thanh day dii, dien hinh. 21. Xem xet van de d binh dien hinh thai kinh te xa hoi, se thay tinh dinh hudng XHCN the hien a nhilu ITnh vuc: kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi 22. Khi phan tich cau tnic va cd che van ddng vi md ciia cac quan he sd hiru Uong cac nen kinh te thi tnrdng phat trie'n hien nay gdn vdi sir van dong, phat triSn ciia luc luong san xuai hien dai, chiing ta se thay rd su chuyen hda cd tinh chai tien hda tiing budc ca vl mat co cau va ca che van ddng cia sd huu (cai thudng duoc goi la su tu dilu chinh ciia CNTB), tir sd huu tu nhan TBCN sang sd huu tap the TBCN, tiep tuc sang sd hiiu tap the cd tinh chai XHCN ngay cang nhilu. Qua dd cho thay ro su ra ddi va tdn tai khach quan cac hinh thu:c sd huu ft nhieu mang tinh XHCN Uong hien thuc chu khdng phai la sir tudng tucmg, duy ly hay phai do nhan td chii quan, tu giac tao ra nhu quan niem ciia nhilu ngudi hien nay. Tir dd cd the khing dinh sir ra ddi cda sd huu XHCN va tinh dinh hudng XHCN cua kinh te thi trudng la mot thuc te khach quan, chir khdng phai la sir gan ghep khien cuong. Nhu vay kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng XHCN la mot nac thang tien hda nhd Uong tien trinh phat trien ciia xa hdi chu: khdng phai la phuong tien nhu quan niem hien nay. Xem them: "Cau thanh quan he sd huu, cac tinh chai va xu hudng van ddng ciia nd". Tap chi Nghien cu:u kinh te, sd 12, nam 2009, tr.3 cua cimg tac gia. Nghien cdu Kinti ti s6 380 • Tiling 1/2010 Ve nen kinh te thi truang nghia vu sd hiiu, ngay cang phai sinh nhieu quyen va nghia vti sci hiiu, rat phong phii, da dang (R. Koud va A. Altrian cho la mpt "chum tia" gdm 11 quyeV^; nhat la cd sU tach biet, phan hda, chuyen biet hda cac quyen nang khac nhau, lam cho quyen sci hiiu phai sinh ngay cang "thu gpn" chi cdn la quyen hUdng ldi, thuc dung, tach hin khdi qua trinh san xuat kinh doanh. Ve ldi ich sd hiiu, ldi ich do qua trinh sd hiiu mang lai rat ldn ve quy mo, da dang ve tinh chat, cd kha nang thoa man nhu cau cua chti the sd hiiu mang tinh xa hpi, dai chiing. Dac biet la trong cau tnic va cd che van dpng ciia nhiing hinh thUc sd hiiu mdi nay, sU phan cong, phan quyen gan lien vdi sU phan chia ldi ich, van dpng theo xu hUdng: vai trd ciia cac chti the sd hiiu vd'n ngay cang giam va chii the sd hiiu siic lao dpng ngay cang tang, tii dd cho thay rd sU khac biet giUa sd hiiu tap the TBCN va sd hiiu tap the mang tinh XHCN. Vi cd che van dgng cua nin kinh te: nen kinh te van van hanh theo cac quy luat chung ciia kinh te thi trUdng nhU quy luat gia tri, gia tri thang dU, canh tranh, cung cau v.v nhUng cd them nhiing quy luat mdi mang tinh XHCN xua't hien^'*, do bu6c phat trien mdi ctia lUc lUdng san xua't. Dd la cd che thi trUdng cd tinh tu dpng cao hdn trong viec dam bao tinh hieu qua va cong bing ctia nen kinh te, mac dii vin cdn phai ket hdp vdi sU quan ly dieu tiet cua nha nUdc, nhUng la nha nUdc "thong minh" hdn. Vi phdn phdi: vin thtic hien phan pho'i lan dau theo miic ddng gdp cac yeu to' san xua't, ddng thdi da cd sU chia se mpt phan gia tri thang du cho ngUdi lao dpng d miic dp nha't dinh theo chat lUdng, hieu qua lao dpng va co xu hudng ngay cang tang. - Ba la, vai trd chti quan cd y nghia rat quan trpng, song cai khach quan mdi la nhan td cd ban, quyet dinh tinh dinh hudng XHCN cua nen kinh te. Do la sU tho'ng nha't va dau tranh giiia cac chti the do'i lap ben trong mdi quan he sd hiiu va giiia cac chu the thupc cac loai hinh, hinh thtic thUc hien sd hiiu khac nhau dUdc bieu hien ra d sti tho'n'g nhat va dau tranh, canh tranh giiia cac chti the thi trUdng, trong do c6 ca nha nUdc vdi tU each la nha dau tU san xuat kinh doanh. Chinh cai khach quan do la nhan to' thiic day sU van dpng tCf sd hiiu tU nhan chuyen dan thanh sd hiiu tap the TBCN, rdi thanh sd hiiu cong cpng XHCN, chii khong ai co the tti giac sang tao ra^^. Dieu dd co nghia la tinh dinh hudng XHCN nim d cd sd ciia ddi so'ng kinh te, ngay ben trong moi te bao kinh te chii khong phai do cac nhan to' thuoc kien tnic thUdng tang quye't dinh. Tuy nhien, cai chu quan la nhan to' rat quan trpng trong viec thiic day nhanh, nit ngin qua trinh phat trien va bdt tra gia do tranh dUdc nhiing dich dac lich sii. Song, nd ciing cd the kim ham sU phat trien neu mic phai sai lam chu quan, ndng voi, hoac bao thu. Vai tro cua nhan to' chii quan do'i vdi Viet Nam cang c6 y nghia to ldn hdn, bdi nhieu nguyen nhan: diem xua't phat thap, di sau, phai canh tranh vdi cac do'i thii khdng can siic, chuyen tii kinh te ke hoach hda tap trung sang kinh te'thi trUdng 2.2. Dac diem cua nen hinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam Nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN d Viet Nam ciing cd nhiing dac trUng chung neu tren, ngoai ra con co nhiing dac diem rieng nhU sau: (1) Nen kinh te Viet Nam khdng phai qua dp tii nen kinh te thi trUdng phat trien cao, ma la tii nen kinh te hang hda thuan ndng tien tu ban, cac yeu to' thi trUdng dang trong qua trinh hinh thanh; lai vtfa trai qua nhieu nam, nhieu cuoc chien tranh, nen cd diem xua't phat thap. 23. Theo Nguyin Van Thao va Nguyin Him Dat (2004), Mot so vdn de ve sd iiuu a nudc ta hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri qud'c gia. Ha Ndi, tr. 15 24. De lam ro nhung quy luat mdi nay cdn cd mdt de tai nghien cihi rieng. 25. Theo chiing tdi cac chuang trinh, phong trao van dpng cham lo cho ngudi ngheo the hien ro chii nghia nhan dao, tir thien cao dep ciia che dp ta, nhung dd chua phai la CNXH theo quan niem ciia kinh te chinh tri hpc, mac du CNXH mang tinh nhan dao hon hin so vdi CNTB, bdi tinh nhan dao ciia CNXH the ngay uong ban than cac quy luat kinh te khach quan ciia nd. 10 Nghien cdu Kinh ti so 380 • Tiling 1/2010 Ve nen kinh te thi truang (2) Nen kinh te dUdc "ddi mdi" tii che dp hien vat, ke hoach hda tap trung, bao cap, khep kin, dUa tren nhiing hinh thiic td chiic kinh te cdng hiiu mang nang tinh hinh thiic, kem hieu qua sang van dpng thtic sU theo cac quy luat thi trUdng va md cijta, hoi nh^p qudc te. (3) Su phat trien cua nen kinh te Viet Nam chiu sii tac dpng manh me, tich cUc ciia nhan to' chii quan. Dd la sU lanh dao ciia Dang va Nha nUdc, qua thtic tien da cho thay ro tinh diing din, sang suot, tich cUc, nha't la khi thiic hien dUdng lo'i ddi mdi den nay. Ddng thcii, dUdc thiic hien bdi mpt dan tpc cd truyen tho'ng doan ket, yeu nU6c, bat khuat, kien cUdng va tinh than cau tien; trai qua chien tranh chiu nhieu hy sinh gian kho, lai dUdc tiep thu chii nghia Mac - Lenin, tii dd cd y chi va kha nang vUdn len phat trien manh me dat nudc theo tU tUdng XHCN. Do nhiing dac diem dd nen nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam chiu sU tac dpng chi phdi ddng thdi va dan xen lan nhau ciia nhieu qua trinh, quy luat khach quan va chii quan rat phiic tap nhU: qua trinh cdng nghiep hda gin lien vdi hien dai hda, dd thi hda va toan ciu hda; qua trinh tich tu, tap trung TBCN va XHCN, TUc la dang dien ra ddng thdi song song va no'i tiep nhau hai qua trinh khach quan cd ban la qua trinh tha hda lao dpng va tha hda tU ban, ca hai deu dien ra manh me, trong dd qua trinh tha hda lao dpng diln ra manh me hdn, tuy co sU phu thupc nha't dinh va sU tac dpng tich cUc cua cac nhan to' chu quan. 3. NhiJng van de co tinh nguyen tac trong viec phat trien nen kinh te thi trifdfng Viet Nam theo dinh hifdngXHCN Tii nhiing dac trUng chung cd tinh khach quan ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN va nhiing dac diem rieng cua Viet Nam nhu tren, de thiic day phat trien nhanh nen kinh te Viet Nam theo cd che thi trUdng va dinh hudng XHCN, can nim viing nhiing van de cd tinh nguyen tic nhU sau: 1- Phdi phdt huy cao do tinh tich ciic, ndng dgng, sdng tgo cua nhdn to' chu quan, song phdi ndm vdng, ton trgng vd tudn thu nghiem ngdt cdc quy ludt khdch quan trong qud trinh xdy diing, phdt trien kinh te xd hoi de trdnh pham sai lam cd hai khuynh hiidng chu quan, nong voi hoac bdo thu, tri tre: Nguyen tic nay ddi hdi phai nhan thiic va nim bit dUdc tinh khach quan ciia mo hinh kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN de van dung cho phu hdp. Khdng qua de cao hoac phii nhan vai trd tich cUc cua nhan to' chii quan ciia Dang, Nha nUdc va nhan dan, de tranh dan tdi lap lai sai lam chu quan, duy y chi trUdc day, hoac di tU cUc nay sang cUc khac. Sli phat trien lUc lUdng san xua't la nhan to' quye't dinh cho sU ra ddi va phat trien ciia quan he san xua't, quan he sd hiiu, nhUng quan he sd hUu ciing cd sii tac dpng thiic day tich ciic do'i vdi sU phat trien ciia Itic lUdng san xua't. Cho nen, de thiic day lUc lUdng san xua't phat trien nhanh, ben viing, phai tim ra nhiing hinh thiic sd hUu mdi, phu hdp vdi thiic tien nham thiic day lUc lUdng san xua't phat trien. Dd la bien chUng giUa cai khach quan va chii quan. Vai trd quan trpng cua chii quan la d chd tim ra nhiing hinh thdc quan he sdn xudt phil hdp hdn de thdc ddy liic liidng sdn xudt phdt trien nhanh, it phdi trd gid hdn. Tuy nhien, quan he san xua't, quan he sd hUu la cai "tii nhien, khach quan", mud'n xac lap phai tuan thu va bao dam cac dieu kien khach quan cua nd, neu khdng thi se lap lai sai lam trUdc day. 2- Phdi CO quan niem bien chdng, hien thi/c vi sdhdu vd thdnh phdn kinh te: Can thay ring bat cii hinh thiic sd hiiu va kinh te nao mang lai ldi ich deu cd cd sd de nd tdn tai, do dd can dUdc ton trpng va phat huy, khong nen dinh kien; song ciing khdng cd Ipai hinh sd hiiu nao la toi Uu, tot dep mpt each ly tudng, khdng cd mat trai, khong cd mau thuan ben trong va ben ngoai. Tuy nhien, trong tiing thdi ky lich si, bao gid ciing cd nhiing hinh thiic sd hiiu (dUdc the hien thong qua nhUng hinh thiic td chtic kinh te cu the) cd siic sdng ndi trpi, phat trien ngay cang nhieu, trd thanh Itic lUdng, xu the phat trien chii dao cua nen kinh te. Can phat hien, nam bat tac dpng thiic Nghi4n cOu Kinh li si 380 - Thing 1/2010 11 Ve nen kinh te thj truang day phat trien nhanh lUc lUdng, xu the dd, ddng thdi chii dpng kiem soat, han che nhiing mat trai do nd gay ra. Tii dd, can xem xet lai vai trd khach quan va thiic chat cua kinh te nha nUdc de dau tU va sii dting phii hdp, cd hieu qua. Thtic te cho thay, day la lUc lUdng vat chat manh me cd kha nang giiip Nha nUdc chi pho'i nen kinh te theo hai hudng - ciing cd the coi la hai chiic nang chinh ciia thanh phan kinh te nay: trUdc het, dd la cong cii dieu tiet nen kinh te, bao dam dn dinh kinh te vi mo; hai Id, luc lUdng kinh te giiip Nha nUdc dinh hudng, md dUdng, thiic day cac thanh phan va nen kinh te phat trien nhanh theo hUdng cong nghiep hda, hien dai hoa va XHCN. NhU vay, kinh te nha nUdc cd vai tro ctic ky quan trpng khdng the thieu, nhUng vin la "chat xiic tac", nd giiip thtic day, dan dat va hieu chinh sii phat trien hdn la thanh phan chinh, la nen tang cua sU phat trien. Mat khac, kinh te nha nudc ciing chua hin la kinh te XHCN, nhieu doanh nghiep nha nUdc op ep, thua 16 keo dai dd phai chang la doanh nghiep XHCN. Do vay, nen tang ciia sU phat trien phai thupc khu vUc kinh te dan doanh va tinh chat XHCN cua nen kinh te ciing phai dUdc the hien chinh trong khu vUc nay, trong dp thanh phan kinh te co cd sd vat chat ky thuat tien tien va trinh dp xa hpi hoa cao la Itic lUdng chii dao cua sU phat trien'^, nhU vay mdi phii hdp vdi lap trUdng duy vat bien chiing va quan diem dan la go'c, each mang la sii nghiep ciia nhan dan. Bing cai nhin thiic tiln, bien chiing dd'i vdi sd hiiu tu nhan va kinh te tU nhan, can thay sU ra ddi ciia sd hiiu XHCN la tii sd hiiu tU nhan TBCN phat trien dat trinh dp xa hpi hda cao. Viet Nam cdn san xua't nhd, sd hiiu tU nhan nhd yeu, do dd thiic day sd hiiu tU nhan TBCN phat trien ciing chinh la tao tien de cho sti ra ddi ciia sd hiiu XHCN. D6 la con dUdng dl len CNXH phii hdp vdi thiic tien nUdc ta, cho nen: " phat trien khu vUc tU nhan la yeu td thiic day manh me, hieu qua nha't dinh hudng XHCN"^' la nhan dinh c6 ly. Tuy vay, khong nen chi dting lai d tao tien de ma con can thtic day nhanh sU ra ddi cua cac hinh thiic sd hiiu mang tinh XHCN tii thap den cao, bing nhiing bien phap tich ciic nhiing khong duy y chi nhU: khuyen khich phat trien cac hinh thiic kinh te cd phan, hdp tac xa ce phan, cd phan hda cac doanh nghiep, cdng ty tu nhan; tiep tuc day manh cd phan hda doanh nghiep nha nUdc; Nha nUdc ciing cd the bd vd'n ra thanh lap doanh nghiep tren nhiing linh viic quan trong, thiet yeu ma tU nhan khong dii siic hoac sd riii ro rdi cd phan hda de nhieu ngUdi tham gia va Nha nUdc cd vd'n thanh lap tiep Do la sU the hien tinh chii dpng, sang tao, nhUng ciing rat de din den chii quan, duy y chi, cho nen phai than trpng, thii nghiem cd ke't qua mdi trien khai tiep. 3- Phdi lay con ngiidi Idm trung tdm, Id dgng liic vd Id muc tieu cua sii phdt trien: Tinh XHCN the hien d con ngUdi nim d vi tri trung tam, giii vai trd la nhan to' quyet dinh td'c dp va chat lUdng cua sU phat trien chii khong phai vd'n, ky thuat. Do do, phai cham lo va phat huy td'i da nhan to' con ngUdi, quan tam nang cao chat lUdng ngudn nhan Itic, thiet thUc cham lo ldi ich chinh dang va bao dam day dii quyen lam chii cua nhan dan, tao ra dpng lUc va siic manh to ldn nha't, ciing la muc tieu cao nha't ciia sU phat trien dat nudc. Dieu nay cang co y nghia quan trpng hdn do'i vdi Viet Nam la qud'c gia dong dan, it vd'n, con ngUdi la ngudn Itic chu yeu va la nhan to' quye't dinh phat trien dat nUdc. Mat khac, phdi thiic hien tien bg vd cong bdng xd hoi ngay trong tiing biidc vd tiing chinh sdch phdt trien: can khuyen khich mpi ngUdi lam giau hdp phap, ddng thdi xay diing, hpan thien he tho'ng chinh sach an sinh xa hpi, xda doi giam ngheo, bao dam cung cap cac hang hda, dich vu cong cpng thiet yeu, binh dang cho moi ngUdi dan. Song, can thay ring, tinh cong bing ciia sd hiiu XHCN, trUdc het la d phan pho'i lan dau, nhd the ma nd dam bae tinh nang suat, hieu qua hdn han so vdi sd hiiu tu nhan, chti khong phai d phan phdi lai. Do do, can co chinh sach khuyen khich tiing 26. d day "chii dao" duac hieu la lire lupng chinh, thi hien xu the chinh ciia sir phat triin. ' 27. Tran Dinh Thien (2007), Da din. 12 NghiSn cdu Kinh ti so 380 - Tiling 1/2010 [...]... viia hinh thanh, phat trien kinh te thi trUdng TBCN, vUa chuyen hda kinh te thi trUdng TBCN len kinh te thi trUdng XHCN Tinh "kep" dd ddi hdi, de thiic day nen kinh te Viet Nam phat trien nhanh hdn theo dinh hudng XHCN nha't thiet phai khuyen khich phat trien manh me cac thanh phan, hinh thiic kinh te dtia tren tieu chi ldi ich, hieu qua kinh te xa hpi, nha't la cac hinh thiic kinh te dan doanh; song khdng... kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN la mpt nac thang tien hda mdi cua kinh te thi trUdng trong qua trinh van dpng di len CNXH Do xua't phat thap va chuyen ddi tii kinh te ke hoach hda tap trung, bao cap, nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam cd dac diem rieng la tinh kep trong sU van dpng, phat trien Nghia la trpng nen kinh te dang dien ra song song va nd'i tiep nhau hai qua trinh khach... giai doan phat trien ma kinh te thi trUdng la mpt giai doan ldn, tat yeu, chii khong phai la phUdng tien co t h e tiiy n g h i sii dung hay Nghien cau Kinli ti so 380 - Thing 1/2010 khdng Trong giai doan dd, cd nhieu thdi ky phat trien va kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN la thdi ky qua dp tii kinh te thi trUdng tu ban dpc quyen nha nUdc sang kinh te thi trUdng XHCN Nhu vay, kinh te thi trUdng dinh... Lap (2005): "Cd phSn hda doanh nghiep nha nudc theo phuang thiic XHCN", Tap chi Phdt trie'n kinh te'sd 174, thdng 4-2005 tr.24 29 Cung cd the gpi day la qua Uinh xa hdi hda, uu viet hda sd huu Qua trinh nay cd ndi dung rdng ban qua trinh hinh thanh cac hinh thiic td chirc kinh te cd phan, kinh te da sd hiru, kinh te cd sd hiJu hdn hap, sd hiiu xa hdi ndi chung 13 ...Ve nen kinh te thi truang budc thuc hien phan chia ldi nhuan cho ngUdi lao dpng theo phUdng thiic "vdn hda lao dpng"^l 4- Phdi gidi quyet tdt mdi quan he gida dgc lap tii chu vd hoi nhap qudc te trong qud trinh xdy diing vd phdt trien nin kinh te Viet Nam theo hiidng thi triidng vd CNXH Phai chii dpng, tich cUc hpi nhap tranh thii... ham sU phat trien ciia nen kinh te dat nUdc va xu hudng phat trien cua nd De lam td't vai trd cua minh Dang va Nha nUdc Viet Nam phai n i m vUng, tdn trpng va tuan thii cac quy luat khach quan, ddng thdi phai phat huy cao dp tinh tich ciic cua minh Mudn vay Dang va Nha nUdc phai nang cao tam tri tue, kien toan td chiic can bp, ddi mdi phUdng thiic tac dpng cua minh den nen kinh te va xa hpi ndi chung,... triidng vd CNXH Phai chii dpng, tich cUc hpi nhap tranh thii siic manh ciia thdi dai de thiic day nhanh sii phat trien ciia dat nUdc theo dinh hUdng XHCN va vUdn len giii vai trd xiing dang trong nen kinh te the gidi; khong nen dinh kien chinh tri mpt each ciic doan, dan den dd'i dau va tti cd lap minh; nhUng ciing khdng vi the ma xem nhe tinh dpc lap tU chu, de dan tdi bi hda tan, hoac le thuoc vao . dai, nen tang cua nen kinh te phai gom 3 bp phan la: kinh te nha nUdc, kinh te tap the va kinh te' da sd hiiu (kinh te cd phan, kinh te cd sd hiiu hdn hdp), trong dd kinh te nha nUdc . thanh phan kinh te ciing phat trien, trong dd kinh te nha niidc giut vai trd chu dao, kinh te nha niidc va kinh te tap the ngay cang trd thanh nen tang viing chSc cua nen kinh te qudc. KINH TE CHINH TRI Ve nen kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng xa hoi chu nghTa 6 Viet Nam DAM KIEN LAP Jlfto hinh kinh te thi triCdng dinh hiXdng XHCN^