RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-INFINITIVE 1. Relative clauses replaced by participles (present and past participles) a. Present participles (Hiện tại phân từ): được dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng chủ động. Ex: a. The boy who is playing the piano is Ben.  The boy playing the piano is Ben. b. We have a house which overlooks the park  We have a house overlooking the park c. The man who spoke to John is my brother  The man speaking to John is my brother b. Past participles (Quá khứ phân từ): được dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động. Ex: a. They live in a house that was built in 1890  They live in a house built in 1890 b. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. The ideas presented in that book are interesting. 2. Relative clauses replaced by to-infinitive phrases - To-infinitive được sử dụng sau: the first, the second,…. the last, the only và sau hình thức so sánh nhất Ex: a. Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.  Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space. b. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light. The last person to leave the room must turn off the light. Rewrite the following sentences using present participle, past participle or to-infinitive: 1. Maxicorp were the only company which replied my letter. 2. Do you the man who is talking to my father ? 3. Applications which were sent after 23 rd will not be considered. 4. We have a lot of exercises which we have to do tonight. 5. Studies of her son are the most important thing that she cares about. 6. The equipment which belongs to the club is insured. 7. George is the first person that we will interview. 8. Meetings which are held every month are called monthly meetings. 9. The most excellent students who were rewarded the scholarship would have a two-week holiday in VungTau. 10.The trees which were planted last week are growing well. 11. The man who is talking to John is from Korea. 12. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. 13. Ann is the woman who is responsible for preparing the budget. 14. English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. 15. The books that are on that shelf is mine. 16. The children who attend that school receive a good education. 17. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. 18. The sunlight which comes through the window wakes me up early every morning. 19. John Quincy Adams, who was born on July 11 th 1767, was the sixth president of the United States. 20. These are the ancient houses which were built a long time ago. 21. The children who attend that school receive a good education. 22. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. 23. He was the second man who was killed in this way. 24. Here are some accounts that you must check. 25. He was the first man who reached the top. 26. In hot weather, many people enjoy lemonade, which is made of lemon juice water, and sugar. 27. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. 28. I’d be more interested if I had a family that I had to cook for. 1. There is someone who is knocking at the door. 2. Passengers who travel on planes shouldn’t smoke. 3. The photographs which were taken by my son were extraordinary. 4. What can you do about a dog which is barking all right? 5. Is there any good place where we can stay tonight? 6. We have an apartment which over looks the park 7. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light. 8. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London. 9. The experiment which was conducted at the university of Chicago was successful. 10. The ideas that are presented in that book are interesting. Change the relative clause to phrase: Sach gv 1. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us? 2. The road that joins the two village s is very narrow. 3. Most of the goods that are made in this factory are exported. 4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out off the house. 5. Kuala Lumpur, which is the capital city of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia. 6. The woman who lived here before us is a romantic novelist. 7. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 8. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. 9. All students who don’t hand in their papers will fail in the exam. 10. Simon Bolivar, who was a great South American general, led the fight for independence early in the 19 th century. 11. Some of the people who have been invited to the party can’t come. 12. Ann is the woman who is responsible for the error. 13. Mr. Jackson, who has been working in the company for over ten years, was nominated as the new director. 14. English has an alphabet the consists of 26 letters. 15. We noticed a pile of stones which had been left in the road. 1. We used to have a room in which we could play music. 2. The child will be happier if he has someone that he can play with. 3. David was the only person who offered his help. 4. We had to sit on the ground because we hadn’t anything that we could sit on. 5. She didn’t have anyone to whom she could send cards. 6. There is a big yard that your children can play in. 7. Emma Thompson is the most famous actress who will appear on stage here. 8. We have some picture books that children can read. 9. He was the second man who was killed in this way. 10. Here are some novels that she should read. Make one sentence from two 1. Astronomy is one of the world oldest sciences. It is the study of planets and stars. 2. The vegetables are grown without chemicals. They are sold in supermarkets. 3. People have marched to London. They are protesting against pollution. 4. The police never found the money. It was stolen in the robbery. 5. There was a big red car. It had been parked outside the house. 6. Libya is a leading producer of oil. It is a country in North Africa. 7. A chemical company has gone bankrupt. It employed 4,000 people. 8. A new drug may give us eternal youth. It was developed at a British university. 9. A new motorway is planed. It will cost 500 million dollars. 10. Some weapons belong to the IRA. They are found at a flat in Bristol. Sach Ngu phap Tieng Anh I/ Reduce relative clause to phrases: 1. The man who is standing there is a clown. 2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it. 3. Benzene, Which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting-point in the manufacture in many dyes, perfumes and explosives. 4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house. 5. The students don’t know how to do the exercises which were given by the teacher yesterday. 6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of the year 1812. 7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator. 8. All the astronausts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless. 9. All students who don’t hand in their papers will fail in the exam. 10. I saw many houses that are destroyed by the storm. 11. The street which leads to the school is very wide. 12. The system which is used here is very successful. 13. Mr. Jackson, who teaches my son, is my neighbor. 14. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London. 15. The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam. 16. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980. 17. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager. 18. The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt. 19. My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm. 20. The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals. II/ Replace the relative clause by an infinitive or infinitive phrase: 1. We had a river in which we could swim. 2. The child would be happier if he had someone that he could play with. 3. I have some letters that I must write. 4. If she had a family that she had to cook for, she would be more interested. 5. I haven’t anyone that I can go with. 6. We had to eat standing up because we hadn’t anything that we could sit on. 7. I wish I had a box that I could keep my letters in. 8. She hadn’t anyone to whom she could sends cards. 9. Have you got a key that can unlock this door? 10. There are six letters which have to be written to day. 11. The is a bench that your children can sit on. 12. We have some picture books that children can read. 13. He was the second man who was killed in this way. 14. Here is the novel that she should read. 15. The man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable. III/ Replace the To-infinitive phrases by relative clauses: 1. Lady Astor was the first woman to take her seat in Parliament. 2. The last student to be interviewed was John. 3. I was the only person to see the difficulty. 4. The last person to leave the room must turn out the lights. 5. The air-hostess was the only person to survive the crash. 6. Jim was the first boy to reach the top. 7. He was the first man to leave the burning building. 8. We had a lake to swim in. 9. Here is an application form for you to fill in. 10. I have some letters to type right now. Sach TA 11 Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences, using a present participial phrase: 1. The man who spoke to John is my brther. 2. The boy who is playing the piano is Ben. 3. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us? 4. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. 5. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 6. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. 7. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences, using a past participial phrase. 1. The Sport Games which were held in India in 1951 were the first Asian Games. 2. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. 3. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. 4. They lie in a house that was built in 1980. 5. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 6. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful. 7. They work in a hospital which was sponsored by the government. Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences, using an infinitive phrase 1. Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space. 2. John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain. 3. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light. 4. The first person that we must see is Mr. Smith. 5. This is the second person who was killed in that way. 6. The first person who catched the ball will be the winner. 1. a. energy b. natural c. relative d. pollution 2. a. fossil b. limit c. windmill d. entire 3. a. only b. inside c. demand d. provide 4. a. therefore b. nuclear c. reserve d. limit 5. a. alternative b. geothermal c. environment d. expensively 6. a. possible b. scientist c. expensive d. plentiful 7. a. potential b. exhausted c. pollution d. infinite 8. a. power b. enough c. water d. solar 9. a. demand b. rapid c. increase d. sailboat 10. a. electric b. develop c. energy d. another 1. ________ present, scientists are trying to find out the most suitable energy. a. In b. For c. At d. On 2. Nuclear power can provide us _________ great source of energy. a. for b. on c. with d. at 3. Do you know where this kind of energy comes _________? a. up b. from c. on d. in 4. Oil, coal, and natural gas are __________. a. solar system b. nuclear power c. hydropower d. fossil fuels 5. __________ energy uses natural sources of energy such as the sun, wind, or water for power and fuel, rather than oil, coal, or nuclear power. a. Alternative b. Solar c. Hydroelectricity d. Electricity 6. Water energy is used to create electricity. a. produce b. design c. operate d. heat 7. Nuclear power is cleaner than coal. a. strength b. might c. rule d. energy 8. The sun releases large amounts _________ energy everyday. a. for b. in c. for d. of 9. The solar energy can change __________ electricity. a. to b. for c. with d. into 10. We do not have plenty __________ energy as we think. a. of b. on c. over d. for 11. How long will it be before the world’s fuel supplies are exhausted? a. got rid of b. used up c. put up with d. gone out 12. The potential of alternative sources of energy is great. a. ability to achieve b. solar system c. use d. heat 13. There is __________ of solar energy that we cannot make use of. a. plenty b. plenties c. plentiful d. plentifully 14. The seas store __________ and release it gradually during cold periods. a. hot b. heat c. heated d. heating 15. I pulled off the sheets which covered the furniture. a. to cover b. covered c. that covering d. covering 16. The nuclear power plant that was completed last year will come to operate tomorrow. a. completing b. to complete c. completed d. which completed 17. We have a lot of important documents on energy to read. a. that we have to read b. for reading c. we read d. which we read 18. The solar panel _________ on the roofs of the house can get enough energy for the whole family. a. fixing b. to fix c. fixed d. that is fixing 19. It may take thousands __________ years to form a kind of energy. a. of b. up c. on d. over 20. Finding out a new source _________ energy is the aim of many scientists. a. from b. of c. for d. with 21. We may have a lot of energy if we can make use _________ the energy from the sun. a. in b. from c. of d. on 22. __________ energy is one that comes from sun. a. Wind b. Wave c. Nuclear d. Solar 23. _________ heat comes from deep inside the earth. a. Geothermal b. Solar c. Nuclear d. Hydro 24. Solar energy is not only plentiful but also infinite. a. strong b. rapid c. limited d. without limit 25. Our building was cut off __________ so we had to stop working. a. power b. powers c. powerful d. powerfully 26. Solar energy does not make the environment __________ . a. pollute b. pollution c. pollutant d. polluted 27. __________ most of our present energy comes from fossil fuels. a. A b. An c. The d.  Sach BT TA 11 1. a. energy b. exhausted c. natural d. plentiful 2. a. electricity b. geothermal c. alternative d. radiation 3. a. available b. potential c. unlimited d. infinite 4. a. release b. supply c. nuclear d. convenient 5. a. ecologist b. fertilizer c. dangerous d. scientist 1. Oil, coal, and natural gas are __________ fuels made from decayed material from animal or plants. a. unleaded b. smokeless c. solid d. fossil 2. We could make better __________ of our energy resources. a. spend b. use c. need d. limit 3. Solar energy is not only plentiful and infinite but also clean and safe. a. boundless b. unlimited c. uncountable d. inflexible 4. Many newer cars have a much lower fuel __________. a. consuming b. consumer c. consummation d. consumption 5. We should develop such __________ sources of energy as solar energy and nuclear energy. a. tradition b. alternative c. revolutionary d. surprising Replace the relative clauses by an infinitive or infinitive phrase: 1. He was the first man who left the burning building. 2. The last person who leaves the room must turn out the lights. 3. The child is lonely; he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with. 4. Here are some accounts that you must check. 5. My brother is the only one who realized the danger. 6. The queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the Clyde. 7. We had a river in which we could swim. 8. She said that she wasn’t going to buy any cards; she hadn’t anyone to whom she could send cards. 9. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. 10. The fifth man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable. 11. I wish we had a garden that my children could play in. 12. I have some homework that I must do tonight. 13. Have you brought a book that Kevin can read. 14. She is the only woman who was appointed to the broad. 15. The floor is dusty but I haven’t got a brush that I can sweep it with. Change all of the adjective clauses to adjective phrases. Use participles: 1. Only a few of the movie that are shown at the Gray Theater are suitable for children. 2. The couples who live in the house next door are both college professors. 3. A knuckle is a point that connects a finger to the rest of the hand. 4. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap that contains 70 percent of the earth’s fresh water. 5. Only a small fraction of the eggs that are laid by a fish actually hatch and survive to adulthood. 6. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. 7. None of the pedestrians who were walking up and down the busy street stopped to help the elderly man who was slumped in the door way. 8. Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the esophagus. 9. Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild. 10. The children attended a special movie program that consisted of cartoons that featured Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse. 11. The Indians who lived in Peru before the discovery of the New World by Europeans belonged to the Incan culture. 12. I was awakened by the sound of laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence: 1. The guest on our show is the youngest golfer ___________ the Open. a. won b. to win c. being won d. winning 2. I have a message for people __________ by the traffic chaos. a. to delay b. who delaying c. delayed d. who delay 3. Emma Thompson is the most famous actress __________ on the stage here. a. appeared b. appear c. appearing d. to appear 4. The boy __________ in the accident was taken to hospital. a. injuring b. being injured c. have injured d. injured 5. The captain was the last __________ the sinking ship. a. to leave b. that leaving c. left d. whom to leave 6. Melanie was the only person __________ a letter of thanks. a. wrote b. written c. to write d. writing 7. Who were those people __________ outside? a. waited b. to wait c. who waiting d. waiting 8. We noticed a pile of stones __________ in the road. a. left b. leaving c. to leave d. having left 9. A lorry _________ concrete pipes has overturned. a. carried b. being carried c. carrying d. to carry 10. Near the White House is another famous landmark __________ the Washington Monument. a. is which b. which call c. called d. it is called 11. I live in a pleasant room __________ the garden. a. to overlook c. overlooked c. which overlooking d. overlooking 12. The food __________ in this supermarket is very good. a. selling b. which sold c. to sell d. sold 13. To plant rice, farmers, _________, set young plants in the mud. a. they wade with bare feet in the water b. who water wading in their bare feet c. wading in the water in their bare feet d. whose bare feet wading in the water 14. A fine tomb, __________, marks the grave of the poet Chaucer. a. which in the fifteenth century was erecting b. erected in the fifteenth century c. erecting in the fifteenth century d. being erected in the fifteenth century 15. I had just one reply. Abco was the __________ company to reply to my letter. a. last b. most c. only d. second 16. At last I’ve found the information that I was looking ____________. a. for b. for it c. for that d. it 17. Nellie Ross of Wyoming was the first woman __________ governor in the United States. A who elected b. to be elected c. was elected d. her election as 18. Pioneers, __________ in isolated areas of the United States, were almost totally self-sufficient. a. who living b. living c. lived d. that lived 19. Completed in 1756, Nassau Hall is the oldest building __________ on the campus of Princet on University. a. standing b. it stands c. has stood d. stood 20. ___________ in large quantities in the Middle East, oil became known as black gold because of the large profit it brought. a. Discovering b. which was discovered c. Discovered d. That when discovered 21. Neil Armstrong, __________ person to set foot on the moon, reported that the surface was fine and powdery. a. the first b. to be the first c. was the first d. as the first 22. Lady Astor was the first woman __________ her seat in Parliament. a. take b. to take c. taking d. who takes 23. Hydroelectric power is produced by the fall of water ___________ in a dam. a. trapping b. trapped c. to be trapped d. that trapped 24. Coal was the first fuel _________ the earth’s outer atmosphere. a. reach b. reaches c. that reaches d. is reached 25. The energy ___________ by the windmill drives all the drainage pumps.Sach TN TA a. that is producing b. which produces c. producing d. produced 26. Johnny was the last applicant __________ for aposition in that energy station. a. to interview b. which is interviewed c. interviewing to be interviewed 27. Is there any oil __________? a. using b. being used c. to be used d. to use 28. I have something interesting ____________. a. told you b. to tell you c. that tells you d. telling you 29. Scientists will find ways __________ our supplies of coal, oil, and gas. a. to increase b. increasing c. that is increasing d. increased 30. The heat __________ from the sun is infinite. a. to release b. that is released c. released d. releasing 31. A survey on alternative sources of energy __________ out by those scientists will be reported to the public next week. a. which carried b. that carried c. carried d. carrying 32. I do not think nuclear power is the only energy ___________. a. to choose b. choosing c. which chooses d. that chosen 33. They are against nuclear power because they think of the nuclear disaster _________ in Japan in World War II. a. that happens b. happened c. to happen d. happening 34. We have a lot of things_____________ for our project. a. preparing b. to prepare c. for preparing d. which prepared 35. Do you think the beautiful young girl __________ over there? a. to stand b. whom is standing c. standing d. stood 36. Just imagine what would happen to a nuclear power station ____________ by terrorists? a. which is capturing b. to capture c. captured d. capturing 37. The instructions ___________ by Professor Johnson helped us know more about the danger of energy pollution. a. that explained b. explained c. explaining d. which explained 38. The printing press ___________ by Gutenburg in Germany has changed forever the process of writing. a. to develop b. developed c. developing d. that developed 39. Air is necessary to the __________ of all living things. a. survivor b. survival c. survive d. survivalist 40. Do you know the woman ____________ toward us? a. comes b. to come c. whom comes d. coming 41. The people ___________ for the bus in the rain are getting wet. a. are waiting b. who is waiting c. waiting d. to wait 42. I come from a city _________ in the southern part of the country. a. located b. is located c. which locates d. locating 43. That was the year ___________ I was born. a. to which b. at which c. on which d. in which 44. Water energy ___________ electricity. a. used to create b. is used to create c. is used to creating d. used for creating 45. The sun releases large amounts of energy every day. A. a large amounts of b. lot of c. great deal of d. lots of 46.Solar energy, air, and water are ____________ resources because there is an unlimited supply. a. valuable b. fossil c. renewable d. nonrenewable 47. The scientists __________ the causes of cancer are making progress. a. are researching b. researching c. who are researching d. b&c are correct. . RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-INFINITIVE 1. Relative clauses replaced by participles (present and past participles) a. Present. that book are interesting. The ideas presented in that book are interesting. 2. Relative clauses replaced by to-infinitive phrases - To-infinitive được sử dụng sau: the first, the second,…. the. Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse. 11. The Indians who lived in Peru before the discovery of the New World by Europeans belonged to the Incan culture. 12. I was awakened by the sound of laughter which