VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ THU HUYỀN NOTE-TAKING STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY LEVEL STUDENTS AT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI WHILE LISTENING TO THE BOOK „LECTURE READY 2‟ (Các thủ thuật ghi chép sinh viên cấp độ khoa quốc tế, đại học quốc gia Hà Nội nghe “Lecture Ready 2”) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 HANOI - 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ THU HUYỀN NOTE-TAKING STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY LEVEL STUDENTS AT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI WHILE LISTENING TO THE BOOK „LECTURE READY 2‟ (Các thủ thuật ghi chép sinh viên cấp độ khoa quốc tế, đại học quốc gia Hà Nội nghe “Lecture Ready 2”) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60 14 10 Supervisor: Văn Thị Thanh Bình HANOI - 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT .iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES vii PART : INTRODUCTION I Rationale of the study II Scope, objectives, research questions, significance, method and design of the study II.1 Objectives of the study II.2 Research Questions II.3 Scope of the study .2 II.4 Significance of the study II.5 Method of the study II.6 Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 Overview of listening 1.1 Definitions of listening 1.2 Types of Listening .6 1.3 Listening techniques Notetaking and notetaking strategies 2.1 Definitions and importance of notetaking 2.1.1 Definition of notetaking 2.1.2 Importance of notetaking 10 2.2 Notetaking methods 12 2.2.1 The Cornell Method 12 2.2.2 The Outlining method .13 2.2.3 The Mapping Method .13 2.2.4 The Sentence Method .14 2.2.5 The Charting Method 14 2.2.6 The PARR Method 15 v 2.3 Previous studies on note-taking strategies 16 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 19 2.1 Research questions .19 2.2 Participants and settings of the study 19 2.2.1 Participants .19 2.2.1 Settings of the study .20 2.3 Data collection instruments 20 2.4 Data collection procedure 21 2.5 Data analysis procedure 22 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS 23 3.1 Numbers of note-takers and the reasons for not taking notes 23 3.1.1 Number of note-takers 23 3.1.2 Reasons for not taking notes 24 3.2 Students’ personal information and background knowledge of note-taking 25 3.2.1 Student’s personal information .25 3.2.2 Student’s background knowledge of note-taking 26 3.3 Note-taking strategies employed by Level students at International School 28 3.4 Differences in Listening Proficiency, note-taking experience and note-taking knowledge between note-takers and non-note-takers 30 3.4.1 Differences in Listening proficiency and note-taking experience between note-takers and non-note-takers 31 3.4.2 Differences in knowledge of note-taking between note-takers and non-note-takers .31 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 33 4.1 Reasons for not taking notes .33 4.2 Note-taking strategies use by Level students at International School 34 4.3 Note- takers vs non note- takers 35 4.3.1 Differences in listening comprehension and previous experience of note-taking 36 4.3.2 Differences in note-taking knowledge 37 PART C: CONCLUSION 39 Summary and Implications 39 Limitations and suggestions for further study 40 REFERENCES APPENDIX Summary of the study The thesis contains main parts Part “Introduction” introduces the rationale and the aims of the study The scope of the study and the significance as well as the design of the thesis will also be presented in this chapter Listening to an English lecture has long been a difficult task to Vietnamese university students who hardly had any chances to practice listening skills at lower- level schools Notetaking has long been considered an integral part of effective listening Note-taking while listening is considered one of the most important skills which language learners should master, particularly as it helps to develop a sense of listening, allowing the reader to recognize main ideas and to understand the organization of the material Note-taking is believed to be an important part of all of our learning interactions, from the most traditional, structured experiences to highly informal, unstructured situations.‟ This is extremely significant for Vietnamese learners who have been studying English listening skills traditionally in non native environment, and have just started to learn listening in communicative way But acquiring and mastering note-taking is likely to become a big hindrance to many learners while they often find it difficult to exploit this skill in their learning experience It is especially true for General English students at International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, whose English level are not very high There are many reasons behind this phenomenon Students can be neither paying attention, nor write quickly enough It can be due to the fact that their spelling is not good enough or they cannot understand the teachers Sometimes, the lectures are in a too high level for their capabilities However, the most common reason may be students‟ shortage of note-taking strategies to use flexibly in listening to different lectures Therefore, the question of how to equip students with note-taking strategies so that they can use the skill to support foreign language listening in any situation has become a matter of teachers of English in general and teachers of English at International School in particular 2 In Vietnam, there has so far been some research on note-taking strategies However, research on note-taking strategies employed by students at International School, VNU has not been done yet As a teacher of English, I have dealt with many questions relating to note-taking which are raised by my students or among my colleagues For example, what are the effective ways of taking notes? How to note down important information? Personally I found it necessary to provide to them successful note-taking strategies to listen to the lecture This is the major reason why this topic interests me The objectives of the study are as follows: - To indicate whether all the participants take notes while listening to the book „Lecture Ready 2‟, and if not what the reasons are - To explore the strategies of note-taking used by Level students at International School - To find out whether there are differences in listening proficiency, experience and knowledge of note-taking between note-takers and non-note-takers or not The study is concerned with finding the students‟ note-taking strategies in listening to the book “Lecture Ready 2” As note-taking strategies pointed out by individuals, institutions, and scholars are of a variety, the present study only focuses on those which are considered to be popular and the most easily-used by International School students This study plays an important role in the identification of note-taking comprehension strategies employed by Level students at International School Also, non-note-takers‟ reasons for not taking notes are identified Based on the findings, the study will have many important implications for training Level students of English at International School in taking notes 3 In order to achieve the aims of the study mentioned above, the descriptive method is the main tool for analyzing the data, which is collected from the questionnaire After the data is analyzed and discussed, the findings will be showed and some conclusions will be drawn and some suggestions will be raised in the thesis The second part is development This part consists of four chapters Chapter deals with a theoretical background It starts with listening in general including definitions, types and techniques “Listening comprehension is not a skill which can be mastered once and for all and than ignored while other skills are developed There must be regular practice with increasingly difficult materials” (Wilga, 1986, p.157) There are many different types of listening We can classify these according to a number of variables, including listening purposes, the role of the listener and the types of text being listened to However, ther are two main types: Real-life listening and Classroom listening, the later itself includes two main types: Intensive listening and Extensive listening As for Listening techniques, Southern Nazarene University (1999) introduced effective listening techniques, which are regarded as top five ways to listen to a lecture They clarified their points by making comparison between poor listeners and effective listeners The first and foremost technique is to choose to find the subject useful They explained that poor listeners dismiss most lectures as dull and irrelevant Meanwhile, effective listeners choose to listen to discover new knowledge Their second advice is to concentrate on the words and message, not on the professor's looks, clothes or delivery In their opinion, poor listeners notice faults in a lecturer's appearance or delivery, but effective listeners strive to pick every professor's brain for selfgain Thirdly, the University stated that when students hear something they are not sure to agree with, they should react slowly and thoughtfully They gave explanation that in such situation, poor listeners stop listening to the speaker and start listening to themselves They either passively reject what is being said or launch into impassioned rebuttals (to themselves) However, in such case, effective listeners not jump to conclusions and then disengage Instead, they keep conclusions tentative while getting more information The fourth advice is to identify the "big ideas," those fundamental concepts to which everything else in the lecture is related The university pointed out that poor listeners listen only for facts only They may retain a few of those facts, but the information is usually garbled Whereas, effective listeners look for foundational concepts; they grab key ideas and use them as anchor points for the entire lecture Last but not least, in order to listen effectively, students have to adjust their note taking system to the lecturer's pattern According to Southern Nazarene University, some poor listeners attempt to outline everything, believing an outline and notes are the same thing They get frustrated when they cannot see the main points Meanwhile, effective listeners adjust their note-taking to the organizational pattern used by the lecturer The next issue in this chpater is note-taking and its importance in language teaching, then an overview of some note-taking methods - their advantages and disadvantages in applying in the classroom According to Dunkel (1985), notetaking during the lectures is the „instinctive, even ritualistic reaction of college students to a lecture presentation‟ It is the action which “summarizes what said” Thus, each individual with his own experience and knowledge can make notes in any way that he likes From Wikipedia, note taking is defined as „the practice of recording information captured from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture.‟ Castallo (1976) defined notetaking as a "two step process in which the student must listen for the important information and then write it in some organized way." Obviously, note-taking is defined in different words but the main goals of it are remembering and recording, and note-taking basically is: analytical, organisational and creative 5 Notetaking is important because it improves the listening ability by increasing the listener's attentiveness and prevents sidetracking Notetaking also increases the listener's chances of reviewing what he has heard, therefore remedying weaknesses in listening In addition, notetaking improves the learner's ability to learn from the spoken word as well as improves memory of what is heard Six methods of taking notes were introduced in this chapter First, The Cornell Method is one of the most favorite methods which are widely used in classroom The Cornell Method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying After writing the notes in the main space, use the left- hand space to label each idea and detail with a key word or „cue‟ Second, in The Outlining Method dashed or intended outlining is used best except some science classes No numbers, letters, or Roman numerals are intended in this method Note-takers who follow this method have to listen, think, and then write in points in an organized pattern based on space indentation They put major points farthest to the left of the paper; indent each more specific point to the right Level of importance will be indicated by distance away from the major points The relationships between the different parts are come out through indenting Mapping method is the method that maximizes active participation, affords in mediate knowledge as to its understanding and emphasizes critical thinking Note-takers have to use comprehension skills to create note taking form which relates each fact or idea to every other fact or idea Mapping is the graphic representation of the content of a lecture This method is of great use when the lecture content is heavy and well- organized In the Sentence method, the note-taker writes every new thought, fact or topic on a separate line, numbering as you make progress 6 If the lecture format is distinct (such as chronological), note-takers may set up their paper by drawing columns and labeling appropriate headings in a table-this is Charting Method The last method is PARR Method This method is quite difficult from the four abovementioned as it is recently been studied This method involves four steps: PrepareAbbreviation – Revise and Review – students can remember the word PARR as the redolence of the method‟s name The last thing mentioned in the chapter is the previous studies on note-taking strategies and training In chapter two “Methodology‟, an overview of note-taking definition and importance, methods of note-taking, and a theoretical framework for the investigation were presented This chapter will present the issues of methodology used in this study It begins with the research questions It then describes the participants and settings of the study, instruments data collection, and analytic procedures The aim of the present study is to investigate the note-taking strategies employed by level students at International School The study tried to answer the following questions: ♦ Do Level students at International school take notes while listening to the book „Lecture Ready 2‟? If not, what are the reasons? ♦ What are note-taking strategies employed by Level students at International School? ♦ Are there any differences in listening proficiency, experience and knowledge of notetaking between note-takers and non-note-takers? A total of 50 students from four Level classes at International School participated in the study Twenty eight were female and twenty two were male The age of the students was from 18 to 19 They come from different places of the country and their overall English proficiency was roughly at the level of intermediate The participants have been studying English at International School for months, during this time they have been studying four separated skills: Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking When they were at level 2, “Lecture Ready 1”- the only note-taking oriented book in the syllabus is optional for them Their note-taking skills will be tested at the end of level In order to collect data for the study, survey questionnaire was chosen because it is a simple and familiar instrument of collecting information from the students and is less timeconsuming than other instruments The questionnaire was aimed at measuring the frequency of note-taking strategies used It consists of two sections: the first section includes the questions to gain personal information about the participants and their general knowledge of note-taking; the second section includes the questions about the strategies that participants may have used when they listen to the book „Lecture Ready 2‟ It contained 16 items Before letting students the survey questionnaires, the researcher asked the participants to take quick notes of a lecture in a different book („Real Listening and speaking 3‟ by Mile Craven) Their notes were collected to serve the purpose of the questionnaire design Although all the participants took notes, only some of them have good notes in which Outline Method, Sentence Method and PARR method are used The data gathered through the questionnaire were coded for statistical analysis to investigate which note-taking strategies are used and how popular each strategy is to the level students at International School The questions in the questionnaire will be analyzed one by one following their position in the questionnaire section by counting its percentage (Question 1,2,3,4) or number (Question 6,7) This chapter “Methodology”reports the results from the analysis of 50 students‟ responses from questionnaires The results will be presented on four main parts as follow: 3.1 Numbers of note- takers and the reasons for not taking notes, 3.2 Students‟ personal information and note-taking knowledge, 3.3 Note-taking strategies employed by students, 3.4 Difference in listening proficiency, experience and knowledge of note-taking between note-taker and non-notetakers The last chapter in this part is “Analysis and discussion” Particular emphasis is given to the discussion of the overall note-taking strategies used by students in this chapter The differences in listening proficiency as well as note-taking experience and knowledge between note-takers and non note-takers are also analyzed and discussed The reasons for not taking notes are given discussion and analysis as well The third main part of the thesis is “Conclusion” This part summaries the findings of the study and give some implication The study indicates that there are not only note-takers but also non-note-takers when participants listen to the book „Lecture Ready 2‟ The number of students who not take notes exceeds that of students who perform note-taking From this finding, it is concluded that note-taking skill in Listening classroom at International School is not very familiar to Level students at International School This study also generated interesting findings about learners‟ reasons for not taking notes Among the given reasons, the most common one is not having the habit of taking notes, and the least common one is „don‟t like taking notes.‟ Based on this finding, it is suggested that note-taking cannot become a habit of Level students due to their lack of practice The easiest way to make up for it is the teacher‟s encouragement for students As it is not because students don‟t like taking notes, that teachers encourage students and create opportunity for note taking to be used in class can better the current situation The findings of the study illustrate that all the strategies introduced in the questionnaire are used by the note-takers Nevertheless, there is a difference in the frequency of each strategy used and the number of strategies employed by each student The most preferred notetaking strategy is to decide what is important whereas leaving the wide margin when taking notes and using ink not pencil are the strategies in the least frequency of use Thirteen is the highest number of strategies used by a participant, but there is one student who can employ two note-taking strategies only As most of the given strategies taken from “Lecture Ready 2” and the others are highly appreciated for Intermediate level, the combination as well as the flexible application of them in different listening lecture is very important Therefore, the more strategies student can use, the better listening results they can achieve The findings of the study also supported the researcher‟s assumption that there are differences in note-takers and non note-takers previous experience and knowledge of notetaking In general, the note-taker group has better understanding of note-taking than the non note-taker one Furthermore, there are more note-takers were taught to take notes before then non-note-takers., which imply that if students have been taught to note down, there is a likelihood that they will so in the future Contrary to what the researcher assumed, the listening proficiency of note-takers and that of non note-taker group are the same This is because at level 3, students are not tested to use note-taking skill in the final examination Whether or not students know how to take notes and use note-taking, their listening scores at this level, thus, have no prominent difference In spite of that, at level 4, note-taking is a vital skill for students at International School to pass the IELTS oriented final test Therefore, it is necessary for the test designer at this level to add note-taking as a skill to be checked to prepare for Level examinations It is important for curriculum writer, test designers, teachers and students alike to acknowledge that a balanced and integrated approach to note-taking is important particularly for foreign language learners at International School Pedagogically, it is important and feasible that teachers play a more active role in students‟ note-taking practicing by providing learners with systematic note taking instructions, offering contextualized learning opportunities, helping students learn specific strategies for taking notes The ultimate purpose is to encourage learner autonomy so that students can employ note-taking wisely both inside and outside of the class for more productive outcomes 10 This part also points out the Limitations and suggestions for further study This was an exploratory study that only caught a glimpse of the present status of notetaking strategies employed by Level International School students A larger sample with more diverse backgrounds would be desirable in order to yield more generalizable findings Furthermore, the data for the study were based on the self reports of the participants Therefore, further studies are needed using other instruments such as oral interview and so on Such multiple sources would provide more insights into what learners actually Hopefully, this will lead to more thorough investigations in the field  ... whether all the participants take notes while listening to the book ? ?Lecture Ready 2? ??, and if not what the reasons are - To explore the strategies of note-taking used by Level students at International. .. note-taking strategies employed by level students at International School The study tried to answer the following questions: ♦ Do Level students at International school take notes while listening to the. .. 12 2 .2. 1 The Cornell Method 12 2 .2. 2 The Outlining method . 13 2. 2 .3 The Mapping Method . 13 2. 2.4 The Sentence Method .14 2. 2.5 The Charting