CHL'ONG NGirOl H g c TIENG ANH KHONG CHUYEN DAI HOC QLOC GIA HA NQI: M Q T SO DAC DIEM CO B.AN 3.1 Dan iuan • Tim hieu ve ngudi hgc ngoai ngu, nhiJng dac diem ciia hg nhu trinh dau vao, lira tudi, gidi tinh, phdng van hda, kien thuc nen, ddng co va nhu cau hgc tap, chien luge hgc tap, phong each hgc mire tiep xiic \a\ ngu dich v.v cd lam quan trgng dac biet viec thiet ke va phat trien he thdng cac nhdm ngi dung va phucmg phap giang day phu hgp vdi muc tieu de va vdi ddi tugng ngudi hcpc, nang cao hieu qua giang day va hgc tap mdn hgc Chucmg du dinh Irinh hay nhung kM qua nghien cuu thu dugc tir cudc khao sat tren dien c rdng ve ddi lugng ngucVi hgc tieng Anh o Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ne)i nhdm nghiLMi cuu tiiudc Dc tai diem cap Dai hoc (^udc gia Ha Nc)i, Ma sd Q(i ID 05.11 ticn hanh \ c nhung dac dicm ccr ban ciia ngudi hgc tieng Anh d Dai hoc Quoc gia lla Nc)i De bai dau, chung tdi se kiem tra lai mot sd khai niem lien quan den dac diem ngudi hgc tao khung li thuyet cho viec phan tich va thao luan d nhirng muc sau Sau dd, chiing tdi se chuyen sang trinh bay mgt so dac dicm ciia ngvrdi hgc tieng Anh khdng chuyen C hai bac dai he)C va sau T dai hc)c c Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Muc na\ ducrc tiep ndi bang phan trinh bay V ket qua nghiiMi euu eiia chung idi \ e nhu cau, dc)ng co, chien luge hoc, va miic tiep xiic veVi tieng Anh irong mdi trucmg ngoai ngir ciia sinh vien dai hgc va hc)c \ ien eao hoe C Dai hgc Quex* gia Ha Ndi - nhung thdng tin quan T giiip eac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ngoai ngij d Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi cd can eu de xa} dung ehinh sach hgc tieng Anh phii hgp, nhirng ngudi thiet ke chucmg trinh cd the phan bd thdi lucmg va thiet ke nhirng ndi dung phii hgp cho tung mdn hgc nhimg ngucri bien soan giao trinh cd the li^a chgn nhirng lu lieu 74 giang day phu hgp voi ddi tugng nguoi hoc, va nhung giao vien dung lop co the phat trien va su dung nhung phuong phap va thu thuat giang day, phuong thuc kiem tra - danh gia phii hgp nhdt, gop p h k nang cao hieu qua day va hoc tieng Anh Ichong chuyen Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ngi 3.2 Mot so khai niem ca ban lien quan den dac diem ngiroi hpc tieng Anh khong chuyen a Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi Nhi8u cong trinh nghien cuu gkn day ve ySu t6 nguoi hoc ngoai ngu (Skehen 1992, Long & Larsen - Freeman 1992, Lightbown & Spada 1997, va Ellis 2000) da ggi y, co nhieu yeu to giai thich cho su bai hoc ngoai ngiJ cua nguoi hoc nhu nhu cau, tri thong minh, nang khi^u dgng co va thai dg, chien luge hgc tap, tuoi tac, cuong va thoi gian ti^p xiic voi ngu dich, v.v Hieu dugc tac ddng cua nhimg yeu Id qua trinh hgc ngoai ngir se giiip nang cao hieu qua hgc tap mdn hgc Neu mgt sd y^u to mang tinh bam sinh hoac san cd nhu tri thdng minh, nang khieu, v.v dugc ti^n gia dinh la tot ddi vcri sinh vien dai hgc va hgc vien cao hgc d Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi thi bdn yeu td: nhu cau, ddng co, chien luge hgc tap, va tiep xiic vdi ngir dich dugc cho la quan trgng nhat quyet djnh su bai viec hgc ngoai ngir ciia mot ngudi hgc Bdn khai niem se dugc trinh bay nhirng muc dudi day 3,2.1 Khai niem "nhu ciiu" hoc ngoai ngir Tir cudi nhirng nam 1960, giao hgc phap ngoai ngir da xuat hien mgt trao luu thu hiit su chii y cua nhieu nha nghien ciru; dd la, trao luu phan tich nhu cau ngudi hgc Muc dich ciia phan tich nhu cau ngudi hgc day ngoai ngiJ (thudng duc;c ggi la ngdn ngir thir hai) xoay quanh viec xac dinh nhirng yeu cdu giao tiOp ihuc ciia ngucri hgc de giiip ngudi thiet ke cd the xay dung nhirng khda hgc cd ndi dung thiet thuc va chuan bi cho ngudi hgc nhirng each 75 sir dung thuc te d ngCr dich Cdng viec cd the bao gdm viec tap trung vao mgt kl nang nao dd (nhu kT nang dgc chang han) dugc thuc hanh mot khu vuc ngdn ngir nao dd (nhu viet khoa hgc chang han), thuge mgt ngir vuc khoa hgc nao dd (nhu cdng nghe thdng tin chang han) Ngugc lai, mgt khda hgc cd the dugc xac dinh bang viec thuc hien cac chirc nang nhat dinh thdng qua su dung mot kl nang hay mot nhdm cac kl nang nhu sir dung dien thoai de cung cap thdng tin cho khach hang, dam phan nhirng thda thuan kinh doanh, v.v Trong mgi truong hcrp, viec cu the hda nhirng each sir dung ngdn ngir dugc an dinh ciia ngudi hgc cho phep nguoi day tap trung vao nhung kl nang, nhimg chirc nang va hinh thirc ngdn ngir cd quan he gan gui nhat vcri nhirng yeu cau giao tiep the gidi thuc ciia hg Do dd, viec phan tich nhu cau theo cac chirc nang the gicri thuc chiem vi tri trgng tam thiet ke chuong trinh va phat trien phucmg phap giang day, dac biet la nc)i dung chucmg trinh va phucrng phap giang day ngoai ngir khdng chuyen Cd hai each tiep can de tra Idi cau hdi ^^Nhu cau la gi*!*" hgc ngoai ngir Cacli liep can thir nhat lay hinh thirc ngdn ngir lam trgng tam Trong each tiep can cau tra len cho cau hdi ^'Nhu cau la gi?'' se la kha nang hieu va san sinh nhCmg hinh ihuc ngdn ngir ehinh xac nliirng linh hudng dich Nguc;c lai each tiCp can thir hai la\ > nghTa hay chirc nang giao tiep lam trgng tam Irong each tiep can nay, tra Idi cau hoi '^Nhu cau la gi?'' se la kha nSng san sinh nhCme phat ngon ha> nhiing hanh vi Idi ndi phii hcrp vcri ngdn canh (ehi tiet, \in xem Munb\ 1997) Nhu cau hgc ngoai ngu thucmg dugc phan nhu cau dich va nhu cau hgc tap Nhu cau dich lien quan den nliirng gi ngudi hgc can cac tinh hucmg giao tiep dich Ngugc lai, nhu cau hgc tap lien quan den nhung gi ngudi hcK can hgc Nhu cdu dich lai dugc phan nhirng gi ngudi hgc can, nhung gi ngucVi hoe chua ed va nhirng gi ngudi hgc mudn cd Nhirng gi ngudi hgc cdn la nhirng cai hg phai biet de cd the giao tiep mgt each cd hieu qua uong 76 cac tinh huong dich Thi du, mot sinh vien nganh kinh tk co the c4n phai doc va hieu dugc nhimg tai lieu lien quan d^n kinh tk hgc, va dk co the hoan dugc nhiem vu phai hi6u va sir dung dugc cac tir ngii lien quan d6n I f kinh te va eac cau true ngir phap dien hinh cho ki^u ngdn ban khoa hgc Ngoai ra, mdi trudng ngoai ngix, ed the cdn phai dich dugc nhimg tai lieu chuyen nganh kinh \k de phuc vu cho vi€t ti^u luan, khda luan, luan van hay luan an bang tieng Viet vao cudi khda hgc Chi xac dinh nhimg gi ngudi hgc can khdng thdi thi cd le khdng dii Ngudi thiet ke chuang trinh, ngudi bien soan giao trinh, dac biet la ngudi giang day cdn phai quan tdm den nhirng gi ngudi hgc da h\k\ dc cd the xac dinh dugc nhimg gi hg thieu Trinh tdng the cudi ciing ciia ngudi hgc phai dugc khdp ndi vdi trinh tdng the tai thdi diem bat ddu khda hgc ciia hg Khoang giua hai trinh tdng the chinh la nhiing gi ngudi hgc chua cd Nhu cdu hgc ngoai ngir cung cd the dugc phdn nhu cdu khach quan va nhu cdu chii quan Thu thap nhirng dir lieu ca nhdn ve ngudi hgc ciing vdi nhung thdng tin ve trinh ngdn ngu va cac mdu thuc sir dung ngdn ngir ciia hg va sau dd phdn tich de tim nhirng gi ngudi hgc can va nhumg gi hg thieu hay chua cd la each phdn tich nhu cdu tu gdc khach quan Mgt nhirng dac diem chii chdt ciia phdn tich nhu cdu khach quan la ngudi hgc khdng cd vai trd tich cue qua trinh phdn tich Theo Hutchinson & Waters (2005), de bao dam tinh loan dien eiia quy trinh phdn tich, ngudi hgc phai dugc the hien quan diem ve nhimg nhu cdu chii quan ciia minh ' nhu cau khdng tcSn lai dgc lap vdi ngudi Chinh ngudi \a\ dung nen hinh anh vc- nhirng nhu cau tren cd sd ciia nhumg dir lieu lien quan den chinh ho va mdi trudng ciia hg' (Hutchinson & Waters 2005: 56) 77 Phan tich nhu cau chii quan thuc chat la phan tich nhimg gi ngudi hgc mudn cd Chiing dugc the hien thdng qua nhirng udc mudn, nhirng nguyen vgng, va nhimg su chd dgi ciia ngudi hgc ve mdn hgc (chi lik hem v^ cac ki^u nhu cau hgc ngoai ngir, xin xem Nunan 1991, Tudor 1996, Lightbown & Spada 1997, Graves 2000, va Hutchinson & Waters 2005) Theo Brindley (1984) va Nunan (1991), nhu cau khach quan cd lien he vcri viec xac dinh ndi dung giang day, cac nhu cdu chii quan lai cd lien he vdi viec xac dinh phuong phap giang day Tuy nhien, thuc te van cd th^ cd mdi lien he giu:a nhu cau chii quan vcri ndi dung giang day (ngudi hgc xac dinh cai ma hg mudn hgc) va giira nhu cau khach quan vdi phucmg phap giang day (ngudi day xac djnh xem ngi dung dugc hgc nhu the nao la tdt nhdt) Mc)t khia canh khac ciia phan tich nhu cau hgc ngoai ngir lien quan den phdn lich chien lucre hgc ngoai ngir cua ngucri hgc Day la kieu phdn tich nhu cdu dc danh gia nhan thirc hien lai ciia ngucri hgc ve hgc ngoai ngir, cac chien luc^rc hgc hg su dyng va nhirng su chd dgi ma vcri chiing hg tiep can each hgc ciia hg Phdn tich chien lucre hgc ngoai ngir ciia ngudi hgc cung cap co sd cho vice kham pha nhirng su lira chgn, va theo then gian, nhirng su thucmg luc/ng ve phucrng phap va each hgc giua ngucri da% va ngudi hgc (cf Nunan 1991, Tudor 1996) West (1994) va Tudor (1996) cho rang phdn tich chien luge hgc ngoai ngCr eua ngudi hgc cd tam quan trgng dac biet thiet ke chucmg trinh, dac biel la ngudi day va ngucVi hoc den tu nhirng nen van hda cd nhirng truyen thdng giao due kliac va cd the ed nhirng su chd dgi khac lien quan den qua trinh da>-hgc ngoai ngir Neu day ngoai ngir dat trgng tdm vao ngudi hex thi le tdt yeu la phai phdn tich chien luge hgc lap cua ngudi hgc (chi liet hem \ e chien luoe hoc tap xin xem Muc 3.2.3 ciia chucmg nay) Mgt khia canh khac eiia phdn tich nhu cdu ngudi hgc la phdn tich phuong lien Khia canh na\ bao gdm viec tim hieu nhumg khia canh lien quan den 78 chinh tri-xa hdi (quan diem cua nha nude hay ciia cac nha quan li giao due ddi vdi vi the ciia ngoai ngir dang hgc); cac ngudn luc (sd lugng giao vien, trinh do, ldp hgc, cac tai lieu giang day cd sdn); cac khia canh quan li (phucmg thuc day hgc, thdi gian bieu); cac khia canh tam li giao due (nhu cau, ddng co, thai va nhung sir chd dgi ciia ngudi hgc, cac phong each hgc truy§n thdng); va nhimg khia canh lien quan den phuong phap luan, v.v Tdm lai, phdn tich nhu cau ngudi hgc la viec lam hihj ich day ngoai ngir Nd la bude khdi ddu quan trgng lam co sd cho thi4t kg chuong trinh, bien soan giao trinh va sir dung phuong phap giang day phii hgp vdi ddi tugng ngudi hgc Tuy nhien, bdi canh ciia cac trudng dai hgc Viet Nam dd tieng Anh dugc xem nhu la mot mdn hgc va ddi tugng ngudi hgc tucmg doi ddng nhdt nhu nhu*ng sinh vien dai hgc, hc)c vien cao hgc va nghien cim sinh d Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Nc)i thi phan tich nhiing kieu nhu cdu nao, phdn tich den ddu la nhirng van de cdn phai thao luan them Trong khudn khd ciia de tai nay, chiing tdi chi gidi han vao phdn tich nhu cdu hc)c tieng Anh khdng chuyen ciia sinh vien dai hgc va hgc vien cao hgc d Dai Hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi d hai khia canh nhu cau khach quan va nhu cdu chii quan de tim nhung gi hg can cd nhung gi hg thdy thieu va nhirng gi hg mudn cd, Idy dd lam co sd de xuat viec thi^t ke mgt he thdng cac nhdm ndi dung va phuong phap gidng day phii hgp, dat hieu qua cao 3.2.2, Khai niem "dgng co^'' h()c ngoai ngir Dong CO la mgt thuat ngir khai quat dugc dimg de giai thich cho su bai ciia hdu nhu bdt ki mot cdng viec hay nhiem vu phuc tap nao Ngudi ta ed th^ rdt de khdng dinh rdng cdng ciia mot ngudi nao dd mot nhiem vu nao dd ehi thuan tiiy la ngudi dy cd ddng co thuc hien nhiem vu ay Tucmg tu, hgc ngoai ngir, ngudi la ciing cd the rdt de dang khang dinh rdng ngudi hgc hgc mc)l ngoai ngir nao dd cdng bdi vi cd ddng co 79 hgc tap manh me Nhirng khang djnh nhu vay khdng bao gid sai bdi vi rdt nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu va khao nghiem v^ hgc tap da chi rdng ddng ca la chia khda ciia su cdng (Brown 1987, Ellis 2000), Cd nhieu each hieu ve ddng co la gi Theo Brown (1987: 114), "dgng co la nd lire, xung lire, cam xiic, hay su mong moi ben dua ngudi ta d^n mgt hanh ddng nao dd'\ Tir mgt gdc nhin khac, ddng co dugc xem nhu la "'mgl ddng lire hay mgt sir kich thich tir ben ciia mot ngudi, nhirng nhu cdu, y tudng, trang thai hihi co va nhung tinh cam ciia ngudi dd qua trinh cung cdp dgng lire hay cac ddng lire, su khuyen khich va tri mgt himg thu tich cue hgc ngoai ngir'' (North East Conference Report 1970: 34, dan theo Chandrasegaran 1981: II) Nhu hai djnh nghTa tren cho thay, ddng co dugc xem nhu la nhimg tinh cam va nhu cdu hinh nen cc)i ngudn eiia ddng lire nham cd gang hgc tap mot mdn hgc Di theo each hieu ciia dinh nghTa thir hai, cdng trinh dgng ccr dugc xem xet lu hai khia canh, tuong img vcri hai ngudn tinh cam va nhu cdu ciia ngucri hgc Irong khia canh thir nhat, ddng co va nhu cdu ciia ngucri hc)c ed the: \udt hien tir chinh ban thdn ngudi hgc - tir nhan thirc ciia hg va nhimg thdnh cdng hg thu dugc tir hgc ngoai ngur Trong khia canh nay, dgng ccr eo the dugc phdn dc)ng co cd djnh hucrng hdi nhap va ddng co cd diiih lurcrng edng cu (Ciardner & I ambert 1972) De)ng co cd dinh hucrng hdi nhap hicn dien nguiri hgc ngoai ngir mudn hdi nhap vc>i nen van hda ciia nhirng ngucri noi ngoai ngir dd, ddng nhdt chinh hg va mudn trd mgt phan eiia xa hc)i dd ngoai ngir dd dugc sir dung Ngugc lai, ddng co cd djnh hucrng edng eu hien dien nhirng ngudi hgc ngoai ngir vcri mong mudn sir dung nd lam phucrng lien de dat dugc cac muc dich nhu nang cao trinh de) chuyen mdn, nghiep vu, dgc hoac dich cac tai lieu khoa hgc va kT thuat, v.v Trong ca hai trirdng hcrp, dgng co va nhu cdu bat ngudn tir chinh ngucri hgc, va da> ehinh la li tai dgng co cd dinh hucmg cdng cu thudng 80 dugc goi la "dong ca ben trong" Trong khia canh thu hai, nhung cam xuc va nhu cau thuc dky nguai hoc co the khong co ngu6n g6c tir ben trong, ma lai dugc thuc day tir nhimg ngudn tir ben ngoai nguai hoc Do la truang hgp nguai hgc hgc ngoai ngir bai vi no la mot mon thi bit buoc chuang trinh hgc hay bai vi mgt djnh huong nao ciia cha me hay ciia mot nguai nao khac Khia canh ciia dgng ca dugc ggi la "dgng ca ben ngoai" (chi ti^t han, xem Bailey 1986, Brown 1987, Oxford 1990, Ellis 2000) 3.2.3 Khai niem "chien lu-ac hoc tap" hoc n^oai noir Nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu ITnh vuc day va hgc ngdn ngu thu hai hay day va hgc ngoai ngiJ dudng nhu tap trung chu yeu vao khia canh day ngdn ngir hom la khia canh hgc ngdn ngu Trong nhung cdng trinh nghien euu v^ day ngdn ngu thu hai/ngoai ngu nhij-ng nam gdn ddy, trgng tdm thudng dat vao viec so sanh hieu qua ciia cac phuong phap giang day ngoai ngu khac nhau, chang han nhu giila phucmg phap ngii phap-dich vdi phucmg phap nghendi thi phuang phap nao cd hieu qua hem, hoac giira phuong phap cdu true vdi phucmg phap true tiep tlii phucmg phap nao td cd uu the hem v.v Cac nha nghien cuu da chi rang ve dac diem, ket qua eua nhung edng trinh nghien cuu ve phuong phap giang day khac khdng hoan loan thuyet phuc de cd the rut dugc nhCmg ket luan cd y nghia Dieu na\ dua eac nha nghien cuu den ket luan rang "edng trinh nghien cuu so sanh tren dien rdng ve mot sd dudng hucmg gidng day ngoai ngu d nhiing thap nien eudi cua the ki 2U khdng cd khd nang cho nhirng ket qua thu\et phuc ngudi dgc (xem them Lighhovvn 1997, hllis 2000) Mot diem quan trgng thudng bi cac cdng trinh nghien cuu so sanh cae ducmg hucmg giang da\ bo qua la ngudi nghien cuu kiem soat each thuc ngii lieu dugc Irinh bay va gidng day, thi hg lai khdng du djnh kiem soat, it nhdt la giam sat, viec ngucri hgc xu li ngdn ngir ddu vao nhu the nao McM sd ngudi hgc nhung krp hgc theo dudng hudng 81 nghe-ndi cd the su dung dudng hudng giai quy^t vdn dk dk suy nhung quy tac ngu phap tu nhirng cau hg bj buoc phai nhac lai luyen mau cdu nhung ngudi hgc khac lai khdng lam theo each nhu vay Tucmg tu, cd the nhOmg ngudi hgc nhung tix dan le, each su dung cua chung sau dd dua vao giao tiep nhung cung cd nhiing ngudi hgc tii ngu giao tiep, ghi nhd nhirng cdu hay nhiing hgi thoai nhu la mgt hinh thuc thuc hanh Cd the khang dinh rang cd nhiing cdng trinh nghien cuu dang chu y so sanh hieu qua ciia cac phuong phap gidng day khac nhau, thi nghien cuu tap trung vao ngudi hgc ngdn ngii thii hai/ngoai ngu va cac qua trinh hgc ngdn ngii cua hg hdu nhu khdng gdy dugc an tugng gi Icm gicri hgc thuat SI/ phat trien ciia ngdn ngii hgc tdm li tir nhirng nam I960 da hucmg su chii y vao qua trinh thu dac ngdn ngu ca tieng me de va ngdn ngu thir hai, phdn tich Idi duc;c sir dung lam co scr cho vice li thuyet hda cac chien luge dugc ngucri hgc sir dung dan den ket qua nhung hinh thirc sai lech ve cdu tnic be mat ciia nhirng phat ngdn eiia hg ngir dich Mgl thi du ve each sir di/ng nhu vay da ducK Jain (1973) thuc hien Ong phdn tich Idi ciia nhirng sinh vien dai hc)c An Dc) vd quy Idi cho cac chien luge hgc lap nhu su khai quat hda qua mire, cd gdng dcm gian hda he thdng ngir dich, v.v Li nam a phia sau ducmg hucmg nghien ciru chien luge hgc ngoai ngir tir phau tich Idi the hien d niem tin cho rang nhung Idi ngudi hgc mac cd he thdng C the cung cdp chung eu \e viec ngdn ngir dugc hgc nhu the nao "'nhimg chien O lucre ha\ quy trinh nao ngudi hgc su dung de kham pha ngdn ngir" (Corder 1967: 25) Quan diem luong lu ciing dugc nhieu nha nghien ciru (Skehan 1989, Selinker 1992) chia se Cac nha nghien cim ggi y rang cd the chimg minh dircTc nhimg ddc diem "lien ngdn'' ve mat nao ciia ngudi hgc la ket qua ciia cac chien lucre hoe neon ngir thir hai mac dii, hg cdng nhan rang nhung chien luge co th6 la gi va chung boat dong nhu the nao moi chi la sir suy doan thuin Theo Ellis (2000), sir dung phan tich loi lam ca so dk li thuyet hoa cac chi^n luoc hoc nam a phia sau chiing, a muc dp Ion, chi la suy doan Co th^ la sir hien thuc hoa su phan tich loi khong phai la duong huong nh4t de tim hiku qua trinh hoc Dieu ggi nhu cku can phai nghien cim true tiep cac qua trinh nhan thirc Schumann (1978) da ggi y each mo mam true tiep cac qua trinh nhan thirc bo sung cho nhiing suy doan v^ cac chien luge hoc tap dugc riit thong qua phan tich loi Tuong tu, noi wk nguai hgc ngon ngu thir hai a dd tudi trudng thanh, cac nha nghien ciru ggi y rang cdn phai co gdng de tim nhimg cdu tra Idi cho cdu hdi: "Ngucri hgc km tucM lam gi dk cd thS hgc mot ngoai ngir cdng?" Viec tap trung vao ngudi hgc vd cac chien luge hgc ngoai ngir dugc the hien rd rang hem nghien ciru eiia cae uha ngdn ngir hoe va cac nha ngdn ngir hgc tdm li ba thap nicMi eudi ciia the ki 20 Bdn thi du tieu bieu va thuyet phuc nhdt la cac cdng trinh nghien ciru Focus on the Learner (Tap trung vao ngudi hgc) Oiler Jr va Richards chii bien (1973) Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know (Cac chien luge hgc ngdn ngii: dieu md mgi gido vien nen biet) ciia Oxford (1990), Focus on the Language Learner (Tap trung vao ngucri hgc ngdn ngir) ciia Tarone va \n\c (1999) va The Study of Second Language Acquisition (Nghien euu thu dac ngdn ngir thir hai) day 824 trang khd 16 \ 24em eiia Ellis (2000) Mdi quan tam ve nguoi hgc va chiem luge hgc ngoai ngir ciia ngudi hgc dugc the hien rd net hon bao cao de dan trinh ha\ lai Dai hc)i eua Mdi ngdn ngu hoc ung dung lan thu nhat tai Australia nam 1976 cua nha ngdn ngir hgc ndi tieng the gidi M A K Halliday cd nhan de: ^"Co phai hgc ngdn ngir thu hai gidng hoan toan voi hgc ngdn ngii" thir nhdt khdng'.'" Tuy nhien, dieu lam cho ngudi ta phdi suy nghi dgc nhirng cdng trinh nghien eiai \a nluing bao cao dy la mac dii 83 Bang 3.2 Phieu khao sat hoc vien cao hoc - Dai Hoc Quoc gia Ha Xoi Tong so phieu thu Noi dung cau hoi STT ve (400) So Tile phieu tra loi Anh^Chi cd hoc tieng Anh a dgi hoc khdng^ 88,0 352 nc6 12,0 48 D Khong Hien tai anh/chi co sic dung tieng Anh cdng viec ciia minh khdng'^ D Khong bao gia D Thinh thoang D Thucmg xuyen 22,0 59,0 19,0 88 236 76 Ihi^n tai anh'chi hoc mdn tieng Anh: (cd the ddnh ddu vdo nhieu phmrng dn) D De lay ket qua eao hoc tap D De tiep tuc nghien cuu D De lam viec vc7i nucrc ngoai n De xin hc)e bong hcK tap tai nuc>c ngoai • De xin vice lam nucVe n De lay eac chung ehi \ e ngoai ngu D De giao tiep D Cae niue dich khac (xin neu r5) 31,0 46,0 25.0 13,0 19.0 21.0 1.0 7,0 124 184 100 52 76 84 204 28 Si^oai thoi {^ien nganh • Khong hoe them ngoai hoe tren \&p 102 khoang Theo anh/chi, ki ndng vd ndi dung ndo quan hoc tieng Anh? DNoi nNghe DDoc D Viet nOich D Ngu phap n Tu vimg D Phat am Anh/chi mong mudn hoc them khu vuc ndo nhdt cua tieng Anh'^ (Cd the chon nhieu ddp dn) DNghe DNoi DDoc D Viet DDjch • NgiJ phap D Tu vung D Phat am 67,0 62,0 51,0 65,5 59,0 45,0 37,5 70,0 268 248 204 262 236 180 150 280 60.0 61.0 57.0 40.0 53,0 51,0 55.0 54.0 240 244 228 160 212 204 220 216 38,0 54.0 33.0 27.0 19.0 152 216 132 108 76 Anfi/chi gap phdi nhirng khd khan ndo hoc tieng Anh? (Cd the chon nhieu ddp dn) D Quy thai gian han hep n Ihieu moi trucmg thue hanh tieng D Thieu trang thiet bi ciay va hoe D Chenh lech ve trinh dc) ciia hoc vien \ap D Tieng Anh khong dugc coi trong chuong trinh cao hgc D Cac kr nang (nghe, noi, dcK, viet) khong dugc hge deu n So hgc vien lcrp qua dong D Giao trinh chua khcrp voi chuyen nganh • Diem xuat phat tieng Anh thap D Kinh te t^ia dinh kho khan n Phuong phap giang da> cua giao vien khong hgp vai phong each hoe tap cua anh/chi D Nhiin to khac (xin neu ro) II 57.0 228 21.0 13.0 18.0 7.0 12.0 1.0 84 52 72 28 48 Trong hoc tieng Anh, an/ichi thich hoc D Mot minh D Vai ban D Trong nhom 17.0 47.0 48.0 28 188 192 70.5 282 56 208 Trong hoc tieng Anh anh chi thich D Noi tieng Anh vcVi nguai nuac ngoai D Hoc qua true quan (tranh anh tro chai video, D Hge ngu phap tieng Anh 103 14.(1 >^ D Dgc bao chi tieng Anh D Xem cac kenh truyen hinh bang tieng Anh n Giao vien giang giai van de trucjc thuc hanh n Tu minh tim hieu van de D Thay/c6 giao giao nhiem vu de minh thuc hien D Hgc tu mo'i thong qua nghe D Hgc til mai thong qua viec chinh minh nhin thay tir mai ay 12 13 14 50,0 20,5 45,0 25,0 50,5 40,0 62,5 26,0 62,5 16 20,0 51.0 23,0 80 204 92 46,0 21,0 28,0 184 84 112 32,0 25,0 49,0 49,0 25,0 35,0 128 100 196 196 100 140 5,0 22,0 20 88 55,0 20,0 19.0 Vdi vice day - hoc tieng Anh nhu hien nay: ket thuc chucmg trinh cao hoc anhchi cd tm Id minh en the giao tiep vd sic dung tdt tieng Anh cdng vii^c klidng.^ DCo D Khong D Khong y kien 104 250 4,0 Theo anh/chi, viec hoc tieng Anh a hgc cao hoc nen: n Chi hgc tieng Anh chuyen nganh D Hgc tieng Anh dai cucmg truac va tieng Anh chuyen nganh sau D Chi hgc tieng Anh dai cuang tieng Anh chuyen nganh de hgc vien tu hoc 200 82 180 50 202 160 250 220 80 76 {^iem thi mdn tieng Anh cd phdn dnh dung trinh cua anh chi khd fig* iCo U Khong ( Khong \ kien IS 25 I heo anh chi lam the ndo dc hoc tieng Anh tdt ^ LI Ting gio hv^e lieng \iili ] (iiam so luong hoc \ ien Irong lap D Dau tu ihem ma\ moe, trang thiet bi D Ct'\i\o Men lao dieu kien de hgc vien giao tiep • Cai lien phmmg phap giang da\ eua giao vien D Nen tap trung \ao hge mgl so kl nang phuc vu nhung muc dieh eu the eiia hge \ ien D Cai tien each sap xep ban ghe \op hoc D Cai tien guu^ trinh hien hanh I'rudc hoc anh chi cd hiet muc dich day mdn tieng Anh chi) iiOi \ icn i lU) hoc cua truimg khdng^ D Co D Khong n Khong V kien • 04 — 3.3.5 Phan tich va thao luan Truac thao luan nhiing kk qua thu dugc tu hai philu khao sat, chiing toi thay can phai noi ro them ve doi tugmg nguai hoc tiSng Anh khong chuyen a Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi Nhu co th8 thSy, d6i tuong nguoi hoc ti6ng Anh khong chuyen a Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi bao g6m nhung nguai hoc thuoc ba bac hoc: cu nhan, thac sT va tien sT dugc tuyen tir moi mi^n cua t6 quoc bac cu nhan bao gom nhung sinh vien cac he tai nang, he chk lugng cao, he chinh quy va he tai chuc bac cir nhan, trir d6i tugng tai chirc, tk ca sinh vien thuge cac he khac, truac vao hgc dai hgc deu phai qua ki thi tuy^n sinh quoc gia vao dai hgc Rieng nhung thi sinh thi khoi D phai thi mon ngoai ngir hai bac thac sT va tien sT, hgc vien cao hgc va nghien ciru sinh, truac vao hgc phai qua ki thi quoc gia mon ti^ng Anh phai dat tu 50/100 diem tra len a hai trinh B va C theo chuan ciia Bg Giao due va Dao tao Tu nhCrng thong tin tren co the khang dinh rang trinh kien thuc nen a tung bac hgc cua sinh vien dai hoc, hgc vien cao hgc va nghien cuu sinh cua Dai hoe Quoc gia Ha Ngi hoan toan dugc dam bao Fuy nhien, nhieu kho khan chu quan va khach quan, trinh tieng Anh dau vao a cac bac hgc nhieu van de can phai thao luan va quan tam lYong nhung muc tiep theo, ehung toi se trinh ba\' ket qua nghien cuu ve dac diem nguai hgc tieng Anh a Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi a hai bac dai hgc va cao hgc Chiing toi chii truang khong nghien cuu doi tugng nghien cuu sinh boi vi giai doan hien tai doi tugng na> dugc cho la phiii tu hgc mon tieng Anh chuyen nganh de phuc \ u cho cong irinli nghien euu ciia minh De co cai nliin khai quat ve nhung dac diem nguai hgc tieng Anh a Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi a ca hai bac dai hgc \ a cao hge nhung ngi dung nao hai bang deu co se dugc chung toi se thao luan chung Nhirng ngi dung nao bang co, bang khong co sc dugc chiing toi thao luan neng Bang 3.1 va Bang 3.2 eho thay, sinh vien dai hgc va hgc \ ien cao hgc a Dai Hgc Qu6c gia Ha Ngi co nguon goe hay nhfmg ca so van hoa - \a hgi nen 105 rat da dang Trong so 4663 sinh vien dai hgc tham gia vao khao sat, 1592 nguoi tot nghiep thong tir cac (chi^m 34,1%); 1374 nguai tir cac thi xa thi tran (chiem 29,4%); 1458 nguai tu cac viing nong thon (chiem 31,3%), va 155 nguai tir cac viing sau, viing xa (chiem khoang 4,2%) Day la nhirng thong tin nen rat dang luu y, boi vi thuc te a cac trucmg dai hgc nhung nam qua cho thay rang phan dong nhung sinh vien co trinh ti^ng Anh tot la nhirng nguai tot nghiep tu cac trucmg trung hgc a va thi xa lan; so nhirng sinh vien den tix cac viing nong thon, viing sau, viing xa thuang khong co dieu kien hgc tieng Anh hgc a thong, va do, thuang gap kho khan hgc tieng Anh ciing chuang trinh vai nhOmg sinh vien den tir cac Thai gian da dugc hgc tieng Anh a thong ciia sinh vien dai hgc a Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Noi cung rat khac Trong so 4663 phieu tra lai cho Cau hoi 3, 2336 sinh vien tra \d\ da hgc he tieng Anh nam a thong (tucmg diarng vai 300 tiell (ehiem 50,r*o) 1204 smh vien tra \o\ da hgc he nam (tuang du(nig vcri 700 tiet) (chiem khoang 25,9*^0); va 142 sinh vien tra lai da hoc he chuNcn licng Anh IT irung hgc thong (luang dumig vai 700 tiet) (chicMii khoang 3.0**o) I rong so phieu ihu ve eon eo 945 sinh vien ira lai khong hoc licng Anh (ehiem 20.3"u) Da> la so co the ga\ hoai nghi cho nhung nguai nghien cuu I i la \ i ihei^ thong ke nam 2005 eua F^g Giat) due va Dao Uu\ UiMig ca nuoc so hgc smh trung hgc thong hgc tieng Anh chiem ti le khoang '^7*'o 11 le khong xac thuc na\ eo the dugc giai thich nhu sau Trong so ^)4'^ sinh \ien mgt so da dugc hgc cac ngoai ngir kJiac nhu tieng Irung, tieng Thap \a licng Nga: mvM so khac co the den tir eae viing sau, viing xa khong c6 dieu kien hge tieng Anh, va mgl so khac niia e rang kien thuc va kl nang giao tiep bang tieng Anh minh thu giup ho hge ccmg Phieu khao sat sinh vicMi dai hoc va phieu khao sat hge vien eao hgc da danh Cau hoi cho nhung noi dung nav Ket qua thu du