LICH sCr - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU 5Lf TRANH CHAP LANH TH(5GILJA CAC QU(3c GIA TREN BAN 'dko DANCANG TRONG NHITNG NAM CUOI THE KY XIX - DAU THE KY XX PGS. TS. Dao Tuan Thanh Trw&ng Dai hpc Sir pham Ha Npi 1. Vao thdi Can dai, bau het ban dao Bancang (Balkan) deu chju sy th6ng trj trye tiep hay gian tiep cua de qu6c Ottoman. Sau nhieu the ky nam dudi su n6 djch cua de quoc H6i giao nay, do tac dgng ctia nhting chinh sach cai trj ma cac hoang de Ottoman (Suntan) thuc thi, khu vuc lanh th6 rgng ldn d phia nam va dong nam Au da c6 nhieu bien doi ldn, phuc tap ve kinh te, xa hgi, van boa, dan tpc, t6n giao, lanh thd Trong do, sy thay d6i ve dien tieh Idnh thd ctia cac "qu6c gia ljch str" tren ban dao da lam bien dang dudng bien gidi, tao ra khdng it nhtrng phtrc tap, phien toai trong mdi quan he gitia cac quoc gia dpc lap se Ian lugt dugc thanh lap trong thi ky XIX va diu thi ky XX. Trong mpt thdi gian kha dai, ten gpi cua cac "qu6c gia Ijch str" nam tren ban dao Bancang bi bien mat tren ban d6 chinh tri chau Au can dai, ca khu vuc lanh tho rpng hon ntra trieu km nay la lanh th6 dae quyln ctia hoang de Ottoman. Co thi coi nam 1683 la thdi ky hoang kim ctia dl quIc Ottoman sau khi no kiem soat dugc mgt lanh thi rgng ldn vit ngang qua ba chau luc (Au, A, Phi). Ttr nhiing nam cudi cung cua the ky XVII', dudng bien gidi cua de qude Ottoman ngay mgt bi thu hep, thdi ky lam mua Iam gio tren san khau qu6c te cua de quoc Ottoman dan qua di. Ttr cudi the ki XVIII, cudng quoc de quoc Hoi giao duy nhat tren the gidi thdi can dai Iam vao khting hoang toan dien. Sy suy yeu cua de quoc Ottoman ve mat khach quan da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho cac dan tgc sinh s6ng tren ban dao Bancang vting day dau tranh giai phdng dan tgc, gianh Iai dgc lap, ty do, xay dung cac qu6c gia dan tgc th6ng nhat theo m6 binh cua phuong Tay^. Dau the ky XIX, chinh tinh than dau tranh ben bi ctia cac dan tgc sinh s6ng tren ban dao Bancang da dua den su ra ddi cua ' Theo nhu danh gia cua nha su hoc My, Barbara Jelavich, tir thoa thuan giira cac cuang quoc chau Au (Juac quy dinh trong noi dung Hiep dinh Karlowitz nam 1699, "Je qude Ottoman phdi thudng xuyen nhudng lgi nhung viing lanh thd ciia minh cho cdc cudng quoc Thiin chiia gido" [Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul al XX - lea {Lich sic Bancang thi ky XX), Vien Chau Au, lasi, 2O0O, tr.l2 (tieng Rumani)]. ^ Xem them, Dao Tuan Thanh, Anh huang ciia bdn "Tuyin ngdn Nhdn quyin vd Ddn quyin" ndm 1789 ddi vdi qud trinh xdy dung Nhd nudc Rumani thai Can dgi, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Chau Au, so 5 (47), 2002. 48 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (1151.2010 cac qu6c gia dpc lap. Nam 1830, Serbia da gianh dugc quyen ty trj trong khuon kh6 de qu6c Ottoman. Cung trong nam 1830, Hy Lap tra thanh qu6c gia dau tien tren ban dao Bancang gianh lai dugc dpc lap, ty chti sau nhieu the ky bj n6 djch bdi the lye ngoai bang, tuy rang, lanh th6 ctia nudc Hy Lap dpc lap chi mdi chiem mpt phan tu nhung vting dat CO da s6 ngudi Hy Lap sinh s6ng^ Nam 1859, cac cong qu6c tren s6ng Danuyp la Moldova va Valabia da th6ng nhat thanh mpt qu6c gia duy nhat, dugc de qu6c Ottoman cho hudng quyen ty trj. dudi su trj vi ctia mpt vj vua chung. Alexandru loan Cuza. dat nen mong cho sir ra ddi ctia nudc Rumani dpc lap sau nay"*. Hgi nghj Berlin (Dtrc) nam 1878 da tao ra mgt budc ngoat quan trpng trong ljch str dau tranh gianh dpc lap ctia cac dan tpc sinh song tren ban dao Bancang\ Npi dung ciia Hiep djnh Berlin da c6iig nhan nen dgc lap cua ba quoc gia Bancang la Rumani, Serbia va Montenegro; con Bungari thi gianh dugc quyen tu trj^. Dieu dang chii y la, ben canh viec c6ng nhan nen dgc lap ctia ba qu6c gia tren ban dao Bancang, cac cudng qude chau Au tham du ' Dan theo, Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.l3. Xem them, Dao Tuan Thanh, Dao - Zamfirescu Loredana Ariadna, Vai trd cua vua .Alexandru loan Cuza trong qud trinh thdng nhdt cdc vuong qude Rumani (1859 - 1866). Tap chi Nahien ciiu Chau Au, s6 6 (48), 2002. ' Xem them, Dao Tuan Thanh, \'c\n di phuang Ddng trong quan hi quoc te a chdu .hi vdo thdp nien 70 ciia the ky XIX. Tap chi Nghien cuu Lich su, s6 11 + 12 (391+392), 2008, tr.98- 108. Documcnte privind Istoria Romdniei. Rdzhoiul pentni Independentd {Tu lieu ve Lich su Rumani. Chien Iranh gidnh ddc Icip), tap IX, tr.370 - 384 (tigng Rumani). Hgi nghj Berlin (Anh. Dtrc. Phap. Ao - Hung, Italia, Nga va Ottoman) cdn quyet djnh mgt van de quan trgng khac. do chinh la \'an de cat. nhugng. d6i chae cac \'ting lanh th6 khac nhau tren ban dao Bancang, nham giam bdt anh hucmg ctia Nga d khu vyc nay. dong thdi lam thoa man tham vgng cua cac cudng quoc dang cam can nay myc trong quan he quoc te d chau Au khi do. Ben canh nen dgc lap dugc c6ng nhan. Serbia va Montenegro cdn dugc sap nhap them mpt s6 vting lanh th6 nh6; Hy Lap dugc nhan Tesalia. mgt phan Epir: Rumani dugc nhan vting lanh th6 phia Nam Dobrogea tiep giap vdi Bien Den (v6n thuoc quyen cai trj ctia de qu6c Ottoman); rieng Ao - Hung, mac dti kb6ng tham gia trong cugc chien tranh Nga - Ottoman (1877 - 1878), song nhd sy thien vj ctia nudc chu nha Dtrc nen van dugc chia phan, Ao - Hung dugc quyen quan ly va chiem ddng Bosnia - Herzegovina cung nhu CO quyen dong quan d dai dat Novi Pazar/Bazar; Nga dugc nhan lai 3 tinh \'6n thuoc Rumani d phia Nam Basarabia ttrng bi mat nam 1856 sau that bai trong Chien tranh Crirm (1853 - 1856); Anh cting bupc Ottoman nhudng cho minh quyen kiem soat dao Sip (Cipru), tien ddn kh6ng che vting bien rgng ldn cd tam chien luge d Dja Trung Hai; dti bai tran, Ottoman van tiep tyc kiem soat Macedonia (Maxeddnia) va D6ng Rumelia. Ket qua ctia Hgi nghj Berlin cho ' Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d. tr. 16; Dao Tuan Thanh, Vdn de phuong Ddng trong quan hi qude li a chdu .4u vdo thdp nien 70 cua thi k)' XIX, Nghien ctru Lich sir, so 11 + 12 (391+392), 2008, tr. 104 - 105. Sui trunh cliafi Idnh thd 49 thay rang ''Bancang Id mdt sdn choi ldn tren bdn ed quan he qude te de cho ede cudng qude chdu Au the hien uy lue vd vj the eiia minh. Tuy nhdn ddn cdc nudc Bancd.'g dd dd nhieu xuong mdu vl nen ddc lap, tie do cua Td qude, song quyen lai ddn tde ciia ho lgi ludn ludn phu thudc vdo tham vong, toan tinh vd nhicng lpi ich cua ede cudng qude chdu Au" . Co the thay, sau Hgi nghi Berlin nam 1878, ngoai nhiing viing lanh th6 nam dudi su th6ng tri true tiep hay gian tiep ctia de quoc Ottoman (Macedonia, Anbani, D6ng Rumelia, c6ng qu6c tu tri Bungari), tren ban dao Bancang da ton tai it nhat 4 nha nudc dpc lap (Hy Lap, Rumani, Serbia, Montenegro). Sau khi gianh Iai chti quyen quoc gia, cac qu6c gia nay da day manh qua trinh hpi nhap vao "kh6ng gian phat trien phuang Tay". Trong nhting nam cuo' the ky XIX - dau the ky XX, nhd viec day manh cong nghiep boa, nen kinh te tu ban chti nghia d 4 qude gia Bancang nay da co su khdi sac; d6ng thdi qua trinh xay dung cac the che nha nudc theo m6 binh phuong Tay cting dugc xuc tien manh me. Tuy vay, lien quan den van de lanh thd, cac qu6c gia mdi gianh dugc dgc lap kh6ng he thoa man vdi nhiing quyet djnh ctia Hdi nghi Berlin. Trong qua trinh phat trien cua minh, Serbia, Hy Lap, Rumani va Bungari, tham chi ca Anbani (tuy chua gianh dugc ddc lap) deu nu6i tham Dao Tuan Thanh, Vdn de phuang Ddng trong quan he qude ti a chdu Au vdo thdp nien 70 cua thi ky XLX. Nghien ciru Lich sir, s6 11 + 12 (391+ 392), 2008, tr. 106. vgng ve lanh th6, deu mu6n md rpng den mtre t6i da cuong vuc ctia minh. Sy khting hoang sau sac, su suy yeu cua de quoc Ottoman trong nhiing thap nien cu6i cting cua the ki XIX va hai thap nien dau cua the ky XX nhu "khich le" them tham vpng ctia cac quoc gia Bancang. U'dc mu6n thanh lap cac nha nudc Idn, bao gdp cac vting dat cd dai da sd ngudi Hy Lap, ngudi Serbia, ngudi Bungari, ngudi Rumani hay ngudi Anbani sinh sdng trong mpt kh6ng gian lanh th6 duy nhat da khien cho ddi sdng quan he qu6c te d khu vuc nay v6n da phtrc tap lai cang phtrc tap ban. Ben canh su can thiep, chi ph6i, thao tiing ciia cac cudng qu6c chau Au, gid day, Iai xuat hien them mau thuan giiia cac qu6c gia Bancang. Trong khoang thdi gian ttr 1887 den 1908, do cac cudng qu6c chau Au va the gidi dang ban tam nhieu ban d cac khu vyc khac (chau A, chau Phi), nen su quan tam ctia bp ddi vdi ban dao Bancang nhu trong cac the ky XVIII va XIX kh6ng c6n ntia. Nhd vay ma ban dao Bancang cd dugc su binh yen ngan ngtii, thuc chat, do chi la su "tich gio", chuan bj cho nhiing tran cu6ng phong sap n6 ra sau do. Ve phia ede cudng qude chdu Au, do hg dang danh tat ca tam luc trong cugc tranh cudp thuoc dia d chau A, chau Phi va giai quyet cac van de ngi bg nen tam "sao lang" nhting rac r6i d Bancang, kh6ng mong mu6n n6 ra bat ctr mdt cugc khung hoang nao d khu vyc nay. Ve phia cdc qude gia ddc lap tre tudi tren bdn ddo Bancang, mac dti tat ca hg deu c6 nhung tham vgng ve lanh thd nam ngoai 50 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (1151.2010 „9 dudng bien gidi da dugc cdng nhan , song sau khi trd thanh nhiing nha nudc dan tgc ddc lap, hg cd rat nhieu van de quan trgng cap bach can phai giai quyet lien quan den sir phat trien nen kinh te, cai thien mtre sdng cua ngudi dan. Tinh trang lac hau cua nen kinh te do hau qua nhieu nam chiu ach nd dich cua de qu6c Ottoman la can trd to Idn doi vdi viec tang cudng tiem lire kinh te - tai chinh, qu6c phdng cua mdi qude gia cQng nhu ban che kha nang nang cao mirc s6ng cua ngudi dan. Chi cd su khdi sac cap tien cua nen kinh te qu6c gia mdi cd the cho phep cac nha nudc d Bancang cung cd dugc nen dgc lap non tre, mdi gianh dugc su ung hg cua ngudi dan, bao ve dugc Td qude trudc su nh6m ngo cua ke thu cti va mdi, d6ng thdi tao dugc "strc hut" doi vdi dong bao cua minh dang sdng ben ngoai dudng bien gidi quoc gia. 2. Ket qua cua Hgi nghi Berlin nam 1878 da gieo mam nhiing bat on ve lanh th6 trong m6i quan he gitia cac qu6c gia Bancang dgc lap. Viec gianh giat quyen kiem soat Macedonia la mgt minh chung dien hinh cho su tranh chap lanh th6 gitia cac qude gia Bancang trong nhiing nam culi the ky XIX - dau the ky XX. Macedonia cd dien tich 25.000 dam vuong (64.000 km^), vdi si dan la 2.000.000 ngudi"'. Cho din tan culi the ky XIX, Macedonia van chua phai la mgt quoc gia dgc lap c6 mgt dudng bien gidi ro rang, ma dang chiu su thdng tri cua de quIc Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.17. '" Barbara J^avich, s.d.d, tr.88. Ottoman. Lanh thd Macedonia la su bao ggp cua 3 bg phan chu yeu: Selanik, Kosovo va Bitola. Nhin tdng the, dudng ranh gidi tu nhien ciia Macedonia cd the xac dinh nhu sau: phia bac la rang mii ®ar, phia d6ng la rang niii Rodopi, phfa nam la bien Egee (Egie), rang mii Olimp va rang niii Find, phia tay la hd Ohrida. Tinh trang s6ng dan xen gitia cac cgng dong dan cu chinh d Macedonia la kha phd bien. Ngudi ta da xac dinh dugc rang cd 8 cgng ddng dan cu chti yeu sinh sdng d Macedonia: ngudi Th6 NhT Ki, ngudi Bungari, ngudi Hy Lap, ngudi Serbia, ngudi Anbani, ngudi Vlahi , ngudi Do Thai (Evrei) va ngudi Digan'^. Tuy la vung dat ngheo ve tai nguyen thien nhien, song Macedonia Iai nam d vi tri chien luge tren ban dao Bancang, thu hiit dugc su chu y cua cac cudng quoc chau Au. Cuoi the ky XIX, Ao - Hung la de quoc nam quyen kiem soat Bosina - Herzegovina va vting Novi Pazar, luon nhdm ngd Macedonia, qua do hy vgng khdng che ca mgt lanh tho rgng Idn ttr phia bien Egee. Nga va Anh cung rat quan tam den Macedonia bdi sy gan giii cua no d6i vdi cac eo Bien Den va vai trd cua no trong viec thiet lap su can bang luc lugng d khu vuc nay. Cdn doi vdi cac quoc gia tren ban dao Bancang, nudc nao nam dugc quyen Vlahi (con co ten gpi la Aromani) la cong dong nguai noi mpt ngon ngii gan gui voi nguai Rumani, song rai rac a viing lanh tho Macedonia. Culi th§ ky XIX, Chinh phti Rumani bat dau bay to sir quan tam ve lai ich ciia minh a Macedonia. Tuy Rumani khong the sap nhap bat ky viing lanh tho nao ciia Macedonia vao trong duong bien giai ciia minh, song co thS Macedonia se duac Rumani diing de doi chae vai viing dat khac. '^ Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.88. (Su tranli elidfi Idnli tlii) 51 kJcm soat d6i \'di Macedonia d6ng ngliTa vdi \'jcc chiem dugc vj tri chien luge co the kli6ng che toan bg ban dao Bancang. Den cu6i the ky XIX. co den 4 qu6c gia tre i ban dao Bancang tuyen b6 c6ng khai doi boi quyen sd hti'u cua minh d6i vdi Macedonia, do lii Bungari, Hy Lap, Serbia va Rumani. Co sd cho nhiing lap luan ctia cac nudc nay dua tren 3 tieu chi co ban: nen lung Hch sw. thdnh phun dun ldc cuu eu dun va sic cdn thiet duy tri cdn bung lice lirang. Neu dya vao yeu t6 "ljch str" thi Hy Lap la nudc c6 nhieu lgi the nhat, bdi le Macedonia ttrng la mpt bp phan etia Hy Lap c6 dai. Con Bungari va Serbia thi cho rang Macedonia la mpt bp phan ciia cac de qu6e Bungari hay Serbia thdi trung dai. Phan ldn cu dan Macedonia d trong tinh trang mti chu. tham chl kb6ng t6n tai mpt loai chu viet nao. Vice khong CO bat ctr tai lieu ljch str nao vc sy ton tai cua mpt nha nudc Macedonia Slavo da khien cho sir tranh chap quyen kiem soat Macedonia them phan quyet liet \ Cho den cuoi the ky XIX. Macedonia chi mdi dugc nhin nhan dudi goc do dja ly chtr chua duge coi la mpt dan tpc. Cac tai lieu ngoai giao thai ky na}' khong ghi nhan bat ky dieu gi ve su ton tai ctia mdi dun tdc Mueedoniu. Trong thdi gian dien ra Hpi nghj Constantinopol nam 1876 va Hpi nghj Berlin nam 1878, dai dien ctia cac eudng qu6c chau Au deu cho rang Macedonia la mgt \'ting lanh tho co cau tnic cu dan phtrc tap. trong do ngudi Bungari chiem ty Ic ldn nhat, ke tiep den la ngudi Hy Lap va ngudi Serbia'"*. Cac nha lanh dao Hy Lap co tu tudng dan tge ehti nghTa ttr rat sdm da nu6i tham \'gng bao ggp Macedonia vao trong dudng bien gidi eua minh. Co sd cho nhirng lap luan ctia hp chti yeu dya tren yeu t6 ljch sir khi vting dat nay la mpt bp phan cua Hy Lap thdi c6 dai va Bizantium. Trude nhtrng nam 70 ctia the ky XIX, cac nha lanh dao Hy Lap da ttmg nu6i tham vpng trong tuong lai bp kb6ng chi eo the sap nhap Tesalia va Creta ma con ca Epir, Tracia va Macedonia \ Sau khi Bungari thong nhat vdi Dong Rumelia nam 1885, lanh tho eiia nude nay md rpng dang ke, Bungari ldn bon Serbia ve dien ticb va d6ng hon nudc nay ve dan s6'^\ Sau nam 1885, myc tieu hang dau ma Bungari theo du6i la lam sao thanh lap nipt nudc Dai Bungari, co dudng bien gidi md rpng nhu theo quy djnh cua hiep djnh San Stefano nam 1878 . Sy chti y ldn nhat ctia Bungari khi do hudng vao Macedonia. Nam '• Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d. tr.89. '•* Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d. tr.90. '' Barbara Jelavich. s.d.d. tr.45. "' Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.37. '^ Mot trong nhung npi dung ciia Hiep dinh San Stefano ma Nga bupc Ottoman phai ky vao ngay 19 thang 2 va 3 thang 3 nam 1878 qui dinh thanh lap mpt cong quoc Bungari Ion dupc huang qu\en tu tri, chiu anh huong ciia Nga, co loi ra Bien Den va bi^n Egee. Dieu nay da khien cho Hy Lap lo lang va bat man, boi le phan Ion lanh tho Macedonia se thuoc ve Bungari. Hy Lap coi do la mpt tham hoa, tuang tir nhu sir .xoa bo de quoc Bizantium (nam 1453). Hiep dinh San Stefano hau nhu lang tranh lpi ich ciia Hy Lap o Bancang [Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria poporului din Sud - EstuI Europel {Lich sie nhdn ddn Ddng - Nam Au), Nxb. Oscar Print, Bucuresti, 1998, ir. 315 (tieng Rumani)]. 52 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (1151.2010 1908, lgi dung su biing no cudc each mang d Thi Nhi Ky, Bungari da tuyen bd dpc lap. Sau mgt qua trinh thuong lugng, Ottoman ddng y cdng nhan nen dgc lap cua Bungari vdi dilu kien nudc nay phai tra cho Ottoman mgt khoan bli thudng'^ ma mdt phan rat quan trgng trong sd tiln do dugc Bungari vay mugn cua Nga. Sau khi thoat khoi mgi su rang bugc vdi de qu6c Ottoman, chinh phti Bungari tap trung strc lye vao cugc tranh chap Macedonia, van de trung tam thu hut dugc sy chu y kh6ng chi ctia du luan trong nudc ma con cd anh hudng rat ldn den dudng 16i doi ngoai cua Bungari'^. Phan Idn cac nha lanh dao Bungari va da s6 ngudi dan Bungari deu cho rang Macedonia la ctia hg va Bungari cd quyen sap nhap Macedonia, bao ggp vting lanh tho nay vao ben trong Nam 1908, vai su iing hp ciia Dire, Ao - ITung quyet dinh sap nhap Bosnia - Herzegovina ma khong tuan thii nhti'ng gi da cam ket vai Nga. Dieu nay khien Nga bat man, Nga hoang tim each han che hot anh huang ciia Ao - Hung a Bancang. Nham ngan chan Ao - Hung tham nhap ngay cang sau vao Macedonia va bien Egee, Nga tang cuang anh huong ciia minh 6' Bungari bang each gay sire ep, bupc Ottoman phai ki mpt Nghj djnh thu ngay 3 thang 3 nam 1909. Theo npi dung ciia Nghi dinh thu nay, d6i lai viec Nga trii' cho Ottoman s6 ti^n np 125 Uieu (F) Phrang Phap (tien boi thuang chien phi sau cupc chign tranh Nga - Ottoman nam 1877 - 1878), Ottoman phai cong nhan ngn dpc lap ciia Bungari ([Din theo, Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria Universald modernd {Lich sie Thi gidi Cdn dgi), tap II (1789 - 1919), Nxb. Oscar Print, Bucuresti, 1998, tr.235 (tigng Rumani)]. " Trong nhirng nam 1908 - 1912, Bungari da ky nhieu hop dong vay tien ciia nuoc ngoai phuc vu cho viec hien dai hoa quan dpi va tang cuo'ng tigm luc qu6c phong. Co tai 80% cac khoan vay nuoc ngoai dupc sir dung cho mue dich quan sir (Theo: Nicolae Ciachir, Isloria relatiilor internationale de la pacea Westfalicd (1648), pdnd In conlemporaneitate (1947) {Lich sic quan hi quoc ti tie hod uoc West/alia (1648) din thai hien dgi (1947), Bucuresti, 1996, tr. 110 (tieng Rumani). dudng bien gidi ciia Bungari. Theo danh gia ctia nha nghien ctm My, Barbara Jelavich: '"Vdn di Macedonia dd tgo thdnh ndi dung chinh ciia nin ehinh trj Bungari trude Chien tranh thi gidi thie Nhdt. Nd khdng chi dinh hudng cho chinh sdch ddi ngogi md cdn co dnh hudng sdu sdc den cdc cupc xung dot npi bp Serbia ciing la nudc co tham vpng ldn d6i vdi vung lanh thd Macedonia. Neu so sanh vdi hai ddi thu canh tranh la Hy Lap va Bungari thi trong cugc chay dua gianh quyen kiem soat Macedonia, Serbia to ra yeu the hon. Cho den nam 1878, su quan tam hang diu cua Serbia kh6ng phai la Macedonia ma Iai la Bosnia - Herzegovina va nhiing vting dat ttmg thuoc ve qu6c gia Serbia c6 xua, trong dd cd Kosovo. Sau nam 1878, viee de quoc Ao - Hung dugc quyen chiem dong Bosnia - Herzegovina da khien cho Serbia khong cdn co hgi md rgng lanh thd len phia bac, ma chi cdn cd the tien xuong phia nam. Nam 1881, trong mgt thoa thuan ky ket vdi Ao - Hung, Serbia da cd dugc su ung hp ttr phia nudc nay ve tham vpng sap nhap Macedonia cua Serbia. Ngay sau do, Serbia da tich cue chuan bi hdng bien tham vpng lanh tho ciia minh thanh hien thuc. Th6ng qua viec to chtrc cac boat dgng nghien ctm ve ngdn ngti, phong tuc tap quan dia phuang, lap cac bang th6ng ke, Serbia da cd gang chtrng minh rang, ngudi Macedonia Slavo thuc chat la ngudi Serbia. Khdng chi dtrng lai d dd, Serbia cdn md lanh su quan d ' Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.92. Su treinh (Jiufi lunli thd 53 Salonic, Skopje, Bitola va Pristina, d6ng thdi to chtrc ca mgt chien djch tuyen truyen ram ro d Macedonia 21 Nguyen nhan sau xa cua mgi tham hoa ma Macedonia phai ganh chju chinh la do tham vpng cua cac quoc gia lang gieng. Su ganh dua nham th6n tinh Macedonia ngay cang gay gat gitia Hy Lap, Bungari, Serbia da khien cho mpt cupc chien tranh gitra cac quIc gia dpc lap tre tu6i tren ban dao Bancang bat ctr luc nao cting co the bting n6. Tinh phtrc tap ctia cau true dan tpc, viec kho xac dinh khu vuc dinh cu chti yeu cua m6i cpng dong dan cu da lam cho sy phan chia Macedonia dua tren tieu chi dan tpc bau nhu khong the giai quyet dugc. Ngoai cgng d6ng ngudi Hy Lap s6ng tap trung d phia nam Macedonia, cac dan tdc khac (ngudi Thd NhT Ki, ngudi Bungari, ngudi Serbia, ngudi Anbani, ngudi Vlahi) Iai s6ng rai rac, dan xen nhau. Tinh trang phtrc tap tren da khien cho klia nang thuong lugng gitra cac eudng quoc chau Au, giiia cac qu6c gia Bancang vdi nhau nham giai quyet van de Macedonia bang con dudng boa binh hau nhu khdng the. Su tieh tu cac mau thuan, tham vgng kh6ng CO gidi ban cua cac nha lanh dao qu6c gia cd tu tudng dan tgc chti nghTa va cue doan, dong thdi lai bi chi phoi bdi sy can thiep cua cac cudng qu6c chau Au da khien cho van de tranh chap lanh thd Macedonia giiia nhiing ngudi hang xom lang gieng trd nen phtrc tap, giong nhu mgt thiing thulc sung, chi can cham ngoi no se lam cho bao luc bao trtim len Macedonia, bao luc dugc coi la sy lya chgn duy nhat. De phyc vy cho myc tieu ma minh theo du6i d Macedonia, cac qude gia Bancang deu h6 trg cho viec thanh lap va boat dgng ctia cae t6 chtrc bi mat tren lanh thd Macedonia. Ben canh mgt s6 t6 chtrc boat dgng mang tinh 6n boa, phi bao luc, nhan manh den viec tuyen truyen van boa va tu tudng chlnb trj"" la sir t6n tai cua kha nhieu cac t6 chtrc vii trang, boat ddng theo phuang thtrc du kich, tan c6ng kh6ng chi lye lugng quan dgi Ottoman ma ca cac doi thti canh tranh. He qua la tinh trang bat 6n, h6n loan va bao luc bao trtim khap lanh th6 Macedonia, vugt ra ngoai klia nang kiem soat cua chlnb quyen Ottoman d day. Trudc tinh hinh do, cac cudng qu6c chau Au, dae biet la Nga va Ao - Hung da gay strc ep doi chinh phti Ottoman phai tien hanh cai each d Macedonia nham cai thien tinh hinh kinh te va chinh trj ctia cu dan ban dja. Tuy nhien, vao thap nien 80 Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr 90 - 91. " Nam 1884, Bungari da thanh lap hai to chirc van hoa c6 ten la Hdi Chiril va Hgi Metodiu; Khong chiu thua kem, nam 1886, Serbia ciing lap ra Hdi Thdnh Sava; con Hy Lap da thanh lap ngay tir nam 1849 Hdi Qude gia Hy Lgp nham khich le niem hy vpng ciia nguai Hy Lap dang song ngoai bign giai nuac nay, ma trpng tam la Macedonia va dao Creta (Nguon: Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.47, tr.91). '^ Nam 1881, nhan dip "Hiep uac Tam hoang" dupc gia han nham ciing co khoi lien minh gitra ba hoang de (Nga, Dire va Ao - Hung), Nga va Ao - Hung da thoa thuan phan chia anh huang a dong - nam Au. Nga thira nhan viec Ao - Hung co quyen sap nhap Bosnia - Herzegovina va kiem soat phan phia lay ciia ban dao Bancang; con Ao - Hung thi thira nhan Nga CO anh huang a cong quoc Bungari va Dong Rumelia [Din theo, Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria Universald modernd {Lich sie Thi gidi Can dgi), tap 11 (1789 - 1919), Nxb. Oscar Print, Bucuresti, 1998, tr.210 (tigng Rumani)]. 54 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (1151.2010 ctia thi ky XIX. ca Nga va Ao - Hung deu kh6ng muon co nhting xao dgng ldn d ban dao Bancang. Thang 4 nam 1897. hoang de Ao - Hung la Franz Joseph \'a Nga hoang Nicolae 11 da dat dugc thoa thuan \'e cac van de CO lien quan den ban dao Bancang. Nga va Ao - Hung quyet djnh duy tri statu - quo {nguyen trgng) a khu xyc na\'" . Chinh thoa thuan nay da ngan can tham vgng xau xe Macedonia ctia cac qu6c gia Bancang vao thdi diem do. Den thap nien 90 ctia the ky XIX, mac dti d chau Au da hinh thanh hai kb6i chinh trj. quan sy doj nghich nhau la phe Lien minh (Dtrc, Ao - Hung) va phe Hiep icde (Nga, Phap), song dieu do cting kh6ng CO nghTa la giua cac cudng qu6c chau Au kh6ng con kha nang thoa hiep. Thoa thuan ve ban dao Bancang giira de quoc Nga va de qu6c Ao - 1 lung nam 1897 la mpt minh chiing cho dieu do. Trong nhirng thap nien cu6i cting ctia the ky XIX - dau the ky XX. ngpn lira each mang va nhting tranh chap quyen lye npi bp da khien eho chinh qu}'en phong kien Ottoman v6n da suy yeu lai cang yeu hon. Su eli6ng d6i ctia lye lugng d6i lap co tu tudng cai each da day chinh quyen phong kien Ottoman lu6n d the bat an, ngay them reu ra. Thang 9 nam 1908, lgi dyng sy bting nl cupc each mang d Thi NhT Ky, Bg trudng Ngoai giao Nga (Alexandru lz\'olsky) va Ao - Hung (Alois von Aehrenthal) da gap nhau tai Buchlau (d Mora\'ia) dl ban \'l tirmis lai cac vting lanh th6 ctia de quoc Ottoman d ban dao Bancang. Hai ben da thoa thuan \'di nhau rang, trong trudng hgp Nga ting hg Ao - Hung sap nhap Bosnia - Herzegovina thi d6i lai Ao - Hung phai ting hg Nga md dugc cac eo Bien Den (Dacdanen va Bospho) de cho tau chien Nga c6 the ra vao tu do""\ Tuy nhien, su kien Ao - Hung bat ngd tuyen bo sap nhap Bosnia - Herzegovina vao ngay 6 thang 11 nam 1908 da lam tan vd mgi su thoa hiep trong pham vi co the giiia Nga va Ao - Hung^*". He qua la. Nga kh6ng chi tim ddng minh mdi nham d6i pho vdi Ao - Hung, ma con khuyen khich cac nudc Bancang bat dau cac cugc thuong lugng nham thiet lap mgt mat tran chung ch6ng lai Ao - Hung. Vdi su trg gitip tich cue cua cac nha ngoai giao Nga. cac nudc Bancang da ky ket vdi nhau mgt loat thoa thuan. song kh6ng phai nham ch6ng Ao - Hung ma thuc chat lai la nhiing hiep udc ddng minh chuan bj cho cugc chien tranh ctmg ch6ng lai de qu6c Ottoman. Day la dieu vugt ra ngoai tam kiem soat ctia Chinh phti Nga. Thoa thuan duu tien dugc ky gitia Bungari va Serbia vao thang 3 nam 1912. trong do hai ben kb6ng chi cam ket h6 trg nhau trong phdng thti ma cdn cting nhau phan chia Macedonia khi co """ Barbara Jelavich. s.d.d. ir.92. "' Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria Universald modernd, tr.232 - ZJJ. ''' Barbara Jelavich. s.d.d, tr.93. "^ Thang 11 nam 1909, Nga hoang Nicolae II da gap vua Italia Victor Emmanuel 111 tai Racconigi, hai ben da cam ket cimg phoi hop hanh dpng dg mo lai "Van dg phuang Dong"". Thoa thuan nay cho phep nam 1911. Italia ma cupc tan cong viing lanh th6 von thuoc quygn kiem soat cua de quoc Ottoman o chau Phi la Tripoli (Dan theo, Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.94). Sa tranli elid'fx Id nil tlii). 55 the. Hai ben cung thoa thuan rang, trong tru'dng hgp xay ra chien tranh vdi Ottoman, Bungari se gop 200.000 quan, Serbia gop 150.000 quan. Thang 5 nam 1912, H\' Lap va Bungari cung ky vdi nhau mpt thoa thuan tuong tir, song kh6ng co dieu khoan nao noi ve su phan chia lanh th6. Thang 10 nam 1912, Montenegro ky cac thoa thuan vdi Serbia va Muntenegro. Mac dti npi dung cac thoa thuan kb6ng dugc tiet 16 c6ng khai, nhtrng cac cudng qu6c chau Au deu It nhieu biet vc chting. Tuy vay, su phan ti'ng cua ca hp la kha 6n boa" . Nhan thay co hpi thuan lpi da den, cac qu6c gia Bancang nhanh chong hanh dpng nham thuc hien myc tieu ciia minh. Ngay 8 thang 11 nam 1912. Montenegro nid cupc tan c6ng de qu6c Ottoman, md man cho cupc Chien tranh Bancang lan thtr Nhat. Ngay lap ttrc, cae d6ng minh Banca'ig (lly Lap, Bungari, Serbia) da sat canh ctmg Montenegro. Vdi lye lugng ap dao (700. 000 ngudi). luc lugng lien quiin cac nudc Bancang da kh6ng qua kho khan de danh bai quan dpi Ottoman (chi co 320.000 ngudi, lai d the thieu byt vc hau can, tai chlnb). Khong chi CO vay, ham dpi Hy Lap da kiem soat chat ehe cac bien trong suot thdi gian dien ra cupc chien tranh, ngan can thanh c6ng hoat dpng tiep te eiia Ottoman cho quan dpi ctia minh dong tai Macedonia. Vc phia cac qu6c gia Bancang tham chien. quan dpi Bungari la luc lugng dong \'ai tro quan trpng nhat, bdi bp phai duong dau vdi cac dao quan chinh ctia Ottoman tac chien d Tracia. Trong khi do, quan dpi cac nu'dc d6ng minh Serbia \'a 11\' Lap \'U'gt qua lanh th6 Anbani de tien quan \'ao Macedonia; quan dpi Montenegro tap trung mpi strc lye de tan c6ng thanh pho Slikod#r, con quan dpi Hy Lap thi tim each bao vay va chinh phyc Janina. Sau khi dap tan sy khang cy ctia cac don vj don tni Ottoman, Bungari da thanh c6ng trong viec gianh qu>'en kiem soat thanh ph6 ldn nhat Macedonia la Salonic vao ngay 8 thang 11 nam 1912. Trong khoang thdi gian ngan ngiii, chi khoang 6 tuan le, lien quan cac nude Bancang da dc bep mpi sy khang cy cua cac dao quan Ottoman d6ng d chau Au, giai phong phan ldn ban dao Bancang, tien sat tdi Constantinopol" . Trudc nguy co syp d6 ctia de qii6c Ottoman, thang 5 nam 1913, cac cudng quoc chau Au da nhanh chong can thiep, bupc cac bcMi tham chien phai ngti'ng chien va chap nhan nhting dieu khoan do Hpi nghj cua cac eudng qu6c chau Au hpp tai Luan D6n ap dat. Theo thoa thuan dat dugc a thti do nudc Anh, dudng ranh gidi xac djnh quyen so him dat dai ctia Ottoman d chau Au dirge quy djnh la dudng Enos - Media, Ottoman ehi eon kiem soat dugc thu do Constantinopol va vting ven. Bungari gianh dugc quyen kiem soat thanh ph6 Adrianopol, Hy Lap gianh lai dugc quyen kiem soat d6i \'di dao Creta. Tuy nhien, viec phan chia lanh th6 Macedonia lai ujam chan tai ch6 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, tr.94 - 95. '' Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria poporului din Sud - Estiit Europei (Lich sie nhdn ddn Ddng - Nam in). Nxb. Oscar Print, Bucuresti, 1998, tr.439 (iigng Rumani). 56 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (1151.2010 trong su sit rugt cua trudng phai doan cac qude gia Bancang tham chien. Lien quan den vin dl phan chia cac vting lanh th6, da xuat hien mgt van de mdi nam ngoai dy trti cua cac ding minh Bancang, dd la viec cac nudc nay dinh cting nhau chia cat lanh th6 Anbani (dang thuoc quyen kiem soat cua Ottoman). Chi CO dilu, mgi tinh toan ctia hg lai khdng trting khdp vdi y mu6n ctia cac cudng qu6c chau Au. Trudc su ngac nhien ctia cac qu6c gia Bancang, Anh, Phap, Nga, Dtrc, Italia, Ao - Hung da thiet lap khudn kh6 phap ly cho sy ra ddi ctia mgt nudc Anbani dgc Iap^°. Trong cac cudng qu6c, Italia va Ao - Hung la nhung nude ting hp Anbani tich eye nhat, hong bien nudc nay thanh tien d6n kiem soat cac qude gia Bancang lang gieng. Do lo sg Bungari se ddc chiem Macedonia nen Serbia va Hy Lap da ky ket mgt thoa thuan bi mat ve viec phan chia khu vuc nay va se trg giup lan nhau trong trudng hgp xay ra chien tranh. Chinh phu Serbia va Hy Lap da tim kiem sir tmg hp ctia Rumani va Montenegro, tham chi hp con lien he ca vdi de qu6c Ottoman^'. Ve phia Bungari, do danh gia sai kha nang tac chien ctia quan dpi cac nudc ding minh Bancang cii, ciing nhu tr6ng chd vao su ung hg cua Due va Ao - Hiing^^ nen nudc nay da di nudc cd sai. Dem ngay 29/30 thang 6 nam 1913, Chinh phu Bungari da ra lenh cho quan ddi cua minh bit ngd md cac cugc tan c6ng ca Hy Lap lin Serbia. Hanh dgng sai Iam dd da khiln hg phai tra gia. Quan dgi cac nudc Rumani, Montenegro va Ottoman da ctmg ph6i hgp vdi quan dgi Hy Lap va Serbia ch6ng lai Bungari. Cugc chien tranh Bancang Ian thtr Hai da nhanh chong ket thuc vdi su that bai tham hai cua Bungari bang viec ky hiep dinh dinh chien ngay 31 thang 7 nam 1913. Mdt thang sau d6, Hgi nghj boa binh dugc khai mac tai Bucuresti (Bucaret), thu d6 cua Rumani nham xac djnh viec phan chia lanh th6 Macedonia va thanh lap nha nudc Anbani dgc lap. Ngay 10 thang 8 nam 1913 , hiep dinh hoa binh giiia cac nudc Bancang thang tran (Serbia, Hy Lap, Montenegro, Rumani) va Bungari dugc ky ket. Hai nudc gianh dugc thang Igi Idn nhat la Serbia va Hy Lap. Sau khi sap nhap phan lanh thd Macedonia, dien tich ctia Serbia tang Ien gap ddi. Khong chi cd vay, Serbia cdn cung chia phan vdi Montenegro vting dat Novi Pazar , nhd vay ma hai nudc nay co chung dudng bien gidi. Con Hy Lap thi gianh dugc phan phia nam Macedonia va mgt phan Epir, trong dd bao ggp ca thanh ph6 Janina, dudng bien gidi cua Hy Lap md rdng ra phia dong, den tan Kavalla. Dti bai tran, Bungari van nhan dugc phan lanh th6 dgc theo s6ng Struma, mgt quan cd dien tich 80 dam vudng (khoang 135 km^) dgc bd bien Egee, bao gdp ca cang Dedeaga^ "" Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.95. "' Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.95 - 96. '- Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria poporului din Sud - Estul Europei, tr.442. '^ Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria poporului din Sud - Estul Europei, tr.443. •'•' Novi Pazar la viing dat dupc Ao - Hung tra lai cho Ottoman sau khi da sapNihap Bosnia - Herzegovina vao trong duong bign giai luang quoc dg qu6c cuoi nam 1908. [...]... chung s6ng dan xen giti'a cac cgng dong eu dan trong nhieu the ky, viec thieu vang mgt dudng ranh gidi dirge xac djnh ro rang giua cae "qu6c gia ljch str"' da Iam cho sy tranh chap lanh tb6 giua cac qu6c gia Bancang kho c6 the giai quyet tb6ng qua thuong lugng Hon the niia, do vj tri quan trgng ctia minh, toan bg ban dao Bancang Iu6n Iu6n nam dudi sy giam sat chat che cua cac cudng qu6c chau Au, chinh... do lanh th6 ctia cac trong cugc Chien tranh Bancang lan thtr Hai nudc nay ludn la bai chien trudng ctia nhieu nam 1913 da pha nat tham vpng lanh th6 ctia cugc chien tranh xay ra lien mien giti'a de nudc nay d Macedonia Nha str hpc Petar qu6e Ottoman va cae cudng qu6c Thien ehtia Stojanov da nhan djnh rang: 'Hiep dinh hod giao chau Au nen xuat phat diem ctia nen hinh a Bucuresti dd giam tdi da vitng lanh... qu6c chau Au, chinh hg mdi la nhting the luc cd tieng noi quyet djnh trong viec chia phan di san ma de qu6c Dan theo Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria poporului din Sud- Estul Europei, tr.443 "'' Barbara Jelavich, s.d.d, tr.97 '' Nha sir hpc Hy Lap S M Sophocles da danh gia rang: "Thdng qua cdc cugc chien tranh ngdn vd quyet dinh, cdc quoc gia Bancdng dd tudc bd cua Ottoman, trin thuc li tdi ca cdc phdn Idnh... qii6c gia Bancang dgc lap la rat thd ind Bungari kiem soul a Mueedoniu iheo thap Trong qua trinh hpi nhap vao dai gia hudng vdi dinh chau Au, hp kli6ng de gi thoat kh6i su Ottoman va Rumani, ca hai deu hai long vdi le thuoc vao tu ban nudc ngoai Va vdi mpt chien lgi pham ctia minh De qu6c Ottoman nen kinh te non yeu nhu vay, bp rat kho c6 dugc nhan lai thanh ph6 Adrianopol, con the c6 dugc su dgc lap trong. .. rang, bai cugc chien tranh Bancang Trong qua trinh xay dyng dat nudc, nam 1912 va nam 1913 da xoa bo gan nhu tham vgng ve md rgng lanh th6 theo tieu chi hoan toan su kiem soat va thong trj ctia de dan tgc, Ijch str ctia cac nha lanh dao quoc Ottoman d ban dao Bancang, ngoai trtr Bancang da phtrc tap boa ni6i quan he giti'a dcii dat hep d Tracia va Constantinopol 37 3, Ngay sau khi gianh Iai dugc quyen... bang sau nhieu the ky, cac qude gia d6e lap tre tuoi tren ban dao Bancang da n6 lye hpi nhap vao kb6ng gian phat trien ctia chau Au, the gidi va bp da dat dugc nhung thanh tich dang ghi nhan (sy phat trien ctia nen kinh te tu ban chti nghTa; thiet lap the che nha nudc tu san ) Tuy nhien, do hau qua ctia nhieu nam chju ach th6ng trj, boc lot, vo vet ctia de cac qu6c gia lang gieng Sy chung s6ng dan... phdn Idnh thd chdu Au ngogi trie khu viec gidp ranh Istanbul (Constantinopol)" (S M Sophocles, A History of Greece, Theeshloniki, 196l,p.351) Ottoman de lai Hai cupc chien tranh Bancang (nam 1912 va 1913) da cho thay bong ma chien tranh dang can ke chau Au va toan the gidi ban bao gid het Ban dao Bancang thyc sy la thung thu6c siing de doa sy binh yen ctia ngoi nha boa binh the gidi . LICH sCr - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU 5Lf TRANH CHAP LANH TH(5GILJA CAC QU(3c GIA TREN BAN 'dko DANCANG TRONG NHITNG NAM CUOI THE KY XIX - DAU THE KY XX PGS. TS. Dao. phien toai trong mdi quan he gitia cac quoc gia dpc lap se Ian lugt dugc thanh lap trong thi ky XIX va diu thi ky XX. Trong mpt thdi gian kha dai, ten gpi cua cac "qu6c gia Ijch str". khi gianh Iai chti quyen quoc gia, cac qu6c gia nay da day manh qua trinh hpi nhap vao "kh6ng gian phat trien phuang Tay". Trong nhting nam cuo' the ky XIX - dau the ky XX,