, t.ictr s&'lrQl. thuyilr K't-' ;:.t.1. 1t.11 l;;**ffii:,illLfii;:[ ;Jll,:::Jiii{i,'l;.,tichrirltiantQchoslrraddi.ciacNtB l'rrdikin'a1 kh.vrh hu(ing rrQ'g rhud.g to r'Jleu-,a, 1cu' ii .on.'oi t'u to^ tnu"n* mgi' rrao cliri Doi hoi ctip bhch vc r'irt li luiin' ohai cir l rr thLry,6r K.l.c1rio-c c'ra *ii.i,,'0r". htr6ng din c6c hoat d6ng K-l'. cN trong thtrortg ra dirr' -v4,,,,|.u,,,g' O phuong l-i1" aii'i 'o prttt"g trno Phuc frlne' cl it'>'"Jt "rto"g l4i CN duy'rim' cdc ngzinh KIt l\ phat tricu nanh Nhimg phAr ki6n *U.i "U ii' li t-irn ra chAu Mi' tao dk cho bu6n ban' kliai thic tii ngul in _V€chirlrtri: ch6d6quan"]o"i |'ou^'"ialningtri oeuaouc"irl'ioquan"r,i'"tltul."l::ti"-:hatronsthudnsfasirc ruy6n tluydn: tliuong nhln phiii inl ftO "fte "uOc' "Lti::-d.111T nhd nu6c mdi phdt tri6n KT diroc C6 su phdn lroa rhiuh I khuvnh htLong Ktrtrvntr;ui"g *'61utt"6i CNTB)' ftrt"vJl-tt*o"g titinh tri (mui5n niu keo srqL th6ng tri cua nha nuirc PK) ")iJJil.iili."\l'llLlll .l ie n 'i r .0i duns ci. ban cLra cua cai. r?r r?ri san thL'c srr cur I qui';c gia l it ca che chi'h sichK|phlrirrlrittlltrruc.ri.r.r"i"' 'gi ingkh6i|rttrngti€n.e.rllngnouclrilaphurrngtierltlCdiltdirlcitlichcudi cirn3 la tien ti. ., - /-,-, -r.i,a1,, ,1, :c nr6i cci gii tli tich cttc -Ouan di6nr vi ngarrlt ttghd crta pirai trong rhuong Chi nhinrg ngirnh nghd ndo ltrm gia targ lien t & nguoc lai. rcN: ldm ra S[] v6 'rit var ohat, kh6'g phai lir tidn Kh6ng nhirng thii lai mat ti6n d€ mua ngttl'€n lieLr' liL ng]rnh ti0Lt ctLc' ]'l';l':;:J.,lll|;,:ill;1''iii:JJ'iilull?no"*,,"*'i6n mua nguv€n ri€u (co the khaithac rir t"L nhi.n)' nirtrrrg krro*s ':il.,.,1i';dl,iJil1ff;i.;;l._ *l;;l:il,f'',:jil J:lsoailhuo-nc). Dac bi€r nrr6, nrzrnrr vaitrd cira ng.ai rrriro'g :ill'"]lill;tr.rons nghi(p: rir k€r q'lrri ci'|a nhiins t:"i llllii::::,::,:::f;: 'i;*::lil1;l" Nr'i thLrorrg: krrr.'i Iuon-e cua cii tic' tQ qu6c gia il;t;;;' F;; nhu hdnh vi tl" tr,,iti''' nh'au' MuSn li gia tdng khili lucrrrg ctia cii ti0n tQciraqu6cgiaphiibang"r;;;;"";;;;"9cnavgiiilc";;;;;vsinhloi'ich"1"lil'::'kh6c Mu6ngiinhphdn thang trong quan h0 ngoai tlruong thi ehei.iuit sl:ulD-il uieu,tutoit""r'."ti"n (Ph6p) coi noi thuorg ld hQ rhoug irng din' ci)rr 'goai r'rLong ,lru lir c'iec nrlay- b.,r. Mudn ting cua caii ,h;';;t;J ngoai rhuo-ng nhip v2r clin cira cai tlrong q'a noi I'l,J; n,., dc' qLri rLi,i K I rrai rai rr.' rardr'h -l:::::i:lli^:':]l"i,i;:il::ll'::;;:;,1'i'siierr K I crra nr'li ':tLL'rc _riri r a i trir quy€r rri'h. r)d1 ,'r",, ;,;,;;;i;; ;".',nur:6, ru .on rh iep cira nhd nutrc doi vtli rrin K l sart rritr ' +'l homas Mul: .hi nrLirlg b€n nr1oiri. -l u -Cta cai ld s6 SI' du thila dtLoc SX ra o- trong nu6c' nhung phai tlugc cliuy€n hoa thdnh tien o I tlrrirg rrung laur lir bang ciin ia, "*"a, ,'*r* *6t.ic" trra"e;in;ii ti"rt "u"l D€ c6 xLrit sieu: chi c6 rLrit k'hiu th:]nh plrinr chil khdng xLrir khdu "*,,rui ,iu,, a ua-n ttrantr phi'o.'liong tleu dirng plrii tranh nhap khau Sl'' dac biqt L\ chong .hip .Ang xa ri cN phdi .J:'il;il;; n*.,rrl" oa ra* t'ing ""6t rtrtau' Nhd ntr6c phiLi c6 chinh s6ch bzio h0' ft uy6n fiti.tt tang den sd tl€ t4o ra ngudn nhin luc re' . -'l idrr t€ lir hi€n tlan "uu "uu tli' ioi-thoong m4i ld ng2rnh duy nhAt d€ ki6m ti6n' +Montchrctien: . ,^ -t -Li- ^^ rti ^hin din). Nhiu dirn la ehJ dlta ctra rthl -l-tL siin cira I ntLrrc khOng ctri ld tidn md cdn bao g6n cira dAn s6 nhir nu6c (ld nlrin dAn) Nhit nrro-c. nhir nu6c plrai quan,ur'"rrli" tr" acn nnan dan- Thr;;;;" la nhcrng ngudi SX nh6' la sgi day n6i licll ngtloi SX niry voi ngtrdi SX rrra in"""g "grriQp ld muc di"h ""6i ";;;;iat "a i" ngenrt nghd' Lsi nhu4l thtrcnrg nghiap ld troan krirr chinh clang. ao .n" or*Irr,lJap tai nt rn,g t6n tt]6t ,i,i ,o trong qu6 trinh giao dich' bu6' b6n' -{iin I nganh khoa hoc ur" ," -^i i"rs q"i iuit lnm giAm ,tftrrtgia" tnat 'ii "" tang loi nhuan thtr':ng 'rghi6p K'ICT lti ii ;; ;;tit;" ,1u,'s tli 'u rrhi6u clLri rtc ch() thtrc tiEn ho4t d-dng Kl- ' llarrh phirc citit cou rgr'Lcii iU o ''utt* srt giiru cir' su giirtr cir clri c6 c1ur1c trotrg lao d6ng' '- f)anh gi6 c6ng lao' han clre c[ra CN tfonP thtfong' * ilan chc: -iiiirirliILriri.nratlgnirlgythirc'kinlrrtghi6rnDuo.c.luaradudihirrlrtlrircnlifngloikhuv6nthtLctien' -\{(ri chr durrg L4i o nhnng bi0u hi0n bi: rgoii c a lut' tlrdng, "iu" o' ,ut' nghi6* ctru b/rn ch6t luu rhong' tltri lLrar r'in iii' cta hiu th6ng. chi dirng l4i o clii vo bd ngoai cna hiQn tuong & qua trinh K'l' L"rrr 'v ,-,-_-___r./1.^L , +( otty lao: , nhtng qLrarr di€nr KT cua cN tro'g tlrtt.'llg the hien -t"'tU' "n.,r"* nguy€n litlong cliinli s6ch KT cira thdi ki trung c0 buo.c ti6' b6 lt'r. Da uiet ,,"* *ct "l'^ "ai theo giai do4n gi6 tri' rt'5y a''']ot'n.tut dich cira SX-& trao <toi uu la gi5 tri & lo-i 'hu{n. Nhing d6 ughi vd chinh sAclr Kl tlua ra co tac dpng thiJdly nha'rh su ra do-i.CN-l'B' rut 'g6n tScri I'i qLri d0 tir'I']]SXt'KsangPl'SXIBCN(nlrimgchinhsllclrngorlithtrcnlg'tidnt6'thLr€tluanbaoho) -l_ii trrLo.pl prr6i driLr ti6n aa ,re,,'"rro''inn s,L.a 6o-i cia ttL ttrdng nh2r 'rr6c can thi€p viro K'f Sau nir;'dtroc K'l hqc tu shn phAt tri€n thiinh I hQc thuy€l K't' * l)ic ,licnt ( hLr nrlhia tlorrg nonpl: rrln'lg,a,'rr linh vuic nghi6n ciru dtroc chuldn tu luu thdng sang SX' -Ddne nhlit SX nong nghi€p vo-r SX vit chAt D6ng nh6t clia t6 v6i SP thuan titl aU" -qr',u,l dienr K'l th6 lri6n rd kliul'nh htr6ng tLr do KT' I":ff::lr" truo-ns pr,ai Kr c t ttr san co dierr Phdp'co.3 :'l'? li: :^1'.:T,T.:::'l',::;;fil6 SP trruan tirr tt 1 nhi6n cliua giiri quy6t dtro-c ,rrc, ia "a" uu "ur. pne, oi6n r "a"r,"ri"" r-'s; vdn d6 tai sx trong tac phin "bi€tr Kl'"' i,,iliill,lliiiil':ifilil,:,1,Tii'ifffit.:,::t:::::,ti::::i:ffn.Ii1;::1;':,r.rr'n* rrririda':ceap'lu r XFI chiinr liy chinh q,,yen ru uiec tt.,ong hop ph6p. Viec dam uio quycn so trinr tir co so cita su t6n tai & ph6t tIi6n cira -*,11," ru u" nshi vt'itrrrrrrr si:rcrr thtrc |rrttc rna krtottg oLrn.::"" llulll1I]'::::]l:;t"::'::l:fln "u" ddrrrr rhrri ca'r clot voi ting ltip clru tliln diin i.ll. "i.":re tinn aountl trongr.rNl ,rtro;g n€n tl6r'h thtr6 viro tidn c6rr-e & tu li6u sinh hoal' _chn d6ng cli€n & lao dong t.r* ** ,, ",]0", qui chi phi q"Lroc giairong NN. phiii dugc coi.ll 3Lri bat kha xanr phatn Cin drro-c bao ton, gii.gin r "ul[.an than de co duo-c thu6 & c6J ttr licu sintr hoat kh6c Phrli bao v€ tang l6p lao ddrg trong NN. L.uin tti6m "av tfte ftii" I s''Jc tluong thdnh vA.'1 '1unn " triQt tl6 v€ chinh tli' ,CirLong tinh chinh shch ff', oOi,a.f,". lai theJphtrongthft iftN ng?rnhNN Nganh NN ld ch5 duachuy6u cita nitt pK bir qio .t.huc.r,at. nng,"ien"ul f*i.,.,* "* gy:l^* 1t5" vc mat rr'. CN"l-B rlang tu m(] ra I con dut)ng di trotrg krru6n kh6 cira Xl r pho*g ki6ri *"r. "na,, x€t: n6 th6 rrien r xrr .o n0i dung KT ld ttr si.' nhun-s lai c6 ve bd ngo?ri L\ Oi ""* 0,a", *a hiQn su phArr hoa giira 2 khuynh hu6ng KT & chinh trt' -$Tii#il;n:;TTJ:il_, dtroc tao ra trong lcf,nls^x vat chat (nsdnh NN). Sp thuin.tir-v: r6ng SP -chi phi SX' N6ngnglri€plirngdnhduyntritSXru"i'ucaivitchAt.C6ngnghiQpchic6ti6udirngchrrklr6ngc6SX'kltongt4ora .usc nhinrg ch6t rn6i md chi ; * *;;;;;;"e.ra" ru,"a,1r';, k;ac nhau (ti n6ng nghi€p) hodc tha)- ddi hinh d6ng ban diu ctra ngLry€n liQu n6ng "gniep .r-l" pr]t lop uiint'u "iu "uu "on nguo'i Xet tr€n phuong di€n n2Lo do' c6ng nghi€p cirn laur tieu hao ctra c:ii vat chat , , r ,. .'. .+.{- ;,r .,4r r:hit ciia cira cii lnir th6i. "-l u nhi6n' -()uesrcv clixcrn retcLracli theo qLran di€nr cLra tI::1,"n':ll chi chirf diln nrat vat chiit cua c dir dai sinh r.a cua cai,,. O r r,irio "unt, niro ck)- oug di ",at ,r]rrolng hou; c6i sinh ra cira cdi 'l uv rrhien vin cir tlr6 r'irt ta H';1":ilu,'lr'fi";H:l]; :i:'lill i"J,ll"r' tuv crrrdu-oc t?o ra cr rrong ngd'h SX v6r ch6t Drng ti6c 6ns tri thu h;;p;ut ui "uu Sx uat "tt6t trong pham vinginh n6ng.nghiQp' fSp rh*an tty drcrc tao * ",.""* ,i*i"n n6nl nghiQp ntt *g ti''ong phni 6 bit ki I nin n6ng nghi6p ndo md clri co trong d-ai n6ng nghiep (Sx ron. trteo tiEt' iOn Aidn igcN) toi.tao ra SP thuin tiry' i Sp thuiu tirl. li do lao dong trong nng tao ra. nhung lai uien tt unt .ai thu nhip cua giai c6p sd hiru ruQng dAt dLL6i hinh t* ii"'t, "i^t,, sl trtuinii'v ifcins ld k6t qua cira ss ch€m tloat' -Marx tr6i. tuy nhi€n nni'ng iuiniie*iqp li iy lai b! bqc kin trong nhtngquan di6rn 14 l ng' -:t"fatl,i1ilffl chi phan tich tdi SX gian do-'. rrtrLr trrsng h6a sq bi6n d6ng cia gi6 ci (coi gi6 ca 6n rJinh)' 'l arn thoi khong xet d6rr rtgoai thttong- -fi€n d6: r(.hia Xl,t ra tam 3 giai cap. ciiai c6p SX (nlrimg ngtidi lirm.vi€c trons nself nolri lg\icl:ao ra SP thudn tirv) Giai cip ciia chLr {tiirong tao r.a SI, ,,,*',"r;i,.I rf,,, Sf, th-r,iri riryl. Ci"i .np f.n;"iSX ra SP thuan tiry,(lern tro g cdng nghiQp & thLro.'g rrghiep) khirng rao ,.^ a,jliru",orl ong cht ytu airng Lc" quaridi6r't rtgarih rrghi^tl€ phan chia giai cap XII r nrra v2ro rinh chat hien "a;*; ;;;;u ;iln .t,i sp *a r,oi ,o ti r Sp n6ng nghie p & Sp c6ng nghi€p' ' - 'l-6ng SP xi h6i ld 7 t!. Trong 116 SP n6ng nghi6p td 5 ti, c6ng nghiCp le 2 ry +5 ti nong nghi€p - 2 ty ilng tnrdc iring ndnr (luolg, gii5ng) + I ti,[mg tnr6c ban tliu (rnay m6c. n6ng cu) r 21j,Sp thuAn tirv. +l tv cdrg nghiep - l t\ nrua l-1. siulr hoat I I tv nrua ngLrydn li€u n6ng nghidp. +Noi dung hoc thuy6t tii SX: l. Uiur cdp SX rrop I t1 5l'tltuart ttr-t cho giai cap so hritr. Uiai cip so lrriu dung I 11 dd rnua I LSI I curr giai .ip sX. 2. Giai cip so lrriu dung I ry con lai dd rnrra hang cong nghr6p ctia giai cdp khdng iX. tNl.,u.ua) giai cap- khong SX ricu thu duo-c % SP. c6 i ty ti6n mat). -i Ciai cip khorrc SX dirng I q de rnua TLSH cua giai cdp SX. (Giai cdp SX rieu thu 2/5 Sp. giri. l r) rial Init). 4 Ciai cip SX dirng i t-r" tl6 mua TI-SX cua giai cip kh6ng SX (rndy moc,). lGiai crip khong Si ti€Lr ihu h6r Sp, giii l ty ti6n mat ). 5. (iiai cip khong SX dirng I ty tnua nguydn li6u nong nghi6p cua giai cip SX. (Giai c6p SX ti6u thu J/5 Sp, giii 2 ty. Giai cAp kh6ng SX khong cdn gr;. - Nhrr ra1- 2 t1 SP con lai sd dttoc luu chuydn trorrg noi bo ngdnh nong nghiip {luong. giorrg). I 11 ticrr rnir st clrrLre ir,,1r cho giai c6p sri hirLr vd SP thuin tiry. M6t qu6 trinh t6i SX gi6n do.n rr6i lai di6n ra. *Cdng lao cira Quesney: Eua ra duo-c nhtug gi6 dinh vd co bAn vd trqp ti. Da xem xet su vin dong c a SI, -xi h6i tr6n cA 2 nrat hiCn vit & giri tri. Tuin theo I qui luit dirng In tii:n b6 vdo luLr th6ng r6i quay tro v6 di6rn xgit phdr. +l-lan ch0 cLra Quesnev: PhLr nhin vai tro SX vAt ch6t cua ngenh c6ng nghi€p. ChLla chi ra duo c co.so.cLia tai SX rno rong trotrg ctlnu rrglri6p cing nhtt troug nong nghi6p. l hdm chi tdi SX gizin don trong c6ng nghi€p cr)ng chLLa rhuc hidn cluoc. - lliji, K I irru Qrre -n r ti, ilirr rli ri rnir 1rlr11e11g phap ludrr, nlturrg rrhLiug k6t ILran rirr rl tir d6 rhi Iai lir ii,i lan) xf)ic di€rn, phuong phip lLrAn crla KTC I- hoc'fu.sAn c6 di6n Anh. -Bat tldu xu6t hien cuoi tk 17, trong qu6 trinlr tan ri ciia CN trong thuorlg. Nguy6n nhAn do su phril trian uud nin CN Long lrtr.rng thtr corrg. Cuoe CM ttt sdn Arrlr di6n ra tu giria tk 17. tro ra I tinh hinh KT-XH. chltlr tri nroi. srr rrrar hicrrc e ria ting ltip quit6c m6i, liOn rninh v6i giai cdp tu sin d€ ch6ng lai tridu dinh PK. Ciai cip 'l'Ll san Anh cuoi tk I7 tld rluong thAnh, it cAn t6i su bzio h6 cua nhi nu6c nhu trudc. C6c chinh s6ch KT crha nhd nu6r trong thoi ki ndy clng it hd khic hon.Vd nit ttr tuong: ciic ngdnh KHTN (torin, thi6n vdn), KHXH (triiit, LS, VH) phrlLt triiin tld tao cho khoa K'I I co.so. phuong ph6p ludn chic chin. * Ddc di€m: -l'rorrg tAm linh vLrc nghi6n cuu duo. c chuy6n tiL luu th6ng sang SX. -L6y li luAn giri tli lao cl6ng lirn trong tdm, dLra tr€n nguy€n li gid ni lao tiQng dd xern xit cdc phqnr trrl Kl tu sin. -Cdc qLran di€m Kl'th6 hi6n 16 khuynh hudng ru do KT. *W.Pett): ld nhA K'l- hoc phdn 6nh bu6c quii d6 tu CN tlong thuong sang KTC'I ru san co dien. Marx ifinh giri la cha de cho tludng phdi K fC't ttt szin c6 di6n Anh. C6i b6ng cria 6ng triun l6n hon nlra th6 ki cira khoa K'l C'l l'he gitri quan: dLry vAt tu ph6t. chua ti€n toi phep dur. vdt bi€n chung. cho rirrg kinh nghi€m la co su'cua hiQu thuc. cLra nh{n thirc. 'l ur nhidn. di co btroc ti6n so vcri CN treng thrlong: d6 ld tu tuong vd qui lu{t khiclr quan chi ph6i sLr vdrr clong cLra doi s6ng KT. Ong noi. trong chinh srich KT ciiug nhu trong y hoc, phdi ctrir ! tl€n c6c qud rlinh t$ nhidn. Con ngudi kh6ng duo-c dirrrg nhimg hanh cl6ng chu quan ctia rninh d0 chong lai qud trinh d6. Phuong phdp ludn: ld di tir cu thd ddn truu tro-ng. M6t Inat phen Anh th6 gitli quan duy v4t cua ong. Mdt khrLc phin rinh sLr han ehd vC hr duy klrozr lroc cua thiri ki tkI7, chua ti6rr toi dLLoc phuong phrip truu tuong h6a. +Li thuy6t gi6 tri cta W.Petq,: -Ld ngudi tlit ndn m6ng cho nguy€rr li giri tri lao tl6ng th6ng qua cilc pham tri gi6 cn de bdn v6 giri tri. Chia gi6 cd ldrn 2 loai: giii cd tu nhi6n & giri ci chinh rr!. +Giri cA chinh tri: phu thu6c vdo nhi6u y6u t5 ngiu nhi6n, kh6ng 6n tlinh, kh6 hi6u ttuo. c. lGid ca t!r nhi6n; l2r hao phithoi gian lao dong quy6t dirrh & ning su6t lao tldng c6 dnh huong toi nrirc hao phi do. Ong dd ddt co co cho giri ci tu nhi6n ld lao il6ng. Gi6 cd ttr nhi€n ndy chinh ld gi6 tri. -Vo-i cirng I lLrong lao cl6ng. cir 2 khri ndng: Darng d6 khai th6c ra I once bac. SX ra I thirng hia mi. Giri ca lu nhi6n cira I once bac ' giA ca tu nhidn cua I thirng lira rni. Giri si, vi I lido ndo d6. ning suit cua nganlr khat thac bac tang l6n thi gi6 cii tu' nhicn cLia I once bac gidm di. D6 chinh ld tuong quar ti l€ nghich giua giri ci I-lll vd NSt,D. -Ong cci -i dinir qui doi cdc lao ddng phiLc tap, lao ddng gian don ce bi6t va lao tlQng girin don trung binh cua Xll. MLr6l coi lao cl6ng khai thac I once b4c ld giri tri lao d6ng giin drrn trung binh crla XIL Ti6c rdng, 6ng rlh khong phir rr.iin duo. c 1i tuong. Khi rnu6n ph6t trii3n, lai pham phdi sai lAm crjra CN trqng thuong. -ChLla phAn I i€t dLrcc 2 th(r lao ilQng: Lao tking v6i hr c6ch ld ngu6n goc cua gi6 h! siL dqng & [.ao dcrng r,6i tu cach la ngLrorr uoe crta giir tri. ( hrr:r iriit ddn tinlr I mdt crla lao dorrg SX ra I-lH (lao ddng cu thi & lao d6ng rliru tuo-ngt. Ong clua ra I luin rlidnr khdng r'0 ring. c16 lA "lao cl6ng ld cha. dit dai Id me c[ra cira cAi". LuAn tli€nr ndy n6u x6r vd nrdt hi€n vat lgir tri srr drrrrg)thr dunpt. NhLllrg ndLr xel ri tnAr gia lri thi lai ld sai lanr. -ehLra phdrr bi€t dLruc hinh thAi cua gid Lri (gid tri trao doi voi gil tril. Plr4nr phai sai larn cua CN trnng thrrorrg. khi ch' rang chi c6 lao dQng t4o ra vdng, bac rnoi ld lao dgng oo gi6 tri. Con c6c lao clQng khSc so di duo-c coi Id c6 gi6 tri vi nii dlro c ddt trong rn6i qLrau h€ vni lao d6ng tao ra vdng bqc. -Gi6 tri cira flH IA sLL phdn 6nli gie fti cua ti6n t6, ciing gi6ng nhu enh seng cua mat trdng li su phan chieu anh siirrg cLra rni:it lroi. T;an re la biiLr hidn cho gid tri crra l{ll. W.Pen1 di rr6i nguoc. sai lirn do nguldn nhdl orrg khong hiitr duo-r lich su ra doi cua tierr te. Do d6 khong hidLr dung vA bdn ch;t cia rian te. *A.Smith: dLtgc Marx tt6nh giA ld nhd KT cua thc'i ki c6ng tnrcrng thri c6ng. Th6 gioi quan: duy vAt, nriy m6c, tlr phil. Chi <li sdu vd mdt dinh luo-ng, coi nhe dinh tinh, thi6u quan diiim luan chirng. Phuong ph6p ludn: her sLlc ciac biir. rnans tinh 2 mat vila khoa hgc. vira t6rn thuong.2 mAt ndy lr6n cu6n chdt nhau trong tit cd cac nghidn ciru cua Srrritlr. Do cirnq I lirc 6ng di ddt ra 2 nhi6m vu cirng l[rc: di s6Lr vdo bAn ch6t & gidi thich tit cd c5c hi6n tuong v6n dd. *l-i thuy€t gih tri cira A.Snrith. .Srnitlr di pltrn hielt dLhrc sia tri stL dullS. & gid tli trao doi. Khirrg dinh duuc g.ia tri sri durru khong rlrr.rct clinlrgi:i tri rrro ddi. Nhurrg Iai chLra phan biet d Lr<;c gin tri (n9i dung) va gi6 tri tlao doi (bi€u hien). Cia tri trao dni (gir:r tri) c[Lo-c Srnith dtr:r ra ) Llirrlr nghia. I Kh()a iroc: Cii tl i Hl-l la do lao dQng hao phr de SX ra HH qLry6t dinlr. Lao dgrrg la tlruoc do tl)ue rc cud rrrt,i grir rli. + l'arn thLrong: Gil tri HH tlu o. c do bing so luong lao d6ng md ngrr<ri ta c6 th6 mua drro.c nhd hdrg hrra d6. Y do la nLrol dirng tidu c6ng ldrn thrL6c do cfra gi6 tri. -Qrrarr rricrn r c ect cit' gia tri: 1 ierr corrg. lo-i rhuin. clia to li nguon g5c ddu tien cua nroi rhu nhap. l)o clo cirrrg la i rrgrron goc dltr ticl ,;rra rnui gia rri. Ve I la dirrrg. nhrnrg v6 2 lai sai. Vi do 3 y6u 16 do li kel qrri cim su phin plroi giri rri. Ngluorr g6c cria giri tri ld lao cl6ng chri kh6ng phzii 3 y6u t6 d6. Quan ni€m cua Smith v6 co cdu gid tri vLra sai ve ch6t. lai vira khorrg di1 du rC hLong. Ong qLran ni6m ngudn gric cda gia tri la thu nhap (sai v6 chdt). Theo t;uan nidm cua Smith. Cii tri f 'rr cong (V) + Lo. inhuAn { P) -r' p;u ,5 ,., - V - m. Thi6u gi6tri TLSX (c). Sodi 6ng pharn phdi sai lim n6i trirr vi 6ng tli lin lQn 3 qud trinh: hinh thinh & ph6n phtii gi:i tri. Hinh lhdnh gie tri (lrong SX ). phdn pnoi gid rri ldiFn ra sau SX). -Ban th6n 6ng cting cim nhin c6 sai lim trong l6p lu{n cira rninh, n€n 6ng di'l6n lirt'tiur cich dua girl tri TLSX vdo trong. gid tri cua HH duoi tirr goi t6rrg thLr nlrip. Torrg rhu lhdp lheo ong bao gfirn toin bo SP hirng ndn) cur nrong det va eria lao dorrg. rrerr trir cli rrhirrrg chi phi vi khoi phuc lB co dinh & TB luu tlong thi cai corr lai li SP thtrdrr tri;. Tong tlirr nirrip 1r'r 'rn) ( hi phi khoi phLrc TU cii tlirrlr va TB ltru dorrg (e-v) - SP tlruarr trirr (nr). - frong SX llll gian dun. gia tri do lao clorrg quyet tlinh. ('on trong SX HH l BCN. giir tli do thu nhap quyit,linh. Khonlr rrhit quil v6i ngLry0n ligid tri cua chinh minh. -Mqh gitia giri cd tLL nh i6n & gi6 ca th i trLltrng. Thuc chit la m6i quan h9 gitra gi6 tri & gi6 cii. Mot l ll l clLro. c ban theo grd c:i tu nhi6n n6u nhu giri cl6 ngang vtri muc de trd tidn cong. lgi nhu6n & dia to. Gid cittr nhi€n (giri tri) - V I p l r. Cii ea lu nhien li rlung tdrrr. gid cii thi trlrong la gia biirr thuc t6 cua l-l[i. Gid ca thi tflro-ng rrhit tli v6i gi6 cd tLl rrlridrr khi so luorrg I lH denr barr dLr di thoa nriin lrLo. ng ciu thlrc t6. -Srnith cdn c6 I linh cdm nhay bdn & thien tai. Ong cirn thiy gi6 tri cria HH trong CNTB c6 gi kh6c so v6i gi6 tri cia HH trong SX girin don. Nhung chua chi ra dugc khAc ntn. Vi 6ng chua bi6t tt6n ph4rn tri giri cd. Marx noi Iinh cirm cria Smith cdn ndm trong b6ng t6i. song vin ld i linh cdm qui gidL. Vi nho n6 md 6ng it nhidu c6 tlrrgc quan tli6m lich sti khi rem x€t cic pharn trir KT. - iorn lqi, trorrg li tlruydt gia tri cua Srnith c6 2 dorrg gop: Phrin bi€t giri trl sir dqng & gia tri trao doi. Phdt tridrr ngLryen Ii gi6 tri lao ttQng, khing dinh duo-c lao tl6ng ld thuoc do thuc t6 cua gi6 trl, mAc di chua hodn todLn nh6t qutn v6i quan orem na\. *llicardt,: la rrgtriri ,Jd dtLa klroa K lCl Iir sdn co di€rr len d6rr dinh cao vi chdrn d(n Irrtirr tai do. Mar:. rlanlr grd orrg li ti€n bi,i tlgc ti6p cira Marr. Th6 gi6i quan cira Ricardo cluy vit, rnSy moc & tu phdt. V6i th6 gioi quan tlir. 6ng cirrg dd xac diuh dirng tlin d6i tugng nghi€n ciLu K1'CT ln phiii tirrr ra duoc nhtug qui luit didu khiiin su phin ph6i. Ong dE dtLa ra qui luit phdn phoi tn-rng CN I B lnc briy gio Phuorrg phap lLrqn: su dUng phrrong phap lrirLr tLro rg hoa I caclr tlranh thao, nhung vArr kh6ng tri€t tlii. Do bi dnh hLlu-ng boi th6 gioi quan tu sdn & ong to ra phi lich sir 1 cdch nghi€nr rrong. Urg quarr li":rn nhirng phaur tru Kl'cua Tts li vinlr vi6rr. d6ng nhit TB vdi hiQn vlt, klr6ng birrg A.Sr:rilh. ' l.l-i lLrAn gi6 lri: - l{icardo bit etaLr ti lLr6n gia tli cua minh bing sLr ph€ ph6n A.Snrith. Ong gat bd nhting mdu thLrdn trong c6ch giiii thich rrrldc doi cL'm Snrith.'frong dinh nghia cria Snrith ri giA tfi. gat bo dinh nghia th(r 2. khing dilrh linh dirrrg dan cria dinlr nghia thil nh6t. - Noi lao cl6ng quy6t dinh giri tri la dirng kh6ng chi trong SX h2rng h6a gian dtrn mA cou tlirng ci trong SX hdrg h6a I fJ( l\. Cho nerr tiin luo-rg crra cong nhdrr cao ha) thio khong anh huong to-'i gid tli rna clrr lnlr lrtlorg dclr llrrr rrlrap r. Lra nhi lB. Vi khong phdi thrr nhdp quy€t dirrlr gid tri. m?r trdi lai gi6 tr! phdn gidi ra thdrrh cdc rrgu6rr tlrLr nlrap. Ong phdn bi6t rach rdi 2 qu6 trinh. Hinh thdnh gie tri: trong SX, do lao tlQng quy6t dinh. Ph6n ph6i gi6 tri: sau SX, do gid tri phAn pliii tlanl thu nhap. - De xac dirrh co cdu gie tri. Ricardo dd tinh den khdng chi nhtng chi phi ve lao dQng hi€n lai Ini ca nhirng chi phr vi lao ,1,\rt8 qrri klrrt drrcrL ket tinh tronp rnav moc- trong thi6l hi nlra rrrcrng. Nhrrng lai chtra lirrh d6n Phdrr l:ro clong qrra klrtr l.cr tinh trong nguy6n vAt liQu. Gi6 tri- Cl + v 'r' m. - 'l uy vAv. dng lai chua girii thich dtLo-c giir tri ura rr6v rn6c. trang thidt bi. nlta ruong drro c chul in hria vao haug h6a ntn'.' tltii ong chLr'a bi6t d6n tinlr 2 mdt cua lao tJong SX ra hing hoa. - I{icardo cirng bdc bo quan di6rn sai l6m cua Srnith khi cho ring lao dong trong nong ughi€p c6 narg \Lrdt cao hon. ltr-r rtlrierr. orts cirng. cu rrlritrrg ke tlrira & plrlt tridrr. - 0rrg cirug plrdn bi€t duo'c gid tli su dLrng v6-i gidr tri trao doi. cing ktrarrg dinh gia tri sri dung klrr\rrr.: qrrrit tlinlr rhr.rc giri 1ri trao al6i. Nhung cfing chua phAn bi€t duo-c gi6 tri, gi6 trl trao diii. Ong tllnh nghia v€: giri tri nhrr sau: (iih ca hdng hcia li do lao d6ng tuong d6i cdn thiiit (lao d6ng XH cAn dri6D dii SX ra hing h6a quy61 dinh chiL khong phrii li do klroan ticirr thLlo'ng ltrn (ti€n c6ng) ha1'nho di trd cho lao dong do quyet dinh. l{iclrdo cott phin biir drl.rc lao dong ci hiir & lao dorrg XH. Ong khdng dinh ring lao donpr qLrl cr clinh gii tri h lar.r cldng Xfl chir khong phrii lao ddng ca biet. De rac dinh lLro-ng gia tri hang hoa. llicardo c1A tlua ra clanh tiL "thdi gian lao doug XH cdn thi6t". Ddng ti6c 6ng lai cho rirrg thoi gian lao tlong XH cin thi6t drroc qui dinh boi di6u ki6n SX xiLr nhit. Vd trong viQc xic dinh lugng gi6 tri hing h6am Ricardo, cfing cdn it nhi6u inh hudng bdi lithuy6t v6 sqr khan hi6nr. 0ng noi: binh thuorrg giri ri hang hoa do thdi gian lao d6ng quy6t tlinh. Song lru I vdi hdng h6a qui & hi6rn thi tinh lrilu ich ciing qL'yet dinh gie tri. - Ricardo cdn phin biet gid rr! vcri cira cai. Theo ong. gi6 tri cria hing hoa nhidu hay it khdng phu rhuoc vao khoi luo-ng cira cai nhidu hay it nrd phLr thu6c vdo dk SX klt6 khdn hay thuin lrri. Ong con chi ra dLloc moi quan h€ ti 16 nghich giira gid tri hring hoa & nang sLrdr lao dorrg. Ban ve nroi quarr he giria gid ca tu nhierr & gid ca thi lrrLong. ThrLc clrit Ii moi quan h6 giia gil tli & gii ca. -l-heo orrg. gier cd tu nhi6n quy6t dinh gie ce thi trLLcrng. Gi6 cA thi rruong bi rinh hLrong btli rrlriirr rrlriirn to clru nin gid ca thi tltrong khong th€ orr dirh trotrg I thoi gian dai. lrong rlo. rrlrarr tL, alrlr lruorrg gid ca tlrr hrrdng c6 ci quan h€ cung cdu, nlrtrng quan h€ cung cdu khdng th6 quy6t dinh d6n gi6 cd thi truo-ng. Vi6c.quy6t clinh ninr trorg tay ciic rrlrd SX ( ma xdt cho cirng do ld do chi phi SX dieLr Li6t). - Ong cting nghiCn cilu Anh hu6ng cua quan hf c4nh tranh doi v6-i gi6 ca trCn thi trudng. C4nh lranh c6 canh tranh giira nhing ngLroi bln. canh tranh gi0a nh[ing ngrrdi mua. Trong ilk c6 hdng trirn k6 cauh tranh thi gi6 cA thi truong s€ do sLl canh tranh gi0a nhirng ngLlu-i bdn di6u ti6t & n6 sE duoc x6c l6p ngang hay gan vdi girl ca tu nhien. *.f6ng k6t: Co th6 n6i ring l{icardo lA nhd li luin gie tri lao tl6ng. Ong tl6 ki5t ciu lai todn b6 khoa K'l'C'l', d6t no dua tran I rrguyen li th6ng nh6r la lao d6ng quy6t dinh gid tri. TLrl nhi€r 6ng vin khong thA phAt trien li ludn do toi cirng. Cu the troug li luan gid tri. 6ng vin con v6p phrii I lo4t nhirng han ch6: -r'Khi phin tich v6 giri tri, moi chi nflng vA luo. ng rnd coi nhe nrar ch6t. -Chua phan biet drroc gid tri v6i gi6 tri trao d6i. Din tl€n pharn sai lim nghiem treng trong lihran vi lier) te. ., i , FChrra thdv drroc gi6 tri ld I quan h6 SX hdng hoa. l-Vin con b1 rinh hucrng boi li thLry6t khan hi6rn khi xac alinh lugng giri tri. I Dd c6 d€ cdp tl€rr lao d6ng giin do n & phiLc tap, rrhung cdl s<r lr.roc. t('hua phAn bi6t duo-c gi0a gi6 tri vo-i gi6 ci SX. - lil ca rrlrting ltarr che nay cira ong su1 clrrr currg ddrr bit ugutrn til I ngrrydn nhdn. Do lti orrg clrua biet der trulr I nrit cira lao d6ng SX ra hdng h6a. Ddy la han chri l6n nh6t cira Ricardo vd khoa K'lC l- c6 di6n Anh. *L1i thLry6t ban tay v6 hinh cua A.Srnith. -Xuat ph6t tir nhan t6 con nguoi K'l', li nhiLng con ngudi tham gia v2ro cdc hoat dong trao doi llH. C.i6c cluan hC trao doi 11H ld nhirrrg quan h€ phu thudc lin nhau vd rndt KT. Do ld nhiing quan h€ XH binh thudng, chi c6 duo-c ir trong CN'l 13 rni th6i. -Quan l'6 trat' tl6i li I thLr6c tinlr bin ch6t cua con nguoi. Con nguoi tluoc phAn bi6t voi con vit nhcr thtrirc rrnS tra., Joi ndy. ThLr6c linh tlao tfdi dtloc niy sinh tr'€n 2 co so: la tinh y€u cia con nguoi & tirrh ich ki cira con nsut)i. A.Snith cho ring long ich ki n.rauh lro-n. l?ur ndy sinh quan h6 trao d6i. -1rong qu:i trinh trao cidi, con ngLLo-i bi chi ph6i bdi loi ich cii nhdn. Moi ngudi chi bitit c6 tu lo-i & chay theo tu lo-i. 1'rong cluii tfinh theo du6i lo-i ich cri nhin al6, con nguoi lai bi d6n ait uoi i uan tay v6 hinh. Biin tay v6 hinh ndy dd dLLa c6c nh6n di tir ch6 dap trng I lo. i,fch khric nirn ngoii nhinrg toan tinh c6 nhan. D6 ld loi ich XH. v6 tinh lirn loi cho XIJ nrd kh6ng bitit. oay ld I quan di6m hiit sric duy vat. Giai quyrlt loi ich c:i nhdn sd gidi quy6t drLoc loi ich XH. -Bin tay v6 hinh chinh ld c6c qui ludt KT kh6ch quan, tap h-o. p tit ca cric qui luit KT kh6ch quan lai s6 hinh thinh n€n I trel tu 1rr nhi0n. Ek de duy tri trat tu trr nhi6n ndy Id SX & trao ddi HH. N,in KT diSn ra theo nguy€n tic tu.do. ong cli cao t6c d6ng tu phat cira loi ich c6 nh6n, tdc d6ng kh6ch quan c[ra cdc qui luar KT & t6c rl6ng tLr ph6t c,la cu- ch6 thi tt'rrcng. Quan ili0m c,"ra Sntith la phai hr clo K I -Vai tlir cua rtlra nuoc. L)6i lihi rrlia ruoc cring c6 thd thuc hi€n chuc nf,ng K I khi nta chLrc ning do vLro r qLrd l<hi nlng c[ta ciic clon vi l(l) ri6ng lc. Vd: xA1 dLtng cic c6ng trinh lou, l2rrn dudng. thLr1. lo.i Cdn rrong dk binh thuiyne. nhi€m r u cua nha ttuoc la dtt-\' tri tral tu tri an- bio vi td qLr6c d€ tao ra I su dn dinh. tld chc tu. nhan hoat dong I( l Vi the crj th6 x6p A.Surith vao ph6i tLl clo K l =S *nn. diirn. phuong phdp lrran cLia rruong phdiTdn c6 dierr. -' -( rriri tl l(). tliitr tkl0. CN I ts plrdt trierr ttltanlt clrorrg. nhung rrrdu thudr cring rlcr rrer ga1 git. clirr rlirr k;urrg h,,:irrg. llttoc rrrr' giai Joan t N l U cloc qtryen. rtrit hierr nhrirrg hidn tuo rrg KT rnoi nra li rhuy€t Kl cLia rnrcrng phrii c.r cliur kirong giai thich dLro-c. Cac li thuyiit cua r6t nhidu truong phrii KT nghi€n c[ru c6c v6n dd K'l thi rrtLring ra i{cri, trong d6 'l irr cd tli6n giti vai trd th6ng tri nl:lLng niur cu6i tkl9, <liLr tk20 voi nhtng dic di€rn co bin sau: - ('lrrr;€n sang rrghierr cuu o linh r uc trao d6i. luu thong & d6i trLo ng nghidn c(rLr li cdc don vi KT. 'l rirr co so do, rirl 1a kiit luAn chung cho todn XH - Phuong ph6p VI MO. ' l)Lla vdo lirr to tarn liclrri quan d6 gi:ii tlrich cdc hi6rr tuorrg & qu6 rrinh KT-Xl-1. Urrg ho li thLry€t gii rr.i clrri tlrran. Cirng I hang h6a, v6i ngLLoi ctin thi gia tri cao, voi ngLroi kh6ng cin thi gi6 tri kh6ng cao. Gi6 rri do stL dAnh giri chri tluan cria con ngudi. - Mu6n bi6n K1C'l thdnh lihoa hoc K'l- thudn tiry. Kh6ng c6 nroi li€n he voi cdc tlk KT-XH, chinh rri. - I In8. lri, ttt Jo crttlr lranh- chorrg lai su cart tlricp cLia nlra nuoc. Co ch6 thi truong sC tu tlam hao str carr bang cira crrrrr.: cau - Su dlrng c6ng ctr to6n hQc, rno lrinh, c6ng thuc lugng h6a vdo qui h'inh ph6n tich KT, g6p phan tirrg tinh sitthrrc. * lruong phrii gioi han thinh Vi€n 1Ao;. -Li thuy6t ich lo i gioi lran. lch kri la dac trLrrg cu th€ cua vat. Khislr thoa nrin nhu ciu tdng thi ich lo i c6 xLr hLL6ng gianr tlan. N6u xdt tr6n milc d6 thoa man thi vat sau c6 ich loi nho hon v6t trrL6c. VAt cLr6i cing (vat phdn gio.i han) s€ c6 ich loi git'ri han, quy6l dinh ich lo. i chung. l'dn c6 di€n cho ring SP cdng it. ich loi gi6i h4n cdng lon. Khi Sp ling l€n. tong lo-i ich cirng tang. nhrrng ich loi gi6i han thi giam di. -Lf thuy6t giA 1r'i gi6i han. Ciri tri gi6i han li gi6 tri cira SP gi6i han do ich lqi gioi han qui dinh. No qul er dinh cho gir rri c[ra tet ca SP. Sd l$o.'ng SP vd gi6 tri gi6i bpn vdn d6ng nguoc chidu nhau. K,h i SP tang I6n, giA tri gioi han giam xu6ng. din d€n t6ng giri tri gi6i han gidm. Nhu vd,y, dd c6 nhidLr gi6 rri, tlri phei tao ra su khan hi€m. +Li thuy6t cin bing t6ng qurit cria L.Wallias. -Kd tliria tLl tLr'6ng tu do KT cira A.Smith, 6ng dua ra lithuyiit cdn bing t6ng qurit trong n€n K1'thi truong tu.do canh tra|']n. -'Irong n6n K.l thitruon8 c6 3 thj rrLr<rng chti yilu:thi tluong HH&DV, thi tluong \,on. thi truong lao ttdng. ]-th i truong ndv v6rr di li c10c lip vdi nhau. nhung lai tlunc li6n k6t vo-i nhau bdi c6c doanh nh6n. '\A/ -Ddi vcii doanh nhdn. chi phi SX - ldi suar 't ti€n ltrong. Cid su cjoanh nhln b6u hdng v6i giri ci > chi phi SX, rhic6ng viQc Kl) c6 ldi. 'fi6p tuc md r6ng qui m6 SX. phAi vay them tu bin, thu6 th€m lao tlQng. Ldm cho ldi sLrAt & riel lLrtrng ddu ting ldn. Edng thdi cung v6 SP cing ting l6n, gi6 cri s6 gi6rn xuong. D6n I lirc nAo dtr. giA ca.= chi phi SX. kh6ng c6 lEi. ngirng SX. Kh6ng vay th6m TB, kh6ng thu6 th6rn c6ng nhdn, khirng tdng cLrng vd llll. Do rlo l6i sudt 6n dinh. tidn Itlung t5n clinh & gi6 cd 6n dinh. 3 thi trudng o trang th6i c6n bing, nin Kl cr trang thai can bdng tong qurit. -Dk d6 dan toi s$ can bing t6ng qu6t ld girl cd: chi phi SX. 'fheo Walliass thi trong n€n KT thi trLLong. tlk nay du.oc hinh tharrh I cdch tu phat du tac dong cua eu g & cdlr. A,<* Li thlrydt gia ca cLia Mashall. \- Mashall drra ra lithLrl€l gid ci nhirn chinrg minh cho lithuy6t bin tay v6 hinh cia A.Smith. Theo ong. 116n rhi lruong. gia ca dtloc hinh thdnh I ciich 1u phiit do tiic dQng cira quan h6 cung ciLr. Nri duo-c xdc clinh o didrn crin bdng giira gid e Lrng & giri ,.'6u. - CALr chinh ld bi€rr' hi6n cira nhLr cdtr co kha rrdng tlranh to6n. N6 tluo-c dAm bio bdng kh6i luong ti€n t€ & giri ci nh6t tlinh' chinh vi vay cALl bi rinh huo-ng bdi cric nhan t6 sau:Nhu cdu nrt'a sim cira ddn cu.'ntu ,rr,a"p cua dan crr. Gi6 cd cua nhAn t6 c6 anh hLLdng rdt l6n d6n sirc ciu. ich loi gi6i h4n ciing 6nh huong d6n giri ciu. Mrii tu,ing,luon giDa ciu & gia cd chinh ld giri cdu. D6 phin 6rrh su thay tl6i cL'ia ceu diSi voi gia ca, nguoi ta dtrng khrii ni€nr h€ s6-co 6aricra.a,, fe-p-i. - Cung ld kh6i luo-ng hdng h6a duoc SX ra & alern biin tr6n thi truong v6i I gi6 cd nh6t <linh. chi phi SX cir dnh hucrng truc ti6p t6i gi6 cung. [,uo-ng cung vAn ddng cirng chi6u vOi gia. - 1'6ng ho-p c'''ns tatt. Giii cLrng ld clai di6n cho ngtrdi brin, cdn gid ciu dai didn cho rgLroi mua. Theo ong. gia cr1 rr6n thi tfuong dlroc hinlt thirnh theo ngLlni rnua & ngLloi ban. Nguoi mua khi dat gi6 phai cdn crlr vio ich lo.i gi6i han cira hdng lrria Vd: hirrg lroa liltan hrdrn thi ich lo. igroi han l6n. giri cao. can oo; uo'; ,rg,Ltri b6n. khi dinh gi6 hc can cu.vio chi phi SX ncn gil cri hang hoa - chi phi sx F lo. i nhuan. NilLr hdng hoa khan hidm thi ho ddt gi6 cai cal ho-n chi phi sX & ngrLoc lai (liri cri thitrtlong lA kdt qLrii cua su va chanr giira gid cl nguoi mua & gid cd cua nguiri b6n.'ILlc l:i sutec afong giara cung & ciLr. hinh thanh nen giil ce can barl8. Qua trinir t:ic dong gitra gi6 cung & gi6 c-au ch hilh thrinh nan gid ca cli' bilr'.r' SLI rae dllr:3 utra ettttg citt va gii czi tlri trLrurrg sd tu aieu iiOr SX-va rie,r-rtur[- ,uo r",r r,.r.,',, d,ri rr.r, tlri rr.rr.rrrt. Bdi val'. li rhuy6t gi6 ca cL'ra 6ng dd chi'ng minh cho rithuy6t bdn tay vo hinh cLra A.Smith. + Dic cli€rn. phLlong plrap luqrn cira truo.ng phli Keyness. -cN'l't] lAm vio kltirng lroring K'l'nghidrn trong, di6n hinh li 1929-1933. H{Lr quri rit ndng 1d, dac biet ld nan th6r nghi€p Do lA cudc khtrng horlng thira. Di6u ndy ata b6c b6 tu tuong tu do KT cira truryng phrii c6 ditin & 'l'an c6 di6n. l)o d6 ddi hoi phii c6 I lithLrydt rn6i ra do.i. -Ke]'ness cho ring nguy€n nhAn khirng hozing KT ld thi6u stL can thi€p cfra nhii nu6c vdo KT. Mu6n tao r.a su c6r bing tlri phdi co sr,r carr thiep cria lrhd ntro-c. *Dic tli6m chir y6u cia truarng phei Keyness. - Su dung phuong phrip phfu tich vi m6 trc nhirng chiti6Lr cua ndn KT vI rn6 nlrLr san luong, thu nhAp, vi6c lar1, gid cii, diu trL & tidt ki€rn. Lir nguo-i XIJ n€n rlon hoc KT vj rn6 hi€u da,. - MLrc ti€Lr hoc thuy6t ctia ong li ch6ng th6t nghi6p. giii quy6t cdng dn vi€c ldm. Coi trong sir.c cdu trong ndn K l. lin phLrrrng phap rghi€n cuu cua 6ng goi ld plirL<rng phi4p trong ciu. - Cho rirrg chirrh t6rn Ii chir quan cua din cu ld <ldn b6y t6c tlong m4nh d6n ndn KT vi rn6. Vi v6y, di sau lghien ciru ranr li tiiLr dirng. tirn li ti6t ki€rn, tArI li L|a chu6ng ti€n mdt. - Vdrr dLrng li luan gio-i han, chc phLLong phrip todn hoc, do thi d6 phrin tich cdc hi6n tuo-ng K l. Dua ra I rnd hinh K'l- vi nio gOrn 3 nh6rl rJai lLLqng. +Nh6m dai lLLo-ng xu6t ph6t: ld nhom dqi luo. ng kh6ng thay d6i hoac thay d6i chim (ngudn v6n, ki thuir). +Nh6m dai luqng khi bi6n d6c lAp: ld nh6nr khuynh hu6ng tdrn li chri quan nhLl khuynh huo-ng ti€u dirng, ti€t ki6ni, su ua chudng ti€n mdt, mang tinh XH, ld co so crla KT vi rn6. 'tNhtirn dai luong khd bi6n phtr thLi6c: ld nh6rn phAn 6nh thuc trang n6n KT vi m6, bao g6n nhting y6u to nhrr san luo-ng, thu nhqp. vi6c lam , do dai luo-ng khi bi€n d6c lAp chi ph6i. -Gi0a dai lucrng khA bi€n tl6c lAp & phlr thu6c c6 m5i quan h6 voi nhau. Sin ltro-ng Q, thLr nhAp R, ri6u dirng C. ddu ru I. tiet kienr S. Q 'CiL It (l rS. Q I{ > I'S. I&SlA2clai luo. ng KT vl rno hdt sri c r;uan trong. N ha nLL6c phrii khuy6n khich tArrg diLr tLr. giarrr ri€r kiinr. - Idlrr li clrtr qtrarr tr\rttg plrirt ticlt K | : girr gitiug tluong plrii lin co diirr. nhrrng su durrg phuung phap r i nro. I an c' di€n di siLr khai th6c tAnr Iicrl bi€t, cd nhAn. Keyness chu ! d6n t6rn Ii XH, s6 dong, con gqi ld cdc qui luit r6m li. V dd cira 6ng ld rrudn nhd nu6c t6c il6ng vdo c6c qui luAt tdm li dii giii quytit nhfng vAn dd K-f. *So s6nh 't'An c6 di6n v6i trudng ph6i Keyness. -Gi6ng: ddu c6 tu tu6ng gi6i han, tli theo nguydn li gi6i han. d€u c6 yiiu t6 €rn li chir quan trong phan rich. deLr sri dung c6ng crr toan hoc trong ph0n tich, tliu r-6t quan tArn d6n v6n d€ trao d6i, ti€u dirng & nhu ciu. -Kh6c: lAn co di6n - dd cacr vai trd cria tu clo K'l cua cry ch6 thi lru.dng, phdn cl6i can thi€p cira nhd nu6c. Keyness lai rrgtro-c l4i Vd phLlong phdp lLrAn, -l-an co tfien - dirng phuong phdp vi rn6, ndn y6u t5 tdm li chri yiSu khai thric y6u td trinr li ci nh6n. Cdn Keyness - dirng phtrong ph6p vi rn6, n6n ytSu t6 tdm li cira Keyness quan tim d€n nhirng khuynh hu6ng t6m li XH, tarn li s6 d6ng, c6 the khei quit thdnlr qui luet tem li.Y d6 cua ong ld rnu6n rrhd nu6c t6c ildng vdo c6c qui luir t6rn li dd gini quy6t nhirng v6n dd KT +t,i thuyiit chung vi: vi6c ldrn cria Keyness. . '-DAy Id li thu;,6t qtin trorg, chi6m vi tri ruug tem ffong li thuy6t cua Keyness. Vi€c ldm tlong li thuyiit cua dng c6 J pham vi rdng. Khdng chi dirng tfd xric tlinh trinh trang sir dung, qui m6 thdt nghiQp nrd cdn bao gdrn ci tinh lrang cira SX & qui n6 thu nhAp. Vi€c ldrn thuQc nh6m nhirng tlai luong khd bi€n phu thu6c. -l.i llru)et r iic ldnr: Xudt phrit tir th(Ic te: vi6c linr tdng. thu nhip tdng. din t6i tlng tierr dirng & tdng riir kiern. TAng licu dirrg chin lrtrn so v<ii tdng thu nlr{p, ti€u dirng giirn tLrong tldi. ciLr co hieu qud gidm- qui m6 SX cr)ng giini- girim vi6c larn. gianr thrr rrlrdp. Mtr6n klrdc phLrc phai co srr can thiep cia nha nLr6c thong qua r iec drri tri cdrr clirr rrr. -MtLc d6 cAn b6ng r"i€c ldnr sF phu thugu r,ao khOi luo-ng diu tLr hi€n tai. Kh6i luo-ng diLr tu hi€n tai sd phu thu6c vi.o srr ki;lr thrcir cliLr trr. Ma su kich thich diLr ru sd phrr tlruoc rao hidu qua gioi halr ctia lR & Lii sLlit. a ) Khu) nlr lrrri'rrrg tierr dirng & tiet kienr. Khuynh liuorg ti6u dirng phan inh mdi nrtrng quarr giiia thu nhdp vdi s6 ddnh cho ti€u dung duo-c rirt la tir thu rrhdp do. Nir phiin rinh nrcii trlcng quan giira thu nh4p & tieu dilng. Phtr thLr0c vdo cdc nhan to: NlrLr cau. thLr nhip lra clAn cLr'. Nhirng nh6n t6 kh6ch qLran c6 Anh huong t6i thu nhip, qLridjnh thu nh6p thuc td cua cd nhan (su thay d6i vd chinh stch thue. tha) d6i vd lei suit. gia ea ;. Nhring nhdn to chir quan c6.ir1h huo-ng t6i ti€u dirng. NhIng nhAn tii qui dinh hdnh r i rret kienr. -Klrur tth lrttr.rtt:l ttct kiinr: pltart ittlt rnoi tuong qrrarr giria tlru nlrap & tidt kienr. ( hia li I loai: tiet kienr err nlriirr & tirt ki6m cua c6c DN, t6 chiLc nh?r nu6c & doan th6. Ti6t ki€m cd nhdn do 8 nhin ro qLri dinh: than trgng, nhin xa. tiuh toAn. thatn vong, tu lip, kinh doanh, ki€u hdnh, hi ti6n. Ti6t ki6m cira DN, t6 chfrc nhd nu6c, dodr] th6 do nhring nhan to lien quan d6n vi6c KD, hoac xuet phrt tir nguyen tic tai chinh Ia phii c6 luqng tidn rn6t clLr trri nhit tlinh. -Keyness cho ring o- rhirng ngu<ri c6 thu nh6p th6p, thu lhAp bao nhieu, ti6u dung biy nhi€Lr. Khi chuy€n sang rnfic thrr nhip cao. cotr nguoi sC ddnh ra I phin cho titit kiern, gia tang tiCu dirng s€ chirn hon so v6i gia tdng thu nhAp. -l rong khi gia ting ti6u dirng ngal'cing chqrn thi g;a ting ti6t ki€nr sE ngil c2rng nhanh. Ong dua ra nhimg khdi rri6n sau. .Khirl nh lrrrrrr.: tir-rr tltrrrg giiri lrur ll klruy nh huorrg ca nlrarr co xu huorrg rrruon plriirr chia phdn thrr lrhcp tang thinl clro Li€u dirng thco ti le giarn din. -Khu1'rrh hLrirng ti6r kiem gi6i han l?r khuynlr hLLcrng c6 nh6n mu6n phin chia phAn thu nhap ting th€rl eho ti0t kiern therr ti le tdng dan. -Nhu vAy, cirng v6i su gia ting cira tlru nhip, ti6u ding gio-i h4n s€ ngdy cdng giirn, ti6t kiCm gi6i han $ ngi) cang tang. b) Lii sLrit & hi6u qLri gi6i han cira tu bin. -Phan biel nhd trr ban & doanh nhin. Nhn 1'B le ngutri c6 tu bau tiin te & tlem clro vay tl€ tluo. c htLcrng thu nhap cin cir vao ldi su6t. Doanh nhdn ld I nhd cliu tu, ddm chip nhfn riri ro rnao hidm ndn duoc huo-ng thu nhap cAr cir vdo hi€u quh g ioi lran r'u:r trt barr. -1,6i su6t chinh li khodn ti€u thrrong cho hdnh vi dim chAp nhin chia li v6i tei san du6i hinh rhdi tid,n td cua nguoi co tiii:n. Lai sLrAt s€ tlo ludng slr tU nguyen cira nguoi c6 titin khong su dung tidn mdt cira hg. ThLLc t6, ngucri c6 ti€n chi b6 tidn la cho va; khi c6 ldi suAt cao, con klri ldi su6t thip thi khul nh hu6ng r.r'a ehLrong ti6r mdl se thang. Khuvnlr huorrg Lra choQng tien m61 bi chi ph6i bdi 3 y;5u t6: dQng co giao dich, du phdng, itAu co. M=L(r) Kh6i luqng ti6n t€ M. I-larn s6 ua chu6ng ti6n mit L, l6i suAt r. NLu vdy. kh6i luo-ng ti€n t€ la him sil cira ldi su6t. -l li€u quri gitii han cira tu bdn: Phan loi trien veng = Doanh thu BH - Chi phi SX. Nhu v{y, FIiQu quA gi6i han 'fB (%) - Phin loi tri6n vong / Chi phi SX * 100%. -[iirng voi srr tAns len c[ra v6n d6u nr. thi hiOu quii gidi han cLra-fB sE ng]ry cdng gidnr. Boi 2 li do: Khi v6n d6.u tu tang l€n. luo-ng cLrng vd I IH sC tang len. gie ca HH giim tli, phAn ldi tri6n vong giin, hi€u qud gi6i hqrn TB giim. Khi v6n ddLr trr tAng l6n cring lim tang chi phi, phdn ldi tririn vong gidm, hi6u qu6 gi6i han cua -fB gidm. -Doanh nhdrr di vay tu brirr dd diu tu. Cioi han diu tu TB = llieu qud gioi hqn cua TB - Lrii suit. Khi hierr so do la dutrrrg (tirc li hi6u quri gi6i han cria TB > lai suitl, c6 t6c dung khuy6n khich doanh nhdn vay l-b tle diu ttr.'Iheo Keyness, lii su6r ld c6ng cu tti6u ti6t vi m6 quan trerlg. Nhd nLroc c6 the di6u ti6t mfic ldi suAt chir dQng thich hop vdi tirng giai doan SX. l(D. Khi khung hoAng, cit gi6m hi suAt d6 tang diu tu. Khi phdn th!nh, KT ting trudng. tt€ giim bot tinh trang qua i .,- l '.i ; ()ng cua nen K l. Iar tang lar suat. c) DAu tu & m6 hinh s5 nhAn. -56 nh6n ld hO s6 khu6ch dai thu thu nhdp. K = dR/dl. Phin 6nh rn6i I su gia tdng cfra diu ttL s€ khLr6ch dai thu nhip l6n bao nhi6u ldn. - 'l dng d6Lr tu. tdug cdu b6 sung c6ng nhan, tdng qui luong, Ung ti6u ding, t6ng gi5 cd, tang viec ldrn, ting thu nhAp, t6ng oau tu. *Vi sao 116i vdu tld vi€c linr, th6t nghiQp chi6rn vitri trung tem toan bQ lithuy6t KT cua Keyness. - l heo Ke,v-nels, nguyen lhdn dAn d6n that nghi€p ld do su gidm sit c[ra ciu c6 hi€u qLr6, thLr hep qui n6 SX. giam viec lzirr & ddrr ct€n thAt nghi€p. -Nhimg gidi phrip clua ra le tap lrung vdo kich cAu: kich ciLr cfAu tLr & kich cliu ti€u dirng. Kich ciu sE 1116 rgl1g qui m6 SX- tiing r i6c lzirn. ch6ng thit nghi6p. -'(liluorrg rlrrrlt K I cua Kelness. (Li thu_rit ve sq can thi€p cria nha nLroc vao K l.) - Drroc l'ilt la iir li rhu) Ot chuns r'6 vi6c lam, bao g6nr 4 n6i dung co ban sau: - Nhd ntroc ph/ri c6 chuong trinh K-f dlu tu trdr) qui nro lorr & rh6ng qua d6 rnd thLLc hi€n sLl oan thiQp \, iio chc que trinh K1- ong cho ring. d€ drirr bio str cdn bing cLia n€n KT thi khong ttr6 aua vAo co- ch€ ttri tn-rt-rrg tu phet md phii bdng s' can thi€p ctra nhii nLr6c Th6ng qua nh0ng h6 hocua nha nucrc nhu li nhong bi€n phdp de duyiri cau dau trf. thdng qra nhile hd tro- tin cltrng- h6 tro- tiL ngin s6ch nha nu6c, th6ng qua he th6ng c{ic don d4r hang "rn nha ,,o0", h€ th6ng-t6Lr nrLta ctra nhii nL|cic N'ltrc dich dd tao la sLr 6n dinh vd rn6i trunng KD, drr dinh thi trLrong. R6i trL d6 on clinh v€ lo-i-rrhunn cho c6c C'Iy,. - Sir dLrng he th6ng tdi chinlr tin dung & luu th6ug tidn tc. O trong li thuy6t cLra Kel ness, chirng e0ng ld nh0.ng cdng cu qtratr lrullg. \4tle dich dd kich thiclr long tin. tinh lac qr.raI & tich ctrc dau rrr cLia cdc doanh nh,-n. Di dnr du.,rJ,n,, di.l, ndy- 6ng chu truong tang them kh5i luone ti6n tlLra vdo lLLu thdng. tang giri cri hdng h6a (n6u c6c ydu ro rlau iao chLra klp dtu chinh girl). s€ lArn ting phin loi tri6n -vqng, tdng hi€u qui gioi han cia TB. tdng gi6i han clALr ttr 'l-8. Khi khoi luo-ng tien clua vao luu th6ng tdng I6n, cirng sE din Loi Iam phdt. tuy ntrien, l4m phet kh6ng phrii lirc nao cdng co hai. nha nunc r'o thi clru a ltrg ta,r ra larrr phAt. ldLr kierrr sodt duo-c larn phat s€ ldm gidm ldi ,u,it. ,ing giui hal daLr Lrr I 13. ' Dc trarrg trai rthung khoan chi ti6u cua nha lrtLcrc, b dip nhong khoan tham hul cua ngdn s6ch nhd nucrc & ntri r6ng clAu tLr cua rh:i uLxic. Keyness chLl trLro.ug iu tlr6nr titin gi6y. I D6 thLLc hi6n su di6Lr tiet K1 Key'ncss chd truong terg thu6 d6i v6i ngudi lao <16ng. d6 lAm gianr di phin tiCr ki€nr cua dAn cu. lhttc chdt nhd nLroc di giirp ho chuy6n khorin ti6t ki6m sang dAu tu. Nhung vin Ae ta pfra; lam gidm str phdn ilrre cira dAn chirng,6ng chit trLong tdng vi€c liinr. - D0 rrang cao t6ng cAu & vi6c llnr, Keyness chir truong mo rQng nhidu hinh tlr(L diu tu. 'l heo 6n,e, dau Lrr vao linh vuc Irdo cring ta)t. midn tao ra vi6c lam & tang thu nhrip. K6 ca nhirng hoat tt6ng tliu tu cho SX vfr khi chal dua vri trang. qudn sq hoa ndn Kl d6 tdng thu nhap. Vi vriy,6ng bi nhi€Lr ph€ phrin. - Kevness chir truong khuy6n khich ti€u dirng cd nhAn dOi voi moi treng l6p, kC cA ngudi lao tl6rg, doanh nhdn vi nhi TB. Nhung nhinrg bi6n phrip d6 cia 6ng kli6ng clat tluoc mgc dich vi tdng thui!, chinh s6ch'u6p lan tidn luo.ng'. reng giri t Nhrlng harr chd c a Keyncss: Han ch6 Ion nhdt ld xem nhq, bo qua vai trd cira co ch6 thi truong. cLia tu do K l. eLra sa1, sua vtii vai tro didu chinh can thi6p cua nhd nu6c. flOi ph6ng vai trd cua nhd nu6c. +Chri nghla tu do KT. - ( N trr do Kt ll ciu lr rhtrlit K I lruc ltr sar) coi nen K'l I B('N rrhu lir I hd lholg hoar dorrg tLr dorrg. Jo cac clui ltrat khiirch quan tu'phit dieLr ti6t.'1'u tuong co bin cira n6 la trr do KI). tu do tharn gia vdo thi truo.ng. -'frlne lich sLi. CN trr do K'l gi0 r,ai tro thons tri trong I khodng thoi gian ddi: cudi tk l7 d6n ddu nh&ng ndrr i0 tli 10. Satr dai khtrng hoang K'l' 1929-1933, CN tu do KT m6t di tlia vith6ng tri & thay vdo d6 ld sp th6ng rr.i cua li rhu\er Keyness. Li thuy6t Keyncss th6ng tri hong nhimg ndm 40 d6n 60 tk 20. Sang dt5n diLr nhing nim 70. nhirrg han ch6 cira nri ngiy cdng b6 lo I c6hc r0 rAng. Ma I trong nhiing han ch6 d6 ld Keyness da quA say sua voi vai trir cia nhii n Lrtrc rna bo qua vai trd c a tlr do KI-, cua co ch6 thi trtrong. Vi vdy. nhirng muc ti€u trong chinh sAch K l'cira Keyness dd khdng thuc hi6n duuc. 'l ir do xuit hi€n khuynh hu6ng phrlLi kh6i phuc lai CN tu do K'I tr6n co- scr ld oo k€ rlrirx nlranrg aong gop cua lithuy6t Keyness- Vi vdy, CN tu do KT b6y gio mang mdu sic moi. r(lN tu do c[: ('frong n6ng, CO tliiin ann (Smith), T6n c6 tfien) phan d6i nhi nLr6c. .l-Lithuy6t Keyness: d6 cao vai trd cia nhi nu6c. r-ON tu do rnoi: ch6p nh{n sr,r can thi€p cria nhi nu6c 6 I mr?c tl6 nh6t tlinh. - CN tu do nr6i ld I tlong nhirng trdo Iuu tu tu6ng hi€n dai tlugc hinh thinh tfCn co sd tong ho-p t6t ci cric quan rli€rn cting nhu phLrorg ph6p lu6n cia truong phei trong thuong, tu do c[, Keyness. Hinh thdnh n6n I h6 tLr.tutrng nr6i nhinr didu li6t str rin tling cira nAn KT TBCN. Md tu ludng co bin cr'ra n6 ld tLr do KD, tu do tl'ram gia vdo thi tnrirng & c6 sLr can thidp cria nhz\ nLr(rc ci I nrilc d0 nhir dinh. Khiu hi€u chung dua ra ld'thi truong nhi€u hon & nha nuo.c ri rrlrc de it h trn". +Phdn bict CN rLr clo c0 vdi CN tu do moi. -G idng: 'l Lr do l('l d€u dd cao tu tuotlg tu do KD, tu do tham gia vdo thi truo-ng. Ndn KT vin tl6ng lrodn toan chiu sLr. ch i ph6i ctia cdc qui luit kh6ch quan. c[ta co ch€ thi truorg. vi th6 ndn KT lLrdn o tr4ng rhrii crin bing dong. -Kh6c: 'l'u do cir ltnrr c6 <1i6n' KTC] l's co clieu) - phdn doi stL can thi6p cira nhd nuoc vao KT. Ttr clo moi , c6 di€'r khric bi6t ld chip nhin su can thi€p cLia nhd nudc vdo ndn K'I'6 I mfic d6 nhit dinh. X6t trong nloi quu,, he giDa Xfl & nhi rrudc thilhi tnr(ing lhi€u lro.n. nlrd rrr.roc tr rn irc tl6 it hon. *CN tLL do nr6io- CHLB DiLc. l.Quan ni€m v€ ndn Kl' rhi truong XH. - Nan KT thitruong xH sd vtra c6 di6m chung lar vira c6 di6rr khdc bi€r so v6i c6c ntn KT thi rrucrng di tirlg t6n tai. N6 khongphai la stl kdt l:op co hoc giita l iLr to thi trrrongcuacNIBroi ydLr rri Xll cLla cNXH. Ma li rrerr rt riri tnrnLrg drro-c th6 hi6n o l che c16 c6 Druc ti6u. tlong d6 c6 sLr k6t ho-p gitia 2 nguydn rac: tu clo & c6ng bing xlt rrcn rhi 1ruo.n,e. NgLry€n tdc tLr do ld tl6 nhdrn ph6t huy nhfing dQng luc, nhiing drinh ki6n cira cri nhAn. Nguy€n t6c cone bing Xll ]d da klrar plrue ltlrrirrt tnal trc cU.c crra neD KT thi tr.uorrg. - Nhring tierr chttart ctia n6r KT rhi truong ru do XH: Dzim bdo quyi:n tqr do ca nhdn. Dam bao su colg b6rrg XH. Co chinh s6ch tang tt'uong Kt ttti tao ra khu6n kh6 ph6p li& k6t c6u ha tAng cin thi6t cho KT rhi truo.ng. co nhtmg chilh srich KT ch6ng chtr ki. C6 chinh s6ch co c6Lr thich lro-p. Erinr briLo tinh tuong hgp cira thi truong ddi v6i tdt ca hinh vi cua ch inh s6ch K]'c]A n6u. 2.( dc r irr to crra ndrr K f thi rrrrorrg. -Cattlt ttutrll: Ia -verr to giri r i tli lrtrtrg liinr II()rrg rerr Kl tlri rrrrorrg XH. D6 tlrn tri carrir tranh co lricLr qrra. crn lo1 lrolg qLr-vdn tLr chLi. tLl clo kinh doarrlr. Czic chilc ni.rg cria canh tranlr trong nen KT thi trrro-ng Xtl: Su dLrng cAc ngLrdn tdi rrgLrl0n I cdch toi urr. Khuy0n khich ti6n b0 ki thuet. Phan ph6i thLr nhrip. thoa man nhu ciu NTt). Dzirrr bz'rg rirrh Iin6 hoat cua sLl didu clrinlr, ki6m sodt s[rc manh K1'& sirc nianh chinh tri. Drim bio quydn ni do lua chor & hanh d6ng cLra rn6i c6 nhin. Nhinrg nguy co de do4 c4nh tranh: tir phia c6c DN gdy ra, cfing c6 khi ttl nhd nu6.c. Chinh vi th6 phai b6o v6 catth ttanh. s[r dtlng 2 bierr phdp: mang tinh hanh chinh & hirrh su. Co quarr dd thLrc lrien nhiern vLr ndl chin6 la Ur brrr ch6ng Caltcn toan li€n baug. -Xi hdi: Canh tlarlh chua c6 chfc ndng dAm brio c6ng bing XH. Ma y6u t6 XH co I chtLc ndng: N6ng cao thu uhAp chg tirlg.lcrp drin.cLL nghdo. Il5 tro cho c6c thinh vidn cira XH c6 th6 vuo.t qua duo-c nhlLng kh6 khan li r r vii ca nhiLlg rui ro v6 tinh th6n trodg ctr6c s6ng. NhOng c6ng cu <lC thuc hi6n: 'l-6ng hudng KT (ndn KT co tdng rruong mo-i c6 nhing phuong ti6n vAt ch6t d6 thllc hi€n cdc chfrc r.tdng cha y6u tO XH;. Phdn ph6i thu nh{p c6ng bing, th6ng qua cdc qui phirc lo-i. qLri bdo tro-, qui bAo hi6m. Cric chich sach XH kh6c. -Vai trd cira chinh phu. N€n KT thi truong XH v5n iit cAn diln I chinh phr) manh, nhung chi n6n can thi6p o I muc c10 nhit dirrh & trong rrlritng truortg hop cAn thi6t. Vai trd cua chinh phir duo.c xAy dung nhim phdr hu1 sarrg kien cua ca nherr & duy tri canh tratrh c6 hi€u quA. Chinh phrh s€ chi can thiQp o nhfing noi. nhtrng lic canh tranh to ra kh6ng c6 hi€Lr cltrii. (luarr di6nt c[ra ho li thi trLrdng o rrroi lirc. moi nr:i. Cdn chinh phir d nhlnrg nt-r-i, nh0rg lirc cin tlrieL. r-Nguv6n Lic h6 tro-: Chinh phir giLi vai tro h5 tro- nhirn duy tri oanh tranh co hi6u qui. dn dinh ridn t6. T6n trong & bzio vi scr hrru rrr rrltrrr. f)iinr bao arr r:inlr & colg bAng XH. rNguy€n tac ttfong hop v6i thi truong thd hi6n thong qua viic ban hdnh ciic chinh sdch: Chinh sdch srr dung nhirr c6ng. Chinh srlLch ting truong (th6 hien th6ng qua c6c khoiin h5 trn ctia nhd nuoc dtii voi cec nginh, virng c6 1i nghia quan trorrg doi voi ph6r rri€n KTt. Chinh sdch chu ki 1d€ girim bor bi6n do dao tlong rrong KDt. Chinh s6ch rhtro.ng rnai lnhdrn tlat toi su c6n bang trong c6n can thanh roen). Chinh s6ch d6i v6i cic ngdnh, c6c virng KT. *l rtrong ph6i trong ti€n. M.Friedman. Li thuy6r v€ chu ki ti6n t€ & thu nh6p qu6c dAn. - Mric cung lidn t€ la nhAn t6 c6 dnh huong truc ti6p d6n c6c bi€n s6 cia KT vi m6 nhu gi6 ci, sdn lugng. vi€c lanr. Ong xu6t ph6t til cdng thric MS*V : P*Q crla Fisher. MS ld milc cung ti6n t€, V ld t6c d6 chu chuyiln cua ti6n te, p+e la sdn luong qu6c gia. , I ,i , . , . - l- rredman cho rdng muc cung tien te khong 6n dinh vi no phu thu6c viio cdc quy€t dinh chu quan cua cdc co quan tien t€. Vd h€ th6ng dtr trir li€n bang Mi (FED). M(Lc cung tidn tC c6 t6c d6ng d6n sdn luong thudng xay ra o,2 trunng ho-p: +'Sin luo. ng thgc tti chua dat d6n sdn lugng tidm ning: teng mr?c cung tiAn t€ s€ lim siin luong tdng nhan, gi6 ci ring chArn. khons cti nguy co din d6n larn phit. I San lLro-ng thlrc tii da vuo't rn ilc sdn lu<rng tiAm ndng: vi€c tang muc cung tidr td sc it co tdc dong d6l tdng sdn lrLong. ma gi6 cA lai tdng nhanh, co nguy co larn phiit. - M rirc ciu ve ti€n td theo Friedman co tinh on dlnh cao. Vi ciLr ti€n t€ c6 li6n quan chit ch€ ddn su vdn tl6ng c0a cAc khodn chi li6u rrd tru6c ti€n lA thu nh!p, md thu nhap tuong d6i 6n dinh.MD la cAu danh nghia v€ riin tc. yn li rhu nhap qu6c ddn danh nghia. MD: f(yn) ld hdm s6 cira thu nh6p qu6c d6n danh nghia. . l'he gitri quan: dLry vAt tu ph6t. chua ti€n toi phep dur. vdt bi€n chung. cho rirrg kinh nghi€m la co su'cua hiQu thuc. cLra nh{n thirc. 'l ur nhidn. di co btroc ti6n. Ti6t ki€m cd nhdn do 8 nhin ro qLri dinh: than trgng, nhin xa. tiuh toAn. thatn vong, tu lip, kinh doanh, ki€u hdnh, hi ti6n. Ti6t ki6m cira DN, t6 chfrc nhd nu6c, dodr] th6 do nhring nhan. XH. D6 tlrn tri carrir tranh co lricLr qrra. crn lo1 lrolg qLr-vdn tLr chLi. tLl clo kinh doarrlr. Czic chilc ni.rg cria canh tranlr trong nen KT thi trrro-ng Xtl: Su dLrng