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Cambridge.University.Press.Debating.Design.From.Darwin.to.DNA.Nov.2007.
P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 13, 2004 This page intentionally left blank 10:0 P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 13, 2004 10:0 Debating Design From Darwin to DNA This volume provides a comprehensive and even-handed overview of the debate concerning biological origins This has been a controversial debate ever since Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 Invariably, the source of controversy has been design Is the appearance of design in organisms as exhibited in their functional complexity the result of purely natural forces acting without prevision or teleology? Or does the appearance of design signify genuine prevision and teleology, and, if so, is that design empirically detectable and thus open to scientific inquiry? Four main positions have emerged in response to these questions: Darwinism, self-organization, theistic evolution, and intelligent design In this unique survey, leading figures in the debate argue for their respective positions in a nontechnical, accessible style Readers are thus invited to draw their own conclusions Two introductory essays furnish a historical overview of the debate There is no comparable collection of this kind Debating Design will eagerly be sought out by professionals in philosophy, the history of science, biology, and religious studies William A Dembski is Associate Research Professor in the Conceptual Foundations of Science at Baylor University and a Senior Fellow of the Discovery Institute’s Center for Science and Culture Michael Ruse is Lucyle T Werkmeister Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University i P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 ii April 13, 2004 10:0 P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 13, 2004 Debating Design From Darwin to DNA Edited by WILLIAM A DEMBSKI Baylor University MICHAEL RUSE Florida State University iii 10:0 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521829496 © Cambridge University Press 2004, 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2004 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-33751-2 ISBN-10 0-511-33751-5 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-82949-6 hardback 0-521-82949-6 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 paperback 978-0-521-70990-3 paperback 0-521-70990-3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 13, 2004 10:0 Contents page vii Notes on Contributors introduction General Introduction William A Dembski and Michael Ruse The Argument from Design: A Brief History Michael Ruse 13 Who’s Afraid of ID? A Survey of the Intelligent Design Movement Angus Menuge 32 part i: dar winism Design without Designer: Darwin’s Greatest Discovery Francisco J Ayala 55 The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of “Irreducible Complexity” Kenneth R Miller 81 The Design Argument Elliott Sober 98 DNA by Design? Stephen Meyer and the Return of the God Hypothesis Robert T Pennock 130 part ii: complex self-organization Prolegomenon to a General Biology Stuart Kauffman Darwinism, Design, and Complex Systems Dynamics Bruce H Weber and David J Depew v 151 173 P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml CY335B/Dembski vi 521 82949 April 13, 2004 10:0 Contents 10 Emergent Complexity, Teleology, and the Arrow of Time Paul Davies 191 11 The Emergence of Biological Value James Barham 210 part iii: theistic evolution 12 Darwin, Design, and Divine Providence John F Haught 229 13 The Inbuilt Potentiality of Creation John Polkinghorne 246 14 Theistic Evolution Keith Ward 261 15 Intelligent Design: Some Geological, Historical, and Theological Questions Michael Roberts 16 The Argument from Laws of Nature Reassessed Richard Swinburne part iv: intelligent design 17 The Logical Underpinnings of Intelligent Design William A Dembski 18 Information, Entropy, and the Origin of Life Walter L Bradley 19 Irreducible Complexity: Obstacle to Darwinian Evolution Michael J Behe 275 294 311 331 352 20 The Cambrian Information Explosion: Evidence for Intelligent Design Stephen C Meyer 371 Index 393 P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 13, 2004 10:0 Notes on Contributors Francisco J Ayala was born in Madrid, Spain, and has been a U.S citizen since 1971 Ayala has been president and chairman of the board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1993–96) and was a member of the President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (1994–2001) Ayala is currently Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences and of Philosophy at the University of California at Irvine He is a recipient of the National Medal of Science for 2001 Other honors include election to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and numerous foreign academies, including the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Rome) He has received numerous prizes and honorary degrees His scientific research focuses on population and evolutionary genetics, including the origin of species, genetic diversity of populations, the origin of malaria, the population structure of parasitic protozoa, and the molecular clock of evolution He also writes about the interface between religion and science and on philosophical issues concerning epistemology, ethics, and the philosophy of biology He is author of more than 750 articles and of 18 books James Barham was trained in classics at the University of Texas at Austin and in the history of science at Harvard University He is an independent scholar who has published some dozen articles on evolutionary epistemology, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of biology in both print and electronic journals, including BioSystems, Evolution and Cognition, Rivista di Biologia, and Metanexus.net His work consists of a critique of the mechanistic and Darwinian images of life and mind, as well as an exploration of alternative means of understanding value, purpose, and meaning as objectively real, natural phenomena, in both their human and their universal biological manifestations He is working on a book to be called Neither Ghost nor Machine vii P1: IRK 0521829496agg.xml viii CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 13, 2004 10:0 Notes on Contributors Michael J Behe graduated from Drexel University in Philadelphia in 1974, with a B.S degree in chemistry He did graduate studies in biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and was awarded a Ph.D in 1978 for his dissertation research on sickle-cell disease From 1978 to 1982, he did postdoctoral work on DNA structure at the National Institutes of Health From 1982 to 1985, he was an assistant professor of chemistry at Queens College in New York City In 1985 he moved to Lehigh University, where he is currently a professor of biochemistry In his career he has authored more than forty technical papers and one book, Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, which argues that living systems at the molecular level are best explained as being the result of deliberate intelligent design Darwin’s Black Box has been reviewed by the New York Times, Nature, Philosophy of Science, Christianity Today, and more than eighty other publications and has been translated into eight languages He and his wife reside near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, with their eight children Walter L Bradley, Ph.D., P.E., received his B.S in engineering science and his Ph.D in materials science, both from the University of Texas at Austin He taught for eight years as an assistant and associate professor at the Colorado School of Mines in its Metallurgical Engineering Department before assuming a position as professor of mechanical engineering at Texas A&M University in 1976 He served as head of his department of 67 professors and 1,500 students from 1989 to 1993 He also served as the director of the Texas A&M University Polymer Technology Center from 1986 to 1990 and from 1994 to 2000 He has received more than $5 million in research contracts from government agencies such as NSF, NASA, DOE, and AFOSR and from major corporations such as Dupont, Exxon, Shell, Phillips, Equistar, Texas Eastman, Union Carbide, and 3M He has published more than 125 technical articles in archival journals, conference proceedings, and as book chapters He was honored by being elected a Fellow of the American Society for Materials in 1992 He has received one national and five local research awards and two local teaching awards He coauthored a seminal work on the origin of life entitled The Mystery of Life’s Origin: Reassessing Current Theories in 1984, has published several book chapters and journal articles related to the origin of life, and has spoken on more than sixty university campuses on this topic over the past ten years He took early retirement from Texas A&M University in 2000 and now holds the title of Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering Paul Davies was born in London in 1946 and obtained a doctorate from University College, London, in 1970 He held academic appointments at Cambridge and London Universities until, at the age of thirty-four, he was appointed professor of theoretical physics at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne From 1990 until 1996 he was professor of mathematical physics, P1: KAF/IRK P2: JZP 0521829496c20.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 2, 2004 The Cambrian Information Explosion 21:17 391 Nusslein-Volhard, C., and E Wieschaus 1980 Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila Nature 287: 795–801 Ohno, S 1996 The notion of the Cambrian pananimalia genome Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93: 8475–8 Perutz, M F., and H Lehmann 1968 Molecular pathology of human hemoglobin Nature 219: 902–9 Quastler, H 1964 The Emergence of Biological Organization New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Reidhaar-Olson, J and R Sauer 1990 Functionally acceptable solutions in two alpha-helical regions of lambda repressor Proteins, Structure, Function, and Genetics 7: 306–16 Sapp, J 1987 Beyond the Gene New York: Oxford University Press Sarkar, S 1996 Biological information: A skeptical look at some central dogmas of molecular biology In The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology: New Perspectives ed S Sarkar Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp 187–233 Schuetzenberger, M 1967 Algorithms and the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution In Mathematical Challenges to the Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution, ed P S Morehead and M M Kaplan New York: Allen R Liss Publishing Shannon, C 1948 A mathematical theory of communication Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379–423, 623–56 Shu, D G., H L Lou, S Conway Morris, X L Zhang, S X Hu, L Chen, J Han, M Zhu, Y Li, and L Z Chen 1999 Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China Nature 402: 42–6 Sober, E 2000 The Philosophy of Biology, 2nd ed San Francisco: Westview Press Taylor, S V., K U Walter, P Kast, and D Hilvert 2001 Searching sequence space for protein catalysts Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 98: 10596– 601 Thomson, K S 1992 Macroevolution: The morphological problem American Zoologist 32: 106–12 Valentine, J W 1995 Late Precambrian bilaterians: Grades and clades In Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years after Simpson, ed W M Fitch, and F J Ayala Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp 87–107 Wells, J 1999 Making sense of biology: The evidence for development by design Touchstone (July/August): 51–5 Yockey, H P 1992 Information Theory and Molecular Biology Cambridge: Cambridge University Press P1: KAF/IRK P2: JZP 0521829496c20.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 392 April 2, 2004 21:17 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 2, 2004 21:21 Index absolute spirit, 266 (see also Hegel, G W F.) active information, 258 actual frequency, 106 adaptations, 22 adjacent possible, 172 Aizawa, S., 88 Alberts, Bruce: The Cell as a Collection of Protein Machines, 367 Alcide d’Orbigny, 277 amino acids, 89, 156, 165, 336, 341, 343, 347, 374, 388 Anderson, Philip, 165 anthropic principle, 119, 246, 250, 255 theistic response to, 251 anthropology, 144 appearance of design, 215 Aquinas, Thomas, 15–16, 185, 242 proofs of the existence of God, 15 Arbuthnot, John, 103 archaeology, 287 Arecibo Observatory, 111 argument from design, 58, 173 as argument by elimination, 142 (see also design argument) argument from fine-tuning, 117, 122, 141, 294 argument from homology, 39 argument from ignorance, 84, 88, 95, 322, 328 argument from imperfection, 69 argument from irreducible complexity, 84 argument from personal incredulity, 39, 81 argument from religious experience, 253 argument from temporal order, 294 argument to adaptive complexity, 17 argument to design, 22, 173, 355 (see also design argument) argument to the only alternative, 175 Aristotle, 14–24, 35, 166, 270 Nichomachean Ethics, 315 Armstrong, D M., 300 arrow of time, 192, 197, 207, 339 origin of, 199 (see also entropy; Second Law of Thermodynamics) Arthur, Brian, 171 artificial selection, 287 artificial teleology, see teleology asah (ordinary making), 251 assertability, 321 assertibility, 321 astrobiology, 158 At Home in the Universe, 159 Atkins, Peter, 192 attractor, 219 (see also chaos theory) Augustine, 15 auto-catalysis, 182 autonomous agent, 157–158, 171 autopoesis, 254 393 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 394 521 82949 April 2, 2004 21:21 Index Axe, Douglas, 379 axiological argument, 253 Ayala, Francisco, 385 Bacon, Francis, 16 bacteria, 85–87, 157 bacterial flagellum, 143, 177, 324, 326–327, 353, 360 Bak, Per, 170 bara (divine creative activity), 251 Barth, Karl, 27 Basilica, 60 Batterman, Robert, 218 Bauplan, 385 Bayes’ Theorem, 100 beauty, 263 Beecher, Henry Ward, 26, 58 Behe, Michael, 34, 40, 45, 84, 89, 90, 131, 133, 141, 174–175, 176–178, 275, 279, 280, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 363 Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, 41, 83, 91, 353, 355, 364, 368 Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe, 42 Bell Laboratories, 332 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, 177 Berg, Howard, 324 Bergson, Henri, 193 Berlinski, David, 388 Bernstein, Robert, 346 best possible world, 294 bifurcation event, 219 Big Bang, 140, 195, 199, 200, 216, 246, 304 big crunch, 199, 201 biological complexity, 323–327 biological function, 211, 217 black hole, 197, 206, 252 Blanco, Francisco, 379 blind spots, 120 Blind Watchmaker, The, 41, 287 blood clotting, 93, 177, 288–289, 360 B Notebook, 278 body plan, 381, 388 Bohm, David, 257 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 155, 331, 340 Borel, Emile, 318 bounded teleology, see teleology Boyle, Robert, 44 Boyle’s Law, 195 Bradley, 348, 349, 372 Bridgewater Treatises, 20, 57, 64, 113, 276 Brillouin, Leon, 335, 340 Brooke, J H., 276, 285 Brooks, Daniel, 338 Buckland, William, 20, 275, 281, 289 Bridgewater Treatise, 276 on Megatherium, 285, 286, 288, 289 Reliquiae Diluvianiae, 282 Vindiciae Geologicae, 282 Buffon, George, 286 Burke, Edmund, 170 Cain, Arthur, 24 Cairns-Smith, A G., 37 Calvin, John, 275, 284, 290 Cambrian explosion, 131, 132, 280, 373, 385 (see also Cambrian information explosion) Cambrian information explosion, 373, 374 (see also Cambrian explosion) Camus, Albert, 72 Cannon, W S., 281 Cantor, G., 285 carbon, 246–247 catalytic antibodies, 164 catalytic closure, 182 catalytic task, 163 catalytic task space, 162, 163 causal adequacy, 372 causal explanation, 67, 270 causal powers, 302 causation, 299 (see also causal powers) Cell as a Collection of Protein Machines, The, 367 Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC), 41, 130, 136 Challet, D., 179 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 Index Chance and Necessity, 345 chance process, see uniform chance process Chaos, 311 chaos theory, 257, 311 (see also nonlinear dynamics) chemical evolutionary theories, 372 chemistry, 151 cherry picking, see data snooping China, 373 chloroplast, 154 Clausius, Rudolf, 331 Climbing Mount Improbable, 362, 377 closed system, see isolated system clotting, see blood clotting coagulation, see blood clotting COBE satellite, 206 Cole, M., 347 collective autocatalytic, 165 common ancestor, 254 complexity specification criterion, 319 problem of false negatives, 319–320 problem of false positives, 320 complexity theory, 207 complex specified information (CSI), 47, 88, 91, 142, 335–336, 338, 345, 372, 384, 386 computer programs, 152 conditionally independent patterns, 316 consciousness, 261–264, 274 contingent teleology, see teleology continuous creation, 256 Conybeare, 281, 282 Copernican revolution, 55, 56–57 extension of, 58 Copernicus, 56, 67 core (of a complex system), 359 Cosmic Blueprint, The, 203 cosmological argument, 98, 253, 294 cosmological constant, 249 (see also fine-tuning) counterfactuals, 299 April 2, 2004 21:21 395 Creation Hypothesis, The, 279 creationism, 276 (see also Young Earth creationism, Old Earth creationism) Crews, Frederick: Saving God from Darwin, 233–234 Crick, Francis, 156, 165, 374 cruelty, 70 cryptography, 287, 314 Cuvier, 286 cyclic universe, 140, 194–195 cytochrome c, 336 Cziko, Gary: Without Miracles, 230 dark energy, 249 Darwin, Charles, 13, 20–23, 56, 83, 95, 173, 180, 275, 285, 329, 371, 382 agnosticism of, 22 as geologist, 278 B Notebook, 278 on adaptive variations, 59 Origin of Species, 13, 56, 59, 81, 278, 283, 286, 329 religious beliefs of, 233 Darwin, Erasmus, 20 Darwin on Trial, 41 Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, 41, 83, 91, 353, 355, 364, 368 Darwin’s Spectre, 230 data snooping, 313 Davies, Paul, 315 The Cosmic Blueprint, 203 The Last Three Minutes, 202 Davis, Percival, 132 Dawkins, Richard, 14, 27, 35, 105, 113, 325, 357, 377, 379, 385, 387 Climbing Mount Improbable, 362 on emergence of biological complexity, 325 The Blind Watchmaker, 41, 287 deep time, 276, 288 degree of belief, 101 deism, 256 Deluge, 281, 282 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 396 521 82949 April 2, 2004 21:21 Index Dembski, William, 44, 47, 88–91, 130, 133, 137, 141, 142, 275, 279, 280, 283, 287, 372, 378 Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology, 42 Mere Creationism: Science, Faith and Intelligent Design, 41 No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligent Design, 42, 81, 88 The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities, 42 Dennett, Daniel, 27, 289 Denton, Michael, 35, 40, 376 Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, 38, 41 Derham, William Physico-theology, 276, 290 Derrida, Jacques, 232 design argument, 98 as analogical, 106 as comparative, 105 cosmic, 98, 114 explanatory virtues of, 144 as inductive, 107 as inference to the best explanation, 144 as likelihood argument, 107, 109, 121 organismic, 98, 113 to design versus from design, design inference, 142, 314–315 Design Inference, The, 42 detecting design, 319–321 determinism, 241, 257 developmental biology, 157 Dewey, 348 Diaconis, Persi, 311 dialectic of history, 266 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 17, 106–107, 113 Dillion, 346 diluvialism, 282 Discovery Institute, 130 discrete combinatorial object, 89, 90 divine interaction, 258 divine intervention, 256 divine love, 241–244 DNA, 156, 160, 178, 332, 338, 344, 345, 347, 352, 374, 375, 382–383 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 24, 37 Doolittle, Russell, 93, 361–364 Drosophila melanogaster, 63, 167, 375, 381 dualism, 261, 273 Dyson, Freeman, 201, 203, 207, 347 Earman, John, 328–329 E coli, 61, 333, 335, 344 econosphere, 170 Eddington, Arthur, 194, 338 The Nature of the Physical World, 331 education, 81 Eigen, Manfred Steps toward Life, 345, 346 Einstein, Albert, 35, 94, 349 Eldredge, Niles, 25 electromagnetism, 248, 249 Eliade, Mircea, 194 eliminative induction, 328, 329 embodiment, 306 embryology, 21 emergence of life, see origin of life emergent phenomena, 178 empirical falsification, 71 end of the universe, 207, 269 (see also big crunch; heat death of the universe) energy richness, 343 English language, 334 entropy, 191, 206, 332, 338–342, 349 gravitational, 206 entropy gap, 203, 207 epistemology, 134 estrogen, 161 eukaryotic cilium, 353, 359 evil, 22–23 (see also problem of evil) evo-devo, 25 evolution, 58, 167 as anticipated by God, 240–244 antitheistic implications of, 131 as blind process, 62 compatibility with Christian theology, 185 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 2, 2004 21:21 Index compatibility with theism, 235–239, 272 as Copernican revolution, 67 creative power of, 64 as descent with modification, 174, 356 as emergent phenomenon, 184 ethical implications of, 47 as goal-directed, 268 incompatibility with theism, 268 as inference to the best explanation, 290 and materialism as materialist, 278 mechanism of, 356 as method of divine intelligence, 58 as nonrandom process, 60–62, 64, 103–104, 216 not biased toward complexity, 204 opportunistic character of, 63, 70 as opportunistic process, 87 as purposive, 262 as random, 64, 67, 246, 262, 268 relationship to materialism, 239 as social construction, 265 as tinkerer, 114 as undermining design argument, 114 as undermining morality, 135 Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, 38, 41 evolutionary naturalism, 42 existentialism, 265, 266 ex nihilo, 60 exobiology, 158 expanding universe, 195 explanatory filters, 186 eye, development of, 178 Faber, G S., 288 feedback and cybernetic control, theory of, 213 fibrin, 361 fibrinogen, 361 Finding Darwin’s God, 279, 357 fine-tuning, 115, 247, 253 (see also argument from fine-tuning) 397 Fisher, R A., 102, 103, 313–314 fitness landscape, 168 flagellum, see bacterial flagellum Flood, 281, 282 Flood geology, 282 Ford, E B., 24 forensic science, 287 Forrest, Barbara, 33, 35–41 fossil record, 87, 204 fourth law of thermodynamics, 153, 172 Fox, Sidney, 347 Frazer, James, 271 freedom, 241–243, 256, 263, 264, 266, 295 free will, 295 Freud, Sigmund, 232 Friedman, Harvey, 311 fruitfly, see Drosophila melanogaster function, 211, 359, 384, 387 functional logic, see means-end logic fundamentalism, 288 Futuyma, Douglas, 131 Galapagos Islands, 21, 166 Galen, 15 Galileo, 56, 67, 236 gap theory, 288 Gatlin, Lila, 331, 335 gel electrophoresis, 24 Gell-Mann, Murray, 198 gene duplication, 176, 177, 178 general biology, 159 (see also exobiology) General Relativity, 253, 298 genes, 376, 388 intermediate stages of, 380 Genesis, 287 chaos-restitution interpretation, 288 long day interpretation, 288 genetic algorithms, 387 genetic fallacy, 36, 138 genome noncoding sections of, 377, 380 sequencing of, 367 Geological Society of London, 277 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 398 521 82949 21:21 Index geological time, 276–278 (see also deep time) Gibbs, Willard, 155, 331 Gleick, James: Chaos, 311 goal-directedness, 388 Gold, Thomas, 194, 199 Gordian knot, 288 Gore, Al, 159, 160 Gould, Stephen Jay, 24, 114, 159, 204, 238–239, 281 gradualism, 167 Grand Unified Theory, 249, 252, 253, 298 gravity, 197, 249 Greenspan, Neil S., 364 Gross, Paul, 33 Guernica, 73 Hacking, Ian, 108 haemoglobin, 288–289 Hagemann factor (factor XII), 93–94 Hamilton, William, 24 happiness, 263 Harold, Franklin: The Way of the Cell, 356–357 Harre, Rom, 273, 303 Hartle, J B., 198 Harvey, William, 17 Haught, John, 185 Hawking radiation, 197 Hawking, Stephen, 194, 197, 198, 201 heat death of the universe, 191, 208 (see also end of the universe) Hegel, G W F., 265 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 257 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 191 Henslow, J S., 281 HIV, 178 Hodge, Charles, 26 homeodynamic stability, 220 homology, 22, 86, 91 Hooke, Robert: Micrographia, 276 Hooker, Richard: Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, The, 16 Hooykaas, R., 285 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 290 April 2, 2004 ‘how-possibly’ questions, 173, 175–176, 184 hox genes, 381 Hoyle, Fred, 247 human dignity, 136–138 human genome, 156 (see also genome) human nature, 264–265 human rights, 137, 145 Humean supervenience, 298 Hume, David, 48, 109, 251, 259, 298 on the argument to complexity, 18 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 17–18, 106–107, 113 Hymenoptera, 24 hyperadaptationism, 175, 179, 184 hypercycle, 346 Icons of Evolution, 42 ID movement, see Wedge movement immune system, 178 inauthenticity, 264 incremental indispensibility, 46 inference to the best explanation, 19, 371, 386 inflation of the universe, 248 information, 193, 213–214, 254, 374 information theory, 151, 214, 332, 374 insertion of design, 133 intelligent design, 27, 32, 93, 94, 229–230 and creationism, 33–35 and materialism, 35–36 negative argument for, 37 precursors to, 40 and publication in peer-reviewed journals, 44–46 as variant of Young Earth creationism, 280 Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology, 42 intelligent selection, 388 International Society for Complexity, Information and Design (ISCID), 45 interventionism, 141, 280 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 Index intracellular transport system, 353 inverse gambler’s fallacy, 108 Investigations (Kauffman), 203, 318 irreducible complexity, 46–47, 68, 82, 90, 91, 93, 95, 131, 141, 174, 186, 358, 363 definition of, 83, 353 isolated system, 342 Jacob, Francois, 157 Jesus Christ, 267 John, B., 381 John I, 170 Johnson, N F., 179 Johnson, Elizabeth, 243 Johnson, Philip, 33, 130, 131, 133, 137, 232, 278, 280, 281, 290 Darwin on Trial, 41 Reason in the Balance, 41 The Wedge of Truth: Splitting the Foundations of Naturalism, 36, 41 Judson, Olivia, 71 just-so stories, 324 Kauffman, Stuart, 181, 182, 207, 254, 348, 357, 381, 383–385 At Home in the Universe, 159 Investigations, 203, 318 kenosis, 185 Kenyon, Dean, 34, 40, 43, 347 Kepler, Johannes, 44, 56, 98 Keynes, J., 109 Kingsley, Charles, 256 kin selection, Kok, Randall, 348 Koons, Robert, 42 Krebs cycle, 92, 176 Kuppers, Bernd-Olaf, 387 Lake Woebegone fallacy, 106 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de, 20 Lamarckian evolution, 204 Last Three Minutes, The, 202 law of improbability, 105 law of increasing complexity, 206–207 Laws of Ecclesiastic Polity, The, 16 left-right asymmetry, 84 April 2, 2004 21:21 399 Leibniz, G W., 266 Leslie, John, 118, 250 Lewis, David, 298, 301 Lewontin, Richard, 24, 385 Lhwyd, Edward, 281 libertarianism, 282 likelihood, 100 likelihood argument, 102 likelihood principle, 99, 104, 114, 115, 119 linguistic analysis, 266 Lloyd, Seth, 318 local induction, 328 localization, 89 logical positivism, 44, 265 lottery paradox, 101 Lyell, 277, 281 MacDonald, Henry, 165 MacKay, Donald, 335 Macready, Bill, 169 macroevolution, 382 Madden, E H 303 Magna Carta, 170 many-universes interpretation, 198 (see also multiverse) many worlds, see multiverse Markov property, 108 Marsaglia, George, 312 Martian meteorite, 159 Marxism, 138 Marx, Karl, 232 master regulator genes, see hox genes material emergence, 218, 221 materialism, 136, 137 maximum likelihood estimation, 120 Maxwell, J C., 331, 340 Maxwell’s demon, 154 McDonald, John, 47, 364–366, 382 means-end logic, 211, 213, 214, 216 mechanistic concensus, 215, 222 mechanistic hypothesis, 212 mechanist’s dilemma, 222 Megatherium, see Buckland, William Mere Creationism: Science, Faith and Intelligent Design, 41 metaphysical naturalism, see materialism P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 400 methodological materialism, see methodological naturalism methodological naturalism, 32, 185, 234 methodological versus metaphysical naturalism, 231–232 Meyer, Stephen, 37, 40–41, 135–137, 138, 144, 327 Of Pandas and People, 131 The Creation Hypothesis, 279 Micrococcus lysodeikticus, 334 microevolution, 131 Micrographia, 276 microtubules, 382 Miklos, G., 381 Miller, Hugh, 276 Miller, Kenneth, 131, 133, 357, 359–360, 366 Finding Darwin’s God, 279, 357 Miller–Urey experiments, 343 Mill, John Stuart, 174 Milton, John, 277 Mims, Forrest, 43, 44 minimal naturalism, see naturalism Miscellaneous Discourses Concerning the Dissolution of the World, 281 Misteli, Tom, 181 moderate anthropic principle, 250 (see also anthropic principle) modern evolutionary synthesis, 174 molecular diversity, 160 Moltmann, Jurgen, 243 Molton, Peter, 331 Mona Lisa, 60 Monod, Jacques, 157, 346 Chance and Necessity, 345 Moreland, J P., 280 Morowitz, Harold, 350 morphological innovation, 383 Morris, 282 mousetrap, 364–367 multiverse, 202, 252, 253, 305 Murphy, George, 186 mutagenesis, 376, 377, 379 mutation, 61, 262, 268, 346, 373, 375, 378, 383, 387, 389 521 82949 April 2, 2004 21:21 Index rates of, 379 timing of, 381 mystery, 272 Mystery of Life’s Origin, The, 36 Myth of Sisyphus, The, 72 Napoleon Bonaparte, 138 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 110, 158 National Research Council, 318 naturalism, 133, 134, 139, 274, 281, 282, 297, 372 metaphysical versus methodological, 133 methodological, 285 methodological versus metaphysical, 231–232 minimal, 285 ontological versus methodological, 282 natural selection, 55, 59, 346 and genuine novelty of species, 55, 60–62 as nonrandom process, 377 natural teleology, see teleology natural-theological approach, natural theology, 174, 185–186, 251 Natural Theology, 57, 68, 102, 140, 276, 277 Nature of the Physical World, The, 331 negentropy, 332 Nelson, Paul, 132, 276 neural networks, 220 neutral evolution, 377 Newton, Isaac, 44, 56, 67, 139, 155 Nichomachean Ethics, 315 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 232 NK model, 182 No Free Lunch, 81, 88 no free lunch theorem, 47, 169 No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligent Design, 42 nonergodic flow, 172 nonlinear dynamics, 219–220, 311 (see also chaos theory) P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 Index normativity, 263 nuclear forces, 247 nucleotides, 333, 376 objective probability, 101 observational selection effect (OSE), 115, 116–117, 118, 120, 122 Occam’s razor, 323 occasionalism, 303 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 71 Of Pandas and People, 131 Of the Personality of the Deity, 69 Ohno, Susumu, 378 Old Scratch, 286 Old Testament, 262 Olsen, Roger, 349 Omega Point, 193, 267, 268 ontological argument, 98 open system, 342 optimization, 345 organic complexity, 14 organicism, 194 organized complexity, 68 Orgel, Leslie, 335 The Origins of Life, 315 origin of life, 37, 92, 165–166, 183, 246, 284, 332, 338, 345, 350, 371 Origin of Species, 13, 56, 59, 81, 278, 283, 286, 352 origin of the universe, 67, 202 (see also Big Bang) Origins of Alluvial and Diluvial Formations, 282 Origins of Life, The, 315 Origins of Life’s Major Groups, The, 279 Orr, H Allen, 46, 94, 284–285, 289 Oster, George, 162 Paley, Wiliam, 18–19, 64, 67, 68, 83, 98, 99, 107, 116, 122, 173, 178, 251, 275, 290, 371 Natural Theology, 57, 68, 102, 140, 276, 277 Of the Personality of the Deity, 69 (see also watchmaker argument) Panda’s thumb, 114 April 2, 2004 21:21 401 Pannenberg, Wolfhart, 243 pantheism, 242 parallel processes, 176, 178, 183 Paul (Saint), 243 Peacocke, Arthur, 257 Pearcey, Nancy, 276 Pennock, Robert, 280 The Tower of Babel, 282 Penrose, Roger, 198, 206 personal explanation, 270–271 phage display, 162 phase transition, 384 phenomenology, 264, 265 Philips, John: Treatise of Geology, 278 Philosophical Investigations, 152 Philosophy of Biology, 371 photosynthesis, 344 phyla, 373 physical explanation, 265 physicalism, 236 (see also materialism; naturalism) Physico-theology, 276, 290 Pitman, W., 282 Planck time, 318 Plantinga, Alvin, 42, 134, 280 plasmin, 361 Plato, Polanyi, Michael, 327 Polkinghorne, 284, 289 Pope John Paul II, 55, 58 posterior probability, 100 postmodernism, 265 Powell, Baden, 278 Prigogine, I., 348 Principia Mathematica, 193 principle of increasing complexity, 203 (see also fourth law of thermodynamics) principle of superposition, the, 277 principle of total evidence, 108 prior probability, 100 probabilistic complexity, 316 probabilistic modus tollens, see law of improbability probabilistic resources, 317 replicational resources, 317 specificational resources, 317 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 402 521 82949 April 2, 2004 21:21 Index probability, 106 probability space, 340 problem of evil, 48, 113, 185, 269, 295 problem of irreducibility, 355 problem of other minds, 99 process theology, 193 progressive creation, 277, 280, 283, 288 prokaryotic cells, 89 proper function, 217 protein, 160, 165, 332, 336, 344, 345, 352, 368, 374, 375, 376, 388 systems of, 379 synthesis, 382 proteomics, 367 proteone, 367 Providence, 230 compatibility with randomness, 240 Provine, William, 35 punctuated equilibrium, 25, 59, 284, 285, 289, 291 purposive intelligence, 372 purposiveness, 66, 211 appearance of, purposive universe, 267 quantum cosmology, 198 quantum mechanics, 151, 156 quantum theory, 221, 252, 253–254, 257, 270, 298 Quastler, Henry, 372, 387 Rahner, Karl, 243 randomness, 311–313 complexity-theoretic approach to, 312 rat trap, 359 Ray, John, 275 Wisdom of God, Manifested in the Works of Creation, 17 Miscellaneous Discourses Concerning the Dissolution of the World, 281 Reason in the Balance, 41 recombination, 167–168 reductionism, 215, 216, 218, 222, 270 Reidhaar-Olson, J F., 348 relativity theory, 298 (see also General Relativity) religious experience, 267, 294 religious explanation, 231 Reliquiae Diluvianiae, 282 replicator-first model, 345 revelation, 267 reverse engineering, 289 reverse transcription, 178 Rey, Michael, 42 rhetoric, 285–287 rhodopsin, 154 ribosome, 84 RNA, 156, 160, 178, 180, 182, 332, 346, 347, 349 robustness, 219 Rolston III, Holmes, 28–29 Roman Catholic Church, 236 Rose, Michael, 173, 185, 272, 363 Darwin’s Spectre, 230 Russell, Bertrand Principia Mathematica, 193 Why I Am Not a Christian, 191 Ryan, W., 282 Saint Augustine, 55, 173, 186 Santa Fe Institute, 348 Sarkar, S., 374 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 232 Sauer, Robert, 348, 378 Saving God from Darwin, 233 Schaefer, Henry, 40 Schroedinger, Erwin, 151, 165 What Is Life?, 151, 155, 331 Schulman, L S., 194 Schumpeter, Joseph, 171 Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe, 42 science of design, 91 scripture, 135 Scrope, 282 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), 34, 110, 144, 158, 206, 284, 311, 319 search procedures, 169 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 Index Second Law of Thermodynamics, 180, 191–193, 202, 268, 331, 332, 338, 342, 344 Sedgwick, Adam, 281, 291 Origins of Alluvial and Diluvial Formations, 282 selectionist versus providential explanations, 230 self-assembly, 89, 92 (see also self-organization) self-consciousness, 255 selfish gene theory, 180 self-organization, 151, 179, 181–182, 184, 254, 348, 349, 383–385, 386, 389 self-organized criticality, 170 SETI, see Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Seventh-Day Adventists, 288 sex ratio, 103–104 sexual reproduction, 167 Shannon, Claude, 154, 214, 332 Shannon information theory, see information theory shape space, 162–163 Shapiro, Robert, 346 Sheppard, Phillip, 24 simplicity, 298 singularity, 304–305 six-day creationism, 283 six days of reconstitution, 277 Smith, George, 161 Smith, John Maynard, 14, 110 Smolin, Lee, 252 Snow, C P., 172 Sober, Elliott, 19, 371, 386 Philosophy of Biology, 371 Socrates,13 Sola Fide, 16 Sola Scriptura, 16 Sorensen, R., 120 Soviet Union, 137 Spanish Civil War, 73 specificational complexity, 317–318 complexity specification criterion, 319 specific information, 183 April 2, 2004 21:21 403 specificity, 374 (see also complex specified information) specified complexity, 89, 142, 315–319, 348, 349 arguments against assertibility of, 322 Spencer, Herbert, 23–24 Stace, W T., 230 statistical averaging, 155 statistical mechanics, 155 Steinhardt, Paul, 140 Steinman, G., 347 Steps Toward Life, 345 Stirling’s approximation, 340 Strait, Bonnie, 348 stratigraphy, 277, 280 Strohman, Richard, 181 Strong, A H., 58 Strong Artificial Intelligence, 34 Stuart factor, 361 subjective degree of belief, see degree of belief subjectivity, see consciousness sufficient causality, 263 supernaturalism, 285 supernaturalistic fallacy, 137 Swinburne, Richard, 117, 118, 119–120, 270 symmetry breaking, 218, 249 synthetic theory, 24 Taylor, John, 348 Tegmark, Max, 306 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 27, 193, 267 teleological explanation, 65 requirements of, 65 teleological language, 212 teleology, 204, 214, 215, 217, 222, 263, 284 artificial, 66 bounded, 66 bounded versus unbounded, 56 contingent, 66 internal versus external, 56 natural, 66 Temple, Frederick, 26, 276 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 404 521 82949 21:21 Index Thaxton, Charles, 135–137, 138, 144, 349 theistic evolution, 258 theistic explanation, 271 theistic realism, 137 theistic science, 280, 285, 290 theodicy, 259 theology, 237 post-Darwinian, 243 response to evolutionary biology, 240 theory of biological evolution, 56 theory of everything, see Grand Unified Theory theory of puncutated equilibrium, see punctuated equilibrium thermodynamic coupling, 214 thermodynamics, 152 fourth law of, see Fourth Law of Thermodynamics second law of, see Second Law of Thermodynamics Way of the Cell, The, 356–357 Wedge of Truth, The: Splitting the Foundations of Naturalism, 36, 41 thrombin, 361 time’s arrow, see arrow of time Tipler, Frank, 201 Tooley, Michael, 300 transition state, 163 Treatise of Geology, 278 trickster God, 371 Turing, Alan, 99 Turing machine, 153 Turok, Neil, 140 Tylor, Edward, 271 type III secretory system (TTSS), 85–88, 90, 91, 95 (see also bacterial flagellum) uniform chance process, 102 Uniformitarianism, 277 uniformity of nature, 273 United States, 137 universal common descent, 386 April 2, 2004 universal constants, 115–116 (see also argument from fine-tuning; fine-tuning) universal probability bound, 89, 92, 318–319, 378 universals, 300–302 universe, 297 van Inwagen, Peter, 108, 118 van Till, H., 285, 289 Venn, J., 109 vestigial organs, 283 Vindiciae Geolicae, 282 virulence factors, 85 vitalism, 194, 215 Voltaire, 266 Wade, Nicholas, 349 Wallace, A R., 284, 288 Wallace, Bruce, 24 watchmaker argument, 18, 68, 98, 102, 112, 251, 275 (see also Paley, William) water, 248 Watson, James, 156 Watson, John, 165 wave function of the universe, 198 weak anthropic principle, 116, 250 Weaver, Warren, 335 Wedge argument, 41, 138, 139, 144 Wedge document, 33, 136 Wedge manifesto, see Wedge document Wedge movement, 130, 142 Wedge strategy, (see also Wedge argument) 33 Weinberg, Steven, 192, 232 Wells, Jonathan, 382 Icons of Evolution, 42 What Is Life?, 151, 155, 331 Whewell, William, 21 Whitcomb, J C., 282 Whitehead, Alfred North: Principia Mathematica, 193 Why I Am Not a Christian, 191 Wicken, Jeffrey, 338, 340, 344, 347 Wiley, E O., 338 P1: JZP/UKS P2: JZP 0521829496ind.xml CY335B/Dembski 521 82949 April 2, 2004 Index Wisdom of God, Manifested in the Works of Creation, 17 Wise, Kurt, 276 The Origins of Life’s Major Groups, 279 Without Miracles, 230 Wittgenstein, Ludwig Philosophical Investigations, 152 Woese, C., 183 Wohler, Friedrich, 222 Wolfram, Stephen, 181 21:21 405 Wolpert, David, 169 work cycles, 154, 158 Wright, G F., 284 Wright, Robert, 207 Xenophon, Yockey, H., 337, 340, 344, 348 Young Earth creationism, 276, 288, 290 Yuanshan Formation, 373