Tài liệu Proverbs A Handbook

322 212 0
Tài liệu Proverbs A Handbook

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

Thông tin tài liệu

Tài liệu Proverbs A Handbook tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các lĩnh vực...

Proverbs: A Handbook Wolfgang Mieder GREENWOOD PRESS Proverbs Recent Titles in Greenwood Folklore Handbooks Folk and Fairy Tales: A Handbook D.L. Ashliman A Handbook Wolfgang Mieder Greenwood Folklore Handbooks GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Proverbs Q Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mieder, Wolfgang. Proverbs : a handbook / Wolfgang Mieder. p. cm.—(Greenwood folklore handbooks, ISSN 1549–733X) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–32698–3 1. Proverbs—History and criticism. I. Title. II. Series. PN6401.M487 2004 398.9Ј09—dc22 2004007988 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Wolfgang Mieder All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004007988 ISBN: 0–313–32698–3 ISSN: 1549–733X First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Copyright Acknowledgments “The New Fence,” by Raymond Souster is reprinted from Collected Poems of Raymond Souster by permission of Oberon Press. “Spite Fence,” from Collected Poems 1930–1986 by Richard Eberhart, copyright 1960, 1976, 1987 by Richard Eberhart. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. “Proverbs,” Poetry 120 (1) (April 1972), reprinted with permission of the author. “Symposium,” from Hay by Paul Muldoon. Copyright © 1998 by Paul Muldoon. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC. UK Rights granted by Faber and Faber. Falling from Silence. Poems, by David R. Slavitt. Copyright © 2001 by David R. Slavitt. Reprinted by permission of Louisiana University Press. “A word that’s worth a thousand pictures.” Howard Bank advertisement. Compliments of Banknorth Vermont. Excerpts reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of Amherst College from The Poems of Emily Dickinson, Thomas H. Johnson, ed., Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Copyright © 1951, 1955, 1963, 1979 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proved impossible. The author and publisher will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. Introduction xi One Definition and Classification 1 Definition Attempts 2 Proverb Markers and Meanings 4 Origin and Dissemination of Proverbs 9 Traditional Forms Related to the Proverb 13 The International Type System of Proverbs 16 Types of International Proverb Collections 20 Major Anglo-American Proverb Collections 22 Various Specialized Proverb Collections 25 Selected Bibliography 29 Two Examples and Texts 33 “Big Fish Eat Little Fish”: A Classical Proverb about Human Nature 34 “First Come, First Served”: A Medieval Legal Proverb from the Millers 43 “The Apple Doesn’t Fall Far from the Tree”: A Proverb’s Way from Germany to America 52 “The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian”: A Slanderous Proverbial Stereotype 60 “Good Fences Make Good Neighbors”: An Ambiguous Proverb of Relationships 69 “A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words”: An Advertising Slogan Turned American Proverb 79 Contents vii Proverbs from Different Cultures and Languages 88 Authentic American Proverbs 100 Regional American Proverbs 106 Native American Proverbs 108 African American Proverbs 112 Selected Bibliography 114 Three Scholarship and Approaches 117 Proverb Journals, Essay Volumes, and Bibliographies 118 Proverb Collections and Future Paremiography 121 Comprehensive Overviews of Paremiology 125 Empiricism and Paremiological Minima 127 Linguistic and Semiotic Considerations 131 Performance (Speech Acts) in Social Contexts 133 Issues of Culture, Folklore, and History 135 Politics, Stereotypes, and Worldview 137 Sociology, Psychology, and Psychiatry 139 Use in Folk Narratives and Literature 142 Religion and Wisdom Literature 144 Pedagogy and Language Teaching 146 Iconography: Proverbs as Art 148 Mass Media and Popular Culture 150 Selected Bibliography 153 Four Contexts 161 “A Man of Fashion Never Has Recourse to Proverbs”: Lord Chesterfield’s Tilting at Proverbial Windmills 162 “Early to Bed and Early to Rise”: From Proverb to Benjamin Franklin and Back 171 “Behind the Cloud the Sun Is Shining”: Abraham Lincoln’s Proverbial Fight Against Slavery 180 “Conventional Phrases Are a Sort of Fireworks”: 189 Charles Dickens’s Proverbial Language “Make Hell While the Sun Shines”: Proverbial War Rhetoric of Winston S. Churchill 198 “Man Is a Wolf to Man”: Proverbial Dialectics in Bertolt Brecht 207 Benjamin Franklin’s “The Way to Wealth” 216 Proverb Poems and Popular Songs 224 Proverbs in Caricatures, Cartoons, and Comics 236 Proverbs and the World of Advertising 244 Proverbs as Headlines and Slogans 250 viii Contents Bibliography 257 Bibliographies 257 Proverb Journals 258 Major Proverb Studies 259 Multilingual Proverb Collections 266 Bilingual Proverb Collections 269 Anglo-American Proverb Collections 272 Regional and Thematic Proverb Collections 275 Web Resources 279 Glossary 281 Index 285 Names 285 Subjects 290 Proverbs 295 Contents ix [...]... structural groups The first follows the pattern of “as X as Y,” as indicated by such common comparisons as “as black as night,” “as busy as a 14 Proverbs bee,” “as clear as daylight,” “as drunk as a fish,” “as mad as a hatter,” “as soft as putty,” and “as swift as the wind.” The second group is based on a verbal comparison with “like”: “to work like a dog,” “to look like a million dollars,” “to watch like a. .. metaphorical proverbs, proverbial types, variants, proverbs in folk narratives and literature, loan translations, and the classical or biblical origin of many proverbs Taylor also analyzes customs and superstitions reflected in proverbs, he looks at legal, medical, and weather proverbs, and he investigates their content and style Proverbial stereotypes, proverbial expressions and comparisons, and wellerisms are... important bilingual and single-language collections that also need to be incorporated are among others those by John Lazarus, A Dictionary of Tamil Proverbs (1894 [1991]), Peter Mertvago, The Comparative Russian-English Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings (1995), Wolfgang Mieder, Stewart A Kingsbury, and Kelsie B Harder, A Dictionary of American Proverbs (1992), Ryszard Pachocinski, Proverbs of Africa... a great deal of folk humor in these exaggerations, but depending on how and in what context they are uttered, they can take on a very satirical tone But still, these phrases are certainly more entertaining and creative than some of the standard curses based on scatological expletives So-called twin (binary) formulas are traditional word pairs that are linked together by alliteration and/or rhyme, as... to my teacher Stuart A Gallacher: Proverbs [are] concise traditional statements of apparent truths with currency among the folk More elaborately stated, proverbs are short, generally known sentences of the folk that contain wisdom, truths, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed, and memorizable form and that are handed down from generation to generation (Mieder 199 6a: 597) Certainly these... By way of English they traveled on to Australia, Canada, the United States, and the rest of the world where English is used as a second language Some of these proverbs have truly taken on an international and global currency, showing once again that they contain universal human experiences and insights There is then no doubt that a considerable corpus of common European proverbs can be traced back... formulaic phrases as phraseological units or phraseologisms They have created a new subfield of study, which they have designated as phraseology (the study of phrases) That scholarly term serves as an umbrella for all phrasal collocations, including the entire area of paremiology Linguists also occupy themselves with phraseography (collection and classification of phrases), once again incorporating paremiography... Euripides, and so on Many of them reappeared in Latin translation in Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Horace, and other Roman writers (see Mieder and Bryan 1996) Ancient writers also added new Latin proverbs, and many of these classical texts became part of a rich medieval Latin proverb tradition More importantly, however, these common Latin texts were then translated into the many developing European languages Erasmus... compilations, an unfortunate example of censorship in light of the fact that folk proverbs do indeed contain elements of all aspects of life THE INTERNATIONAL TYPE SYSTEM OF PROVERBS The organization of thousands of proverbs into a meaningful order presents major lexicographical challenges Fortunately Matti Kuusi (1914–1998) and subsequently his daughter Outi Lauhakangas have created an international classification... his daughter Outi Lauhakangas has continued his fascinating and extremely important work, presenting a list of over 700 “universal [proverb] types and their criteria” (Lauhakangas 2001: 125–158), which are in most cases more like clusters of proverb types, having variants from four main cultural areas: European, African, Islamic, and Asiatic cultures With the new classification system now finished, and . referred to as paremiology (study of proverbs) . It too has a long history, dating back at least as far as Aristotle who had much to say about various aspects of proverbs. In contrast to paremiographers,. folk narratives and literature, loan translations, and the classical or biblical origin of many proverbs. Taylor also analyzes customs and superstitions reflected in proverbs, he looks at legal, medical,. introductory remark has become an often- quoted paragraph, and his claim that “an incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that is not” has gained “proverbial” status among paremiologists: The

Ngày đăng: 26/05/2015, 17:41

Từ khóa liên quan

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

  • Đang cập nhật ...

Tài liệu liên quan