Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Cambridge.University.Press.German.Philosophy.1760-1860.The.Legacy.of.Idealism.Sep.2002.
This page intentionally left blank GERMAN PHILOSOPHY The Legacy of Idealism In the second half of the eighteenth century, German philosophy came for a while to dominate European philosophy It changed the way in which not only Europeans, but people all over the world, conceived of themselves and thought about nature, religion, human history, politics, and the structure of the human mind In this rich and wide-ranging book, Terry Pinkard interweaves the story of “Germany” – changing during this period from a loose collection of principalities to a newly emerged nation with a distinctive culture – with an examination of the currents and complexities of its developing philosophical thought He examines the dominant influence of Kant, with his revolutionary emphasis on “self-determination,” and traces this influence through the development of Romanticism and idealism to the critiques of post-Kantian thinkers such as Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard His book will interest a range of readers in the history of philosophy, cultural history, and the history of ideas is Professor of Philosophy and German at Northwestern University His publications include Hegel’s Dialectic: The Explanation of Possibility (), Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason (), and Hegel (), as well as many journal articles GERMAN PHILOSOPHY The Legacy of Idealism TERRY PINKARD Northwestern University Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521663267 © Terry Pinkard 2002 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2002 - - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) --- eBook (NetLibrary) - - ---- hardback --- hardback - - ---- paperback --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To Susan Contents Acknowledgements List of abbreviations page ix x Introduction: “Germany” and German philosophy The revolution in philosophy (I): human spontaneity and the natural order The revolution in philosophy (II): autonomy and the moral order The revolution in philosophy (III): aesthetic taste, teleology, and the world order : - Introduction: idealism and the reality of the French Revolution The s: the immediate post-Kantian reaction: Jacobi and Reinhold The s: Fichte The s after Fichte: the Romantic appropriation of Kant (I): Hă lderlin, Novalis, Schleiermacher, o Schlegel –: the Romantic appropriation of Kant (II): Schelling vii viii Contents –: the other post-Kantian: Jacob Friedrich Fries and non-Romantic sentimentalism Introduction: post-revolutionary Germany Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit: post-Kantianism in a new vein Hegel’s analysis of mind and world: the Science of Logic Nature and spirit: Hegel’s system Introduction: exhaustion and resignation, – Schelling’s attempt at restoration: idealism under review Kantian paradoxes and modern despair: Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard Conclusion: the legacy of idealism Bibliography Index Acknowledgements Hilary Gaskin of Cambridge University Press first gave me the idea for this book Without her encouragement both at first and all along the way, the book would never have been written That she also contributed many helpful suggestions on rewriting the manuscript as it was under way all the more puts me in her debt I have cited several of Robert Pippin’s pieces in the manuscript, but his influence runs far deeper than any of the footnotes could indicate In all of the conversations we have had about these topics over the years and in the class we taught together, I have learned much from his suggestions, his arguments, and his ideas for how this line of thought might be improved I have incorporated many more of the ideas taken from mutual conversations and a class taught together than could possibly be indicated by even an infinite set of footnotes to his published work Fred Rush also read the manuscript; his comments were invaluable Susan Pinkard offered not only support but the help of a historian’s gaze when I was trying to figure out how to make my way along this path Without her, this book would not have been written ix Bibliography Allison, Henry E., Kant’s Transcendental Idealism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, ) Kant’s Theory of Freedom (Cambridge University Press, ) Ameriks, Karl, “Kant, Fichte, and Short Arguments to Idealism, Archiv fă r die u Geschichte der Philosophie, (), – Kant and the Fate of Autonomy: Problems in the Appropriation of the Critical Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, ) Ameriks, Karl (ed.), Cambridge Companion to German Idealism (Cambridge University Press, ) Barrow, J N., The Crisis of Reason: European Thought – (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, ) Barzun, Jacques, Darwin, Marx, Wagner: Critique of a Heritage (University of Chicago Press, ) Beiser, Frederick C., Enlightenment, Revolution, and Romanticism: The Genesis of German Political Thought – (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics (Cambridge University Press, ) The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Berlin, Isaiah, “Hume and the Sources of German Anti-Rationalism,” in Isaiah Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (New York: Viking Press, ), pp – Blackbourn, David, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, – (Oxford University Press, ) Bonsiepen, Wolfgang, Die Begră ndung einer Naturphilosophie bei Kant, Schelling, Fries u und Hegel: Mathematische versus spekulative Naturphilosophie (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, ) Bowie, Andrew, Schelling and Modern European Philosophy: An Introduction (London: Routledge, ) Brandom, Robert, “Holism and Idealism in Hegel’s Phenomenology,” in Robert Brandom, Tales of the Mighty Dead: Historical Essays in the Metaphysics of Intentionality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, forthcoming) Bibliography “Some Pragmatist Themes in Hegel’s Idealism: Negotiation and Administration in Hegel’s Account of the Structure and Content of Conceptual Norms,” European Journal of Philosophy, () (August ), – Making It Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Breazeale, Daniel, “Between Kant and Fichte: Karl Leonhard Reinhold’s ‘Elementary Philosophy,’” Review of Metaphysics, ( June ), – “Fichte in Jena,” in Daniel Breazeale (ed and trans.), Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ) Breckman, Warren, Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory: Dethroning the Self (Cambridge University Press, ) Bungay, Stephen, Beauty and Truth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ) Burnham, Scott, Beethoven Hero (Princeton University Press, ) Butler, Judith, The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection (Stanford University Press, ) Constantine, David, Hălderlin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ) o Darnton, Robert, “History of Reading,” in Peter Burke (ed.), New Perspectives on Historical Writing (University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, ) Dworkin, Ronald, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Eldridge, Richard, Leading a Human Life: Wittgenstein, Intentionality, and Romanticism (University of Chicago Press, ) On Moral Personhood: Philosophy, Literature, Criticism, and Self-Understanding (University of Chicago Press, ) Falke, Gustav-H.H., Begriffne Geschichte: Das historische Substrat und die systematische Anordnung der Bewuòtseinsgestalten in Hegels Phă nomenologie des Geistes Interpretaa tion und Kommentar (Berlin: Lukas, ) Fichte, J G., “Review of Aenesidemus,” in Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings A Crystal Clear Report to the General Public Concerning the Actual Essence of the Newest Philosophy: An Attempt to Force the Reader to Understand (trans John Botterman and William Rasch), in Ernst Behler (ed.), Philosophy of German Idealism (New York: Continuum, ) Das System der Sittenlehre nach den Prinzipien der Wissenschaftslehre, SW, Die Wissenschaftslehre in ihrem allgemeinen Umrisse, SW, Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings (ed and trans Daniel Breazeale) (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ) Foundations of Transcendental Philosophy: Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo (/) (ed and trans Daniel Breazeale) (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ) Grundlage des Naturrechts nach Prinzipien der Wissenschaftslehre (), SW, Introductions to the Wissenschaftslehre and Other Writings (ed and trans Daniel Breazeale) (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, ) Să mtliche Werke (ed Immanuel Hermann Fichte) (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, a ) Bibliography The Science of Knowledge (ed and trans Peter Heath and John Lachs) (Cambridge University Press, ) Forster, Michael, Hegel’s Idea of a Phenomenology of Spirit (University of Chicago Press, ) Frank, Manfred, Eine Einfă hrung in Schellings Philosophie (Frankfurt am Main: u Suhrkamp, ) ă Einf uhrung in die fră hromantische Asthetik (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ) ¨ u Selbstbewußtsein und Selbsterkenntnis (Stuttgart: Reklam, ) Unendliche Ann¨ herung (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ) a Fried, Charles, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Friedman, Michael, Kant and the Exact Sciences (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Fries, J F., Neue oder anthropologische Kritik der Vernunft (Heidelberg: Muhr und Zimmer, ) Philosophische Rechtslehre und Kritik aller positiven Gesetzgebung mit Beleuchtung der gewăhnlichen Fehler in der Bearbeitung des Naturrechts ( Jena: Mauke, ; o photoreprint Leipzig: Felix Meiner, ) Reinhold, Fichte, Schelling (Leipzig: August Lebrecht Reinicke, ) Wissen, Glaube, und Ahnung (translated as Knowledge, Belief and Aesthetic Sense (ed Frederick Gregory trans Kent Richter) (Cologne: Jă rgen Dinter, ) u Fulbrook, Mary, A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge University Press, ) Furet, Fran¸ ois, Revolutionary France: – (trans Antonia Nevill) (Oxford: c Blackwell, ) Gay, Peter, The Naked Heart (New York: W W Norton, ) Gerhardt, Volker, Reinhard Mehring, and Jana Rindert, Berliner Geist: Eine Geschichte der Berliner Universită tsphilosophie (Berlin: Akademie, ) a Giovanni, George di, “Introduction: The Unfinished Philosophy of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi,” in F H Jacobi: The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill (ed and trans George di Giovanni) (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, ) Guyer, Paul, “Naturalizing Kant,” in Dieter Schă necker and Thomas Zwenger o (eds.), Kant Verstehen/Understanding Kant (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, ), pp – Kant and the Claims of Knowledge (Cambridge University Press, ) Kant and the Experience of Freedom (Cambridge University Press, ) Hardenberg, Friedrich von, Novalis: Philosophical Writings (ed and trans Margaret Mahony Stoljar) (Albany: State University of New York Press, ) Werke, Tagebă cher und Briefe (eds Hans-Joachim Mă hl and Richard Samuel) u a (Munich: Carl Hanser, ) Harris, Henry S., Hegel: Phenomenology and System (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, ) Hegel’s Ladder (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, ), vols – Hartmann, Klaus, “Hegel: A Non-Metaphysical View,” in Alasdair MacIntyre (ed.), Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays (Garden City: Doubleday, ) Bibliography Briefe von und an Hegel (ed Johannes Hoffmeister) (Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, ), vols – Hegel, G W F., Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art (trans T M Knox) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ) Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie, in Werke Elements of the Philosophy of Right (ed Allen W Wood, trans H B Nisbet (Cambridge University Press, ) Enzyklopă die der Philosophischen Wissenschaften, Werke, vol a Faith and Knowledge or the Reflective Philosophy of Subjectivity in the Complete Range of Its Forms as Kantian, Jacobian, and Fichtean Philosophy (trans Walter Cerf and H S Harris) (Albany: State University of New York Press, ) “Glauben und Wissen oder Reexionsphilosophie der Subjektivită t in der a Vollstă ndigkeit ihrer Formen als Kantische, Jacobische und Fichtesche a Philosophie,” Werke, vol Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature (trans A V Miller) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ) Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (ed Peter Hodgson, trans R F Brown, P C Hodgson, and J M Stewart) (Berkeley: University of California Press, ) Lectures on the Philosophy of World History: Introduction: Reason in History (trans H B Nisbet) (Cambridge University Press, ) Phă nomenologie des Geistes (eds Hans Friedrich Wessels and Heinrich Clairmont) a (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ) Phenomenology of Spirit (trans A V Miller) (Oxford University Press, ) Science of Logic (trans A V Miller) (Oxford University Press, ) The Difference Between Fichte’s and Schelling’s Systems of Philosophy (trans H S Harris and Walter Cerf) (Albany: State University of New York Press, ) Vorlesungen uber die Geschichte der Philosophie, Werke, vols ă Vorlesungen uber die Philosophie der Religion (ed Walter Jaeschke) (Hamburg: Felix ă Meiner, ) Vorlesungen uber die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte: Band I: Die Vernunft in der Geschichte ă (ed Johannes Hoffmeister) (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ) Vorlesungen uber die Philosophie des Geistes Berlin / Nachgeschrieben von ă Johann Eduard Erdmann und Ferdinand Walter (eds Franz Hespe and Burkhard Tuschling) (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ) Werke in zwanzig Bă nden (eds Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Markus Michel) a (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ) Wissenschaft der Logik (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ) Heine, Heinrich, “Concerning the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany,” in Heinrich Heine, The Romantic School and Other Essays (eds Jost Hermand and Robert C Holub) (New York: Continuum Books, ) Heinrichs, Johannes, Die Logik der Phă nomenologie des Geistes (Bonn: Bouvier, ) a Henrich, Dieter, Fichtes Urspră ngliche Einsicht, in Dieter Henrich and Hans u Wagner (eds.), Subjektivită t und Metaphysik: Festschrift f ur Wolfgang Cramer a ă (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, ) Bibliography “Kant’s Notion of a Deduction and the Methodological Background of the First Critique,” in Eckart Fă rster (ed.), Kants Transcendental Deductions: o The Three Critiques and the Opus Postumum (Stanford University Press, ) Der Grund im Bewuòtsein: Untersuchungen zu Hălderlins Denken () o (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, ) The Course of Remembrance and Other Essays on Hălderlin (ed Eckart Fă rster) o o (Stanford University Press, ) Herman, Barbara, The Practice of Moral Judgment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Hă lderlin, Friedrich, Hălderlin (ed., trans., and introduced by Michael o o Hamburger) (Baltimore: Penguin Books, ) Sein Urteil Mă glichkeit, in Friedrich Hă lderlin, Să mtliche Werke (Frankfurter o o a Ausgabe), vol (eds D E Sattler, Michael Franz, and Hans Gerhard Steimer) (Basel: Roter Stern, ), pp – Horstmann, Rolf-Peter and Michael J Petry (eds.), Hegels Philosophie der Natur: Beziehungen zwischen empirischer und spekulativer Naturerkenntnis (Stuttgart: Ernst Klett, ) Houlgate, Stephen, Freedom, Truth and History: An Introduction to Hegel’s Philosophy (London: Routledge, ) Iber, Christian, Subjektivită t, Vernunft und ihre Kritik: Prager Vorlesungen uber den a ă Deutschen Idealismus (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ) Jacobi, F H., F H Jacobi: The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill (ed and trans George di Giovanni) (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, ) Kant, Immanuel, “An Answer to the Question: ‘What is Enlightenment?,’” in Kant’s Political Writings “Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose,” in Kant’s Political Writings “On the Common Saying: ‘This May Be True in Theory, but It Does Not Apply in Practice,’” in Kant’s Political Writings Critique of Judgment (trans Werner S Pluhar) (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, ) Critique of Practical Reason (trans Lewis White Beck) (Indianapolis: The BobbsMerrill Company, ) Critique of Pure Reason (trans N K Smith) (London: Macmillan and Co., ) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (trans H J Paton) (New York: Harper Torchbooks, ) Kant’s Political Writings (ed Hans Reiss, trans H B Nisbet) (Cambridge University Press, ) Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (trans James W Ellington) (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, ) Metaphysics of Morals (trans Mary Gregor) (Cambridge University Press, ) Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (trans Theodore M Greene and Hoyt Hudson) (New York: Harper and Row, ) Bibliography Werke (ed Wilhelm Weischedel) (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, ), vol Kierkegaard, Søren, Concluding Unscientific Postscript (trans David F Swenson) (Princeton University Press, ) Either/Or (trans Howard V Hong and Edna Hong) (Princeton University Press, ) Fear and Trembling and The Sickness Unto Death (trans Walter Lowrie) (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, ) Kierkegaard’s Journals (trans., selected, and with an introduction by Alexander Dru) (New York: Harper and Row, ) Philosophical Fragments or a Fragment of Philosophy (trans David F Swenson) (Princeton University Press, ) Kinlaw, C Jeffery, “The Being of Appearance: Absolute, Image, and the Trinitarian Structure of the Wissenschaftslehre,” in Tom Rockmore and Daniel Breazeale (eds.), New Perspectives on Fichte, pp – Korsgaard, Christine, The Sources of Normativity (Cambridge University Press, ) Lance, Mark and John O’Leary-Hawthorne, The Grammar of Meaning: Normativity and Semantic Discourse (Cambridge University Press, ) Larmore, Charles, The Romantic Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, ) Lear, Jonathan, “The Disappearing ‘We,’” in Jonathan Lear, Open Minded: Working Out the Logic of the Soul (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ), pp – Longuenesse, Beatrice, Kant and the Capacity to Judge: Sensibility and Discursivity in the Transcendental Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason (trans Charles T Wolfe) (Princeton University Press, ) MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (South Bend: Notre Dame University Press, ) Martin, Wayne M., Idealism and Objectivity Understanding Fichte’s Jena Project (Stanford University Press, ) Marx, Karl, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works in Two Volumes (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, ), pp – McDowell, John, Mind and World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Mills, Patricia Jagentowicz, Feminist Interpretations of G W F Hegel (University Park: Pennsylvania State Press, ) Morley, Edith J (ed.), Crabb Robinson in Germany: –: Extracts From His Correspondence (Oxford University Press, ) Neuhouser, Frederick, Foundations of Hegel’s Social Theory: Actualizing Freedom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Nicolin, Gă nther (ed.), Hegel in Berichten seiner Zeitgenossen (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, u ) Nietzsche, Friedrich, On the Genealogy of Morality (ed Keith Ansell-Pearson, trans Carol Diethe) (Cambridge University Press, ) Bibliography Norton, Robert E., The Beautiful Soul: Aesthetic Morality in the Eighteenth Century (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ) O’Neill, Onora, Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant’s Practical Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, ) Pascal, Blaise, Pens´es, trans A J Krailsheimer (Baltimore: Penguin Books, e ) Petry, Michael, Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature (ed and trans with an introduction and explanatory notes by Michael Petry) (London: Allen & Unwin, ) Petry, Michael J (ed.), Hegel and Newtonianism (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ) Hegel und die Naturwissenschaften (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: FrommannHolzboog, ) Pinkard, Terry, “Analytics, Continentals, and Modern Skepticism,” The Monist, () (April ), – o “Kant, Citizenship and Freedom (ĐĐ), in Otfried Hă ffe (ed.), Klassiker Auslegen: Immanuel Kant, Metaphysische Anfangsgră nde der Rechtslehre u (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, ), pp – Hegel: A Biography (Cambridge University Press, ) Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason (Cambridge University Press, ) Pippin, Robert, “The Actualization of Freedom,” in Karl Ameriks (ed.), Cambridge Companion to German Idealism (Cambridge University Press, ) “Avoiding German Idealism,” in Robert Pippin, Idealism as Modernism: Hegelian Variations (Cambridge University Press, ) “Kant’s Theory of Value: On Allen Wood’s Kant’s Ethical Thought,” Inquiry, (summer, ) “Naturalness and Mindedness: Hegel’s Compatibilism,” Journal of European Philosophy, () (August ), – “Rigorism and ‘the New Kant’,” forthcoming in Proceedings of the IXth International Kant Congress “The Significance of Taste: Kant, Aesthetic and Reflective Judgment,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, (October ), – Hegel’s Idealism: The Satisfactions of Self-Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, ) Hegel’s Practical Philosophy: Traces of Reason in Ethical Life (forthcoming) Henry James and Modern Moral Life (Cambridge University Press, ) Kant’s Theory of Form: An Essay on the Critique of Pure Reason (New Heaven, Conn.: Yale University Press, ) Modernism as a Philosophical Problem: On the Dissatisfactions of European High Culture (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, ) Pă ggeler, Otto, Hegels Idee einer Phă nomenologie des Geistes (Munich: Karl Alber, o a ) Raich, J M (ed.), Dorothea von Schlegel geb Mendelssohn und deren Săhne Johannes und o Philip Veit, Briefwechsel (Mainz: Franz Kirchheim, ) Redding, Paul, Hegel’s Hermeneutics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ) Bibliography ă Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, Uber das Fundament des Philosophischen Wissens (ed Wolfgang H Schrader) (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ; photomechanical reprint of the edition, Mauke, Jena) ă Uber die Măglichkeit der Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft (ed Wolfgang o H Schrader) (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ; photomechanical reprint of the edition, Mauke, Jena) Versuch einer neuen Theorie des menschlichen Vorstellungsvermăgens (Prague and o Jena: Widtmann and Mauke, ; photomechanical reprint, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, ) Rockmore, Tom, “Fichte’s Anti-Foundationalism, Intellectual Intuition, and Who One Is,” in Tom Rockmore and Daniel Breazeale (eds.), New Perspectives on Fichte Cognition: An Introduction to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit (Berkeley: University of California Press, ) Rockmore, Tom and Daniel Breazeale (eds.), New Perspectives on Fichte (New Jersey: Humanities Press, ) Sandkă hler, Jă rg, Einleitung: Positive Philosophie und demokratische Revou o lution,” in F W J Schelling, Das Tagebuch Schelling, F W J., “Of the I as Principle of Philosophy,” Of the I as the Principle of Philosophy or On the Unconditional in Human Knowledge, in F W J Schelling, The Unconditional in Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays () Ausgewă hlte Schriften (ed Manfred Frank) (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, a ) Das Tagebuch (ed Jă rg Sandkă hler) (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ) o u Die Weltalter: Fragmente In den Urfassungen von und (ed Manfred Schră ter) (Munich: C.H Beck, ) o Einleitung an dem Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie oder uber den Begriff der ¨ speculativen Physik und die innere Organisation eines Systems der Philosophie (), in F W J Schelling, Ausgewă hlte Schriften, vol a Grundlegung der positiven Philosophie: Mă nchner Vorlesung WS / und SS u (ed Horst Fuhrmans) (Turin: Bottega d’Erasmo, ) Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature (trans Errol E Harris and Peter Heath) (Cambridge University Press, ) Of Human Freedom (trans James Gutmann) (Chicago: Open Court, ) Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism, in F W J Schelling, The Unconditional in Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays (–) Philosophie der Offenbarung: / (ed Manfred Frank) (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ) Philosophische Briefe uber Dogmatismus und Kritizismus, pp , in Schellings ă Werke, vol Schellings Werke (ed Manfred Schră ter) (Munich: C H Beck und Oldenburg, o ) System of Transcendental Idealism (trans Peter Heath) (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, ) The Ages of the World (Fragment) from the Handwritten Remains: Third Version (c ) (trans Jason M Wirth) (Albany: State University of New York Press, ) Bibliography The Unconditional in Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays (–) (trans Fritz Marti) (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, ) ¨ Uber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ) ă Uber die Weltseele, in Schellings Werke, vol Vom Ich als Prinzip der Philosophie oder uber das Unbedingte im menschlichen Wissen, ă in F W J Schelling, Ausgewă hlte Schriften, vol a Schlegel, Friedrich, Philosophical Fragments (trans Peter Firchow) (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ) Schleiermacher, Friedrich D A., Hermeneutics and Criticism and Other Writings (ed and trans Andrew Bowie) (Cambridge University Press, ) On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers (ed and trans Richard Crouter) (Cambridge University Press, ) ă Uber die Religion: Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Veră chtern (Hamburg: Felix a Meiner, ) Schopenhauer, Arthur, The World as Will and Representation (trans E J F Payne) (New York: Dover, ) ă Schulze, Gottlob Ernst, Aenesidemus, oder, Uber die Fundamente der von dem Herrn Professor Reinhold in Jena gelieferten Elementar-Philosophie: nebst einer Verteidigung des Skeptizismus gegen die Anmaßungen der Vernunftkritik (ed Manfred Frank) (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, ) Sellars, Wilfrid, “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind,” in Wilfrid Sellars, Science, Perception and Reality Science and Metaphysics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, ) Science, Perception and Reality (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, ) Seyhan, Azade, Representation and its Discontents: The Critical Legacy of German Romanticism (Berkeley: University of California Press, ) Sheehan, James, German History: – (Oxford University Press, ) Sherman, Nancy, Making a Virtue of Necessity: Kant and Aristotle on Virtue (Cambridge University Press, ) Siep, Ludwig, Der Weg der Phă nomenologie des Geistes (Frankfurt am Main: a Suhrkamp, ) Sophocles, Antigone (trans Elizabeth Wycoff), in Sophocles I (eds David Grene and Richard Lattimore) (New York: The Modern Library, ) Speight, Allen, Hegel, Literature, and the Problem of Agency (Cambridge University Press, ) Stamm, Marcelo, “Das Programm des methodologischen Monismus: subjekttheoretische und methodologische Aspekte der Elementarphilosophie K L Reinholds, Neue Hefte fă r Philosophie, (), – u Stekeler-Weithofer, Pirmin, Hegels analytische Philosophie: Die Wissenschaft der Logik als kritische Theorie der Bedeutung (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schă nigh, o ) Stern, Robert, Hegels Phenomenology (London: Routledge, ) Stolzenberg, Jă rgen, Fichtes Begriff der intellektuellen Anschauung: die Entwicklung in u den Wissenschaftslehren von / bis / (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, ) Bibliography Taylor, Charles, “The Importance of Herder,” in Charles Taylor, Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ), pp – Hegel (Cambridge University Press, ) Tilliette, Xavier, Schelling: Une Philosophie en Devenir (Paris: Vrin, ) Toews, John Edward, “Transformations of Hegelianism: –,” in Frederick C Beiser, The Cambridge Companion to Hegel (Cambridge University Press, ) Hegelianism: The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, – (Cambridge University Press, ) Viellard-Baron, Jean-Louis, Hegel et L’Id´alisme Allemand (Paris: Vrin, ) e Waibel, Violetta L., Hălderlin und Fichte: (Paderborn: Ferdinand o Schă nigh, ) o Williams, Bernard, Wagner and Politics, The New York Review of Books, November , Winfield, Richard Dien, Overcoming Foundations: Studies in Systematic Philosophy (New York: Columbia University Press, ) Wolff, Michael, Das Kărper-Seele Problem: Kommentar zu Hegel, Enzyklopă die (), o a Đ (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, ) Wood, Allen, Hegel’s Ethical Thought (Cambridge University Press, ) Kant’s Ethical Theory (Cambridge University Press, ) Wordsworth, William, The Prelude (ed Jonathan Wordsworth) (London: Penguin Books, ) Ziolkowski, Theodore, German Romanticism and Its Institutions (Princeton University Press, ) Ză ller, Gă nther, Fichtes Transcendental Philosophy: The Original Duplicity of Intelligence o u and Will (Cambridge University Press, ) Index absolute, the reality as Spinozistic, in Fries, in Fichte: as intuition, ; as I, in Schelling: I, , ; reality, –; indifference point, , ; productivity of nature, ; will, , identity, in Hegel, , : freedom, ; idea, , –; knowing, , –; spirit, – in later Schelling, in Schopenhauer, in Kierkegaard, despair, space, , Aenesidemus, , , , , , , , alienation, , , , , , , , Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung, , , Allison, Henry E., , , , , , , , Ameriks, Karl, , apperception analytic unity of apperception, as the “I think that must accompany all one’s representations,” , , , , in Hegel, , in Kant , , , , synthetic unity of apperception, , , , , art in Kant, , –, ; and nature, , , in Schiller, Romantic sense of disclosing being, in Novalis, in Friedrich Schlegel, – in Schelling, – in Fries as beautiful soul, in Hegel, , –, , , in Schopenhauer, – atheism controversy (Fichte), – autonomy in F Schlegel, in Fichte, in Hă lderlin, o in Fries (as inner necessity), in Hegel, ; as historical achievement, , in Kant: and art, ; and dignity, ; and political order, –; and reciprocity, ; and religion, –; and virtue, ; as self-determination, ; Kantian legacy, ; of reason, ; in Kierkegaard, , in Schelling, , ; as developmental, ; and art, ; later works, Barrow, J N., Barzun, Jacques, beauty beautiful soul: in Kant, , , ; in Fries, ; Hegel s critique, , , –, in Fries, – in Hegel, in Hă lderlin, o in Kant: and morality, ; as harmony of intellect and imagination, –; as reflective judgment, –; as universally communicable, ; of fine art, ; of nature, in Novalis, in Schelling, in Schiller, in Schopenhauer, – Beethoven, Ludwig van , , – Beiser, Frederick C., , , , , , , , Berlin, Isaiah, Bildung, –, , Blackbourn, David, Bonsiepen, Wolfgang, , , , , Bowie, Andrew, , Brandom, Robert, , , Breazeale, Daniel, , , , , , , , , Index Breckman, Warren, Bungay, Stephen, Burnham, Scott, , Butler, Judith, , , evil discussed by Hegel, discussed by Kant, –, , , discussed by Schelling, – Cartesian skepticism, , – categorical imperative, see morality Christianity and Schelling’s Naturphilosophie, Catholic Christianity, as appropriated by philosophers, , , , , , , , , , , , , in the conservative reaction, – in Fichte, in Hegel: and art, –; as Christian culture, –, ; as religion , – in Kant, as moral religion, , , in Kierkegaard, – in left-Hegelians, – in Novalis, as Christendom or Europe?, – in Schelling’s later work, –, , – in Schleiermacher as the religion of religion, – Protestant Christianity, as appropriated by philosophers, , , , , , , , , , concepts and intuitions as relation of representations to the object they represent, – in Kant: as representations –; and infinity, , –; pure intuition, –, , , , , ; combination of intuitions and concepts –, , , in Reinhold, in Hegel, –, , ; unity of concept and intuition, –, –, , –; as subject-object, in Schelling (later works), Constantine, David, Copernicus, fact of consciousness in Reinhold –, in Schopenhauer, fact of reason, , , , , , , , , Falke, Gustav-H.H., Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Forster, Michael, , Frank, Manfred, , , , , , , , , , , , freedom as legacy of idealism, – in Fichte, –; and recognition, ; political, in Fries, , , , –, in Hegel, –; actualization of freedom, –; aesthetic presentation of freedom, , –; and French Revolution, –; and nature, ; Greek freedom, ; in Christianity, , –; in history, –; in the state, –; theory of freedom, in Hă lderlin, o in Kant: and Kantian paradox, –; and supersensible substrate, , , , , , , , , , , ; as autonomy, ; as free choice (Willkă r), , ; u civic freedom, , –; nature and freedom, , , , , , –; of reason, –; of will, ; practical freedom, –; third antinomy, , , , , ; transcendental freedom, , , , , , , , , , ; see also autonomy in Kierkegaard, , , in Schelling, , , –, , , , –, , –, – in Schlegel, , in Schleiermacher, in Schopenhauer, see also Kantian paradox French Revolution, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Fried, Charles, Darnton, Robert, dignity in Fries, – in Kant, , , in Schopenhauer, dogmatism, , , , , , , Dworkin, Ronald, early Romanticism, , , –, , , , , , Eldridge, Richard, , Index Friedman, Michael, , , Fries, Jacob Friedrich, –, , , Fulbrook, Mary, Furet, Fran¸ ois, c Gay, Peter, , , Gerhardt, Volker, Giovanni, George di, , Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Guyer, Paul, , , Hamann, Johann Georg, , Harris, H S., , , , Hartmann, Klaus, Hazlitt, William, Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Heine, Heinrich, , , , Heinrichs, Johannes, Henrich, Dieter, , , , , Herder, Johann Gottfried, , , , Hă lderlin, Friedrich, , , , –, , o , , , , , , , , , , Holy Roman Empire, , , , , , Horstmann, Rolf-Peter, Houlgate, Stephen, Hume, David, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Iber, Christian, Idea in Kant: regulative Idea, –, , ; practical Idea, , , ; aesthetic Idea, in Schelling, , , in Fries, in Hegel, , , , , , , , , , ; aesthetic Idea, –; Idea as beauty, inferentialism, , , , , , , , , inference license, , , non-inferential, , , , , intuition intellectual intuition: in Fichte, as rational insight into things-in-themselves, –; as self-authorization, , , in Hă lderlin: of the self, ; as grasp of o being, in Schelling, , , , ; of the absolute, –, , ; of pre-reflective unity, ; community’s grasp of itself, ; of the absolute in nature, in Hegel, criticism of Schelling’s conception, ; critique of, intuition (as way of seeing) in Schleiermacher, –, in Schelling, –; as aesthetic intuition, in Fries, – intuition, pure, –, , , , , irony, , –, , Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Jacobin, , , Jews in Germany, , , , , , Fries on Jewishness, Judaism, , , , judgment, – aesthetic, –, , , , analytic and synthetic, – as related to object represented, – categories and, determinative, Hegel: judgment and objectivity, ; and truth, ; and unity of concepts and intuitions, ; and universal self-consciousness, ; of finite and infinite, –; of consciousness, –; of reflection, –; in mastery and servitude, –; of logic of essence, Hă lderlin on, , o innity and, reflective judgment, , , , , , , , schematism, synthesis in, , synthetic a-priori, –, , , , teleological, –, Kant, Immanuel, , – Critique of Judgment, –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Critique of Practical Reason, –, , , , , Critique of Pure Reason, –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Index Kantian paradox, –, as idealist theme, in early Romantics, in Fichte, , , , in Fries, in Hegel, , , ; as absolute Idea, ; as beautiful soul, ; as Christianity, ; as freedom, –, ; as Geist (spirit), , , , ; in Greeks, , ; in Logic, , ; in Phenomenology, as historical solution, , ; in Phenomenology, as sociality, – in Kierkegaard, as despair , , in Schelling’s later works, , in Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Søren, , , –, Kinlaw, Jeffrey C., Korsgaard, Christine, Lance, Mark, Larmore, Charles, , leap of faith, , , , Lear, Jonathan, Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, , Longuenesse, Beatrice, , , , , , , Lucinde, , MacIntyre, Alasdair, , McDowell, John, , , Maimon, Solomon, Martin, Wayne, , , Marx, Karl, , , –, , , , , , mathematics, –, , , , ; as iterative procedure, , , , Mendelssohn, Moses, , , , , , , Mills, Patricia Jagentowicz, Milton, John, monism, , , , , , , morality categorical imperative, , , , , , , , , , , enforceable duties, , , (in Fries) highest good, , , , , , , , , , hypothetical imperative, kingdom of ends, , , , , , , , , , , , , moral duty (in Kant), , , , , , , , , , moral order, , , , , , , moral perfection, obligation, , , , , , , , , , , motion, –, , , , , music, , , , –, – Napoleon, , , , , , , , , , , naturalism, , , , , , , , , , , , , nature, see freedom Naturphilosophie in Schelling, –, , , , , , in Schelling’s later works, , , in Fries, , in Hegel, , –, Neuhouser, Frederick, , Newton, Isaac, , , , , , , , , , , , Niethammer, Immanuel, , Nietzsche, Friedrich, , , , Norton, Robert E., , noumena, , , , , , , , , , Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), , , , , , , , , , , , , Hymns to the Night, role in early Romanticism, – political theory (Christendom or Europe? ), – Oelsner, Konrad Engelbert, Pascal, Blaise, , Petry, Michael, Pietism, , , , , , , Pinkard, Terry, , , , , , , , , , , , , Pippin, Robert, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Pă ggeler, Otto, o Popularphilosoph (popular philosopher), , , , purposiveness, , in Hegel, in Schelling, , in Schopenhauer, , purposiveness without purpose (Kant), , , , radical evil, , , , , , Ranke, Leopold von, , , Redding, Paul, Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Elementarphilosophie, – Robinson, Henry Crabb, Rockmore, Tom, , , , Rorty, Richard, Index Salto Mortale ( Jacobi’s leap of faith), –, , Sandkă hler, Jă rg, u o Schelling, Caroline (Michaelis Bă hmer o Schlegel), , , , , , , Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , early writings, – later views, – Schiller, Friedrich, , , , , Schlegel, Friedrich, , , , , , , , –, , , – Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel, –, , , , , Schopenhauer, Arthur, , –, , , , Schulze, Gottlob Ernst, , Scottish influences on German philosophy, , , , , self-consciousness as criterionless self-ascription, , as self-relation, , , , , , , , , as universal self-consciousness, , : in Hegel, ; in Kant, , Beethoven’s music as romantic self-consciousness, in Fichte: as intellectual intuition, ; as normative status, –; as requiring other self-conscious agents, , in Hegel, , , , , in Hă lderlin, : conicting tendencies o in self-consciousness, – in Kant: as apperception, ; conditions of apperception, –; and experience of moral duty, in Novalis, – in Reinhold, in Romanticism, as criticism of reflection model, – in Schelling, , , in Schlegel, – in Schopenhauer, – in the legacy of idealism, –, , , – Sellars, Wilfrid, , Seyhan, Azade, Shaftesbury, Earl of, , Shakespeare, , Sheehan, James, Sherman, Nancy, , Siep, Ludwig, skepticism, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , – Speight, Allen, , Spinoza, Baruch, , , , , , , , , , , , Spinozism, , , , , , , , , , Stamm, Marcelo, Stekeler-Weithofer, Pirmin, Stendhal, Stern, Robert, , Sorrows of Young Werther, , Stolzenberg, Jă rgen, u Taylor, Charles, , Tilliette, Xavier Toews, John Edward Viellard-Baron, Jean-Louis, Wagner, Richard, , , – Waibel, Violetta L., Williams, Bernard, – Winfield, Richard Dien, Wolff, Christian, , , Wolff, Michael, Wordsworth, William, , , Wood, Allen, , , , , Ziolkowski, Theodore, Ză ller, Gă nther, , o u