chúc các bạn học tôt tiếng anh RELATIVE CLAUSES PHẦN LÍ THUYẾT I. Defining relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định) Đây là mệnh đề cần thiết vì danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là không xác định. Mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ trước nó, làm cho người đọc và người nghe hiểu được danh từ được đề cập là ai, là gì. Không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Ex 1: The man is very friendly. He / the man lives next door to me. => The man who / that lives next door to me is very friendly. (Using relative pronoun to combine). => The man living next door to me is very friendly. (Reducing a relative clause). Ex 2: The man is very friendly. We want to make friends with him/ the man. => The man whom / that / who ( văn nói) we want to make friends with is very friendly. => The man with whom we want to make friends is very friendly. (Relative Clause + Preposition) => The man we want to make friends with is very friendly. (Reducing a relative clause). Ex 3: The book is very interesting. I bought the book / it yesterday. => The book that / which I bought yesterday is very interesting. (Using relative pronoun to combine). => The book I bought yesterday is very interesting. (Reducing a relative clause). II. Non-defining relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định) Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết vì danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa đã được xác định cụ thể, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Mr. Thanh, Who is from Ha Tinh province, is a friendly English teacher. Ha Noi, which is the capital of Vietnam, is in the north of Vietnam. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. Trước danh từ thường có : this, that, these, those, my, his, her… và danh từ riêng. III. The use of relative pronouns and relative adverbs 1. Relative pronouns Who: who là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người đứng sau danh từ chỉ người để làm chủ từ cho động từ đứng sau nó. The man who is standing over there is Mr. Pike Whom: whom là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ cho động từ. Whom làm tân ngũ có thể được bỏ đi trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định. That is the girl (whom) I told you about. Which: which là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, đứng sau danh từ chỉ vật để làm chủ từ hay tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó. Which làm tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định. The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful. / This is the book (which) I like best. That: That là đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật. That có thể được dùng thay cho who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định. This is the book that I like best. / I want to see all that he possesses. That luôn được dùng sau các danh từ hổn hợp (gồm cả người lẫn vật), sau các đại từ everything, something, anything, all little, much, none và sau dạng so sánh nhất. Whose: Whose là đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu. Whose đứng sau danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật và thay cho tính từ sở hữu hoặc sở hữu cách trước danh từ. Whose luôn đi kèm với một danh từ. John found a cat whose leg was broken. 2. Relative adverbs When: When là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau danh từ chỉ thời gian. When được thaycho at/on/in + danh từ thời gian hoặc then. May Day is a day when people hold a meeting. Where: Where là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, đứng sau danh từ chỉ nơi chốn. Where được thay thế cho at/on/in + danh từ nơi chốn hoặc here / there. Do you know the country where I was born? Why: Why là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do. Why thay cho for which / for the reason. Notes: * That được dùng trong những trường hợp sau: - Thay who/ whom/ which trong mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn. - Sau so sánh nhất. Ex: She is the most warm-heated woman. I have met her.  She is the most warm-heated woman that I have met. - Sau những từ sau: all, few, any, only, anything, last, first, It + be + … Ex: Do all the tests. I gave you them.  Do all the tests that I gave you. It is the girl. She does these exercises.  It is the girl that does these exercises. - Sau nhiều danh từ vừa chỉ người vừa chỉ vật. Ex: I see people and cattle. They go down town.  I see people and cattle that go down town. * That không được dùng trong những trường hợp sau: Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn. Ex: This is Nam. He is my best friend.  This is Nam that is my best friends. (Wrong). = > This is Nam, who is my best friend. - Theo sau giới từ. Ex: Here is the car. I told you about it.  Here is the car which I told you about. = Here is the car about which I told you. = Here is the car that I told you about. Here is the car about that I told you. (Wrong). - Ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đê quan hệ xác định khi nó có chức năng là tân ngữ . Ex: Here is the car that / which I told you about. = Here is the car I told you about. - Đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ ở mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không được lược bỏ, trái lại, ở mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đại từ quan hệ có thể lược bỏ. Khi có giới từ là thành phần của động từ kép trong Relative clauses thì ta không được tách để trước đại từ quan hệ WHOM, WHICH. Ex: This is the book which I'm looking for.(V) This is the book for which I'm looking. (Wrong). That is the child whom you have to look after. (V) That is the child after whom you have to look. (Wrong). CÁCH NHẬN BIẾT 2 MỆNH ĐỀ (mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn và m ệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn ). I. Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn:  Relative pronouns: WHO – WHOM – WHICH – WHOSE - THAT 1.The woman is my mother. She wears a hat.  The woman who / that wears a hat is my mother. 2.My mother is the person. I always think of her.  My mother is the person whom / that I always think of. 3.The bicycle is beautiful. You are looking at it.  The bicycle which / that you are looking at is beautiful. 4.The book is my teacher’s. It is on the table.  The book which / that is on the table is my teacher’s. 5.He is the boy. His father is the director of this company.  He is the boy whose father is the director of this company.  Relative adverbs: WHERE – WHEN – WHY 1. WHERE: được dùng để thay thế “ giới từ + which” : “ in which, at which, on which…” khi nói về nơi chốn. Ex: I went to the office. My father works in the office.  I went to the office in which my father works.  I went to the office where my father works. 2. WHEN: được dùng để thay thế “giới từ + which” : “ in which , at which, on which ….” khi nói về thời gian Ex: You can visit me on Sundays. I am usually free on Sundays.  You can visit me on Sundays on which I am usually free.  You can visit me on Sundays when I am usually free. 3. WHY: được dùng để thay thế “for + which” khi nói về lý do Ex: He refused my invitation. The reason is unknown.  The reason why he refused my invitation is unknown. NOTE: “where, when, why” không bao giờ đi sau giới từ . II. Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn : là mệnh đề bổ sung, đặt sau danh từ đã được xác định, và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bởi một hoặc hai dấu phẩy. Ex: Michael Jackson is an American singer. I saw him on TV yesterday.  Michael Jackson, whom I saw on TV yesterday , is an American singer. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định ( không giới hạn ) , danh từ xác định thường là :  Danh từ riêng : Nam, Hong , Mr. Smith, Mrs. Green  Đại từ chỉ định : this , that , these, those  Tính từ sở hữu : my, your , our , their , his, her . Ex: Mr. Pike is very nice. He is my neighbor.  Mr. Pike, who is my neighbor, is very nice. This matter is of great importance. You should pay attention to it  This matter, to which you should pay attention, is of great importance. Do you see my pen? I’ve just written the lesson with it.  Do you see my pen, with which I ’ ve just written the lesson . NOTES: MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: 1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.) Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year. → Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher. → Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher. 2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước. Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party. That makes me sad. → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad. 3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who. Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party. 4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which. Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend. The book you lent me was very interesting. 5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … có thể được dùng trước whom, which và whose. Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her. 6. “That” thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau:  Khi từ đi trước chỉ người và vật . Ex: The girls and flowers that he painted were vivid.  Sau so sánh nhất khi danh từ đi trước làm tân ngữ và sau những từ như : the first, the last, the only, the very, any, all, nothing, anything, everything, few, nobody, Ex: You are the person that I have been looking for. She is the ugliest girl that I’ve ever seen. I have never seen anyone that is as lovely as she. 7. “That” không bao giờ được dùng trong các trường hợp sau:  Đại từ quan hệ có giới từ đứng trước Ex: The house in which / in that I live is my father’s. That is the man from whom / from that I borrowed the car.  Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn Ex: Viet Nam, which / that is in the south-east Asia, exports rice. CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: I. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ: Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed). * Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing). Ex: a. The man who is standing over there is my father. → The man standing over there is my father. b. The couple who live next door to me are professors.→ The couple living next door to me are professors. * Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed). Ex: a. The instructions that are given on the front page are very important. → The instructions given on the front page are very important. b. The book which was bought by my mother is interesting. → The book bought by my mother is interesting. II. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu: Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất. Ex: a. John was the last person that got the news. → John was the last person to get the news. b. He was the best player that we admire. → He was the best player to be admired. (Passive voice). = He was the best player we admired. (Reduce relative pronoun in active voice). c. He was the second man who was killed in this way. →He was the second man to be killed in this way. CẤU TRÚC CẦN NHỚ: SOME COMMON ENGLISH STRUCTURES 1. Adverb clause of reason BECAUSE + Clause, … < = > BECAUSE OF + Phrase, …… Ex 1: I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill. <=> I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of (my) illness. / because of being ill. Ex 2: Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off. <=> Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off. 2. Adverb clause of concession ALTHOUGH + Clause, ……… < = > IN SPITE OF + Phrase, ……… Ex 1: They came to the concert though it was raining heavily. <=> They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain. Ex 2: Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk. <=> In spite of a (very) hot day, I shall go for a walk. 3. Adverb clause of result a. …. so + Adj / Adv + that + Clause. <=> …. such + (a / an) + Adj + (Noun) + that + Clause. Ex 1: He is so famous that everyone knows his name. <= > He is such a famous man that everyone knows his name. Ex 2: They discussed so hotly that they forgot to come to the conclusion. <= > It was such a hot discussion that they forgot to come to the conclusion. b. …too + Adj / Adv + (For someone) + to + Infinitive Eg: It is too late to go to the movies. / The lecture was too boring for us to listen to. He spoke too fast for me to understand him. 4. Adverb clause of purpose a. …. so that / in order that + Clause. Eg: I’m studying hard so that I can keep pace with my classmates. The man spoke loudly so that everyone would hear him clearly. b. … so as (not) to / in order (not) to + Infinitive (Inf phrase of purpose) Eg: I’m studying hard in order to keep pace with my classmates. So as not to be late for class, John must get up early. We learn English to have better communication with other people. c. … Adj / Adv + enough + (for someone) + to + Inf Eg: The questions were easy enough for her to answer. The teacher spoke clearly enough for us to understand him. 5. It + (take) + smb+ time + to + Inf Eg: It took me five minutes to walk to the post office. It takes us two hours to fly from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City. 6. Causative form a. Have + Object + Past Participle. Eg: Mary is going to have her hair done. He had his car washed yesterday b. Have + Object + to Inf smt. Mary has some books to read. / He had a lot of homework to do yesterday c. Have + smb + Verb bare (Inf with out to) smt. Mary has me read her books. / He didn’t have Mary go for swimming yesterday. 7. It + (be) + Adj + (for someone) + to + Inf Eg: It is difficult for us to master a foreign language. It is dangerous to drive too fast. 8. Cấu trúc dùng Too không nhắc lại tân ngữ còn dùng So thì cần nhắc lại tân ngữ. Eg: Chọn câu (ứng với A hoặc B, C, D) diễn đạt đúng nghĩa câu sau: The coffee was too hot for me to drink. A. The coffee is so hot that I can't drink it. B. The coffee is so hot that I can't drink. C. The coffee was so hot that I couldn't drink. D. The coffee was so hot that I couldn't drink it. Đáp án và giải thích: Câu gốc ở thì quá khứ đơn nên câu có nghĩa tương đương cũng phải ở thì quá khứ đơn. Hơn nữa, sau động từ “drink” cần một tân ngữ nên đáp án đúng là D. Vì cấu trúc dùng Too không nhắc lại tân ngữ còn dùng So thì cần nhắc lại tân ngữ. EXERCISE 1 I. Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb (who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when, why or without relative pronouns if possible: 1. The students ……who / that…………are studying in the classroom are studious. 2. The students ……whom / that / Ø ….I taught last year were very studious. 3. The book ………which / that……… is about London is very interesting. 4. The book ………which / that / Ø… I bought yesterday is very expensive. 5. I hate teachers ……………………… don’t correct exams soon. 6. I met a man…………………………….can speak six languages. 7. The man ……………………………….you saw in the park is very rich. 8. The day ………when………………………you met me was called Monday in English. 9. I like students …………………………have a good sense of humour. 10. The car ……………………………… was made in Vietnam is red. 11. My sister prefers boys ………………. are tall. 12. He likes Ninh Binh, …which…………has many wonder landscapes. 13. There are some films ………………………he wants to watch every day. 14. I love books ……………………………… have a nice end. 15. I like the diamond ring…………………… Mary is wearing. 16. Have you found the bike ………………… you lost? 17. Most of the classmates …………………… we invited to the birthday party couldn’t come. 18. The short stories …………………………… John told were very interesting. 19. The dictionary……………………………….I bought yesterday is expensive, but very interesting. 20. I didn’t like the man …………………………we met this morning. 21. The flight……………………………………. I wanted travel on was fully booked. 22. The bed ………………………………………I slept in was very modern. 23. The boy ………………………Ø………………playing the piano is Ben. 24. Do you know the reason…why………………… we are respected? 25. The people……………………………………waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. 26. The scientists…………………………………researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 27. The fence …………………………………….surrounds our house is made of wood. 28. The ideas ……………………Ø………………. presented in that book are interesting. 29. I come from a city ………………………… located in the southern part of the country. 30. They live in a house ………………………… built in 1890. 31. The photographs ……………………………. published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 32. The experiment ……………………………… conducted at the University of Chicago was successful. 33. They work in a hospital …………………… sponsored by the government. 34. Yuri Gagarin was the first man ……Ø…………to fly into space. 35. John was the last man ………………………. to reach the top of the mountain. 36. The last person ……………………………… to leave the room must turn off the light. 37. The first person ……………………………… to greet in the school is our teacher. 38. This is the second person ………Ø……………. to be killed in that way. 39. The first person ……………………………… catches the ball will be the winner. 40. He was the last man …………………………. left the party. 41. He was the only boy ………………………….to know the answer. 42. It is the biggest school ……………………… to be built in 1985. 43. The first person ……………………………… to invent the telephone is Graham Bell. II. Choose and divide 10 sentences among them into single sentences: 1. The students are studious. They / The students are studying in the classroom. 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………… 24…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38. This is the second person. He / She / The person was killed in that way. III. Rewrite of the following sentences, using a present or past participial: 1. The story which was written by Jack London is very well known. 2. The girl who spoke English fluently last night is standing here. 3. Do you know the person who lives next door? 4. The picture which is taken by the man is beautiful IV. Combine the following sentences, using preposition + whom or which: 1The woman is very pretty. You hope to talk to her at the party. 2. The story is very interesting. There are a lot of people in it 3. This is the music program. We listened to it last night. 4. My teacher teaches in this school. You told me about her. V. Rewrite the following sentences by using “defining relatives or non - defining relatives”: 1. Do you like the person? He sits next to you. 2. Swimming is a good exercise. A lot of people like it. 3. Jack works in this factory. We saw him yesterday 4. An orphan lives in the orphanage. His parents are dead. VI. Choose the best answer: 1. The man hat blew off in the wind chased it across the park A. his B. who C. whose D. that 2. The building whose walls are made of glass is the place I work A. which B. where C. that D. what 3. The movie we are talking about is fantastic A. which B. that C. Ø D. A, B, or C 4. The little girl I borrowed this pen has gone A. whose B. from whom C. from that D. from who 5. The boy the piano is my son A. who is playing B. that is playing C. playing D. A, b, or C 6. She gives her children everything they want A. that B. who C. whom D. what 7. Why do you always disagree with everything I say? A. who B. which C. when D. what 8. This is an awful film. It is the worst I have never seen A. who B. that C. what D. whom 9. The hotel we stayed was not clean A. who B. that C. where D. when 11. What was the name of the people car had broken down A. which B. who C. whom D. whose 12. I recently went back to the town I was born A. what B. where C. who D. which 13. She told me her address I wrote on a piece of paper A. what B. which C. when D. where 14. The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop she had bought it A. where B. which C. what D. when 15. The painting sun Flower, ………painted by Van Gogh, was stolen many times A. which is B. which was C. that is D. Ø 16. ……………….was a French Emperor, fought his final battle in Waterloo A. Napoleon Bonaparte who C. Napoleon Bonaparte, that B. Napoleon Bonaparte, who D. Napoleon Bonaparte, whose 17. A person …….makes bread and cakes and sells them is a baker A. it is who B. whom C. whose D. who 18. .Hai Phong is the place…… I grew up between the age of two and ten A. which B. where .C. that D. who 19. .She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever met A. who B. which C. that D. whom 20. .The police want to know the hotel in Mr Foster stayed two weeks ago A. which B. where C. that D. when 21. .I have not decided the day I’ll go to London A. when B. which C. where D. that 22. .He doesn’t want to sell the house He was born A. which B. where C. when D. that 23. .We enjoyed the city we spent our vacation A. which B. that C. where D. when 24. Mary and Margaret you meet them yesterday are twins A. whom B. who C. that D. whose 25. The man opinions I respect most is my father A. whose B. who C. that D. whom 26. Tell me you want and i will try to help you A. that B. what C. who D. which VII. Combine each pair of sentences: 1. The woman is my mother. She understands me best. → 2. What was the name of the boy? You borrowed these books from him. → 3. I’ll introduce you to the man. His support for the project is essential. → 4. The dam is nearly empty. We receive our water supply from it. → 5. The clerk doesn’t work here any more. You asked about him. → 6. I don’t like people. People lose their tempers easily. → 7. He’s the man. People like him at first sight. → 8. It is the important matter. We are interested in it. → 9. The child enjoyed the chocolates. Her mother bought them from France. → 10. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory. → 11. Mr Phong hasn’t come yet. He is supposed to be at the meeting. → 12. Lan went back home. She forgot to turn off the faucet. → 13. Disney World is a famous amusement park. It is located in Florida, USA, and covers a large area of land. → 14. Dr Oley is our family’s dentist. He is a popular dentist in the city. → 15. The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666. It destroyed a large part of the city. → EXERCISE 2 I. Chọn từ/cụm từ thích hợp (ứng với A, B, C, D) để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau: 1. We are talking about the writer ______ latest book is one of the best-sellers this year. A. which B. whose C. whom D. who 2. He bought all the books ______ are needed for the English course. A. that B. what C. those D. whose 3. The children, ______ parents work late, are taken home by bus. A. that B. whom C. whose D. their 4. Our hotel, ______ is converted 17 th century manor house, is very comfortable A. which B. that C. where D. when 5. Do you know the boy ______ at the party last week? A. we talked about B. about him we talked C. we talk about him D. who we talked about him 6. The exercises which we are doing ______ very difficult. A. is B. has been C. are D. was 7. The machine ______ has now been repaired. A. that broken down C. that broke down B. which are broken down D. which broke 8. The man ______ on the chair behind me kept talking during the film, ______ really annoyed me. A. having sat/ that B. sitting/ which C. to sit/ what D. to be sitting/ who 9. Neil Armstrong was the first person ______ foot on the moon. A. set B. setting C. to set D. who was set 10. This is the village in ______ my family and I lived for six years. A. which B. that C. whom D. where 11. She is the famous actress ______ everybody admires. A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 12. The old building ______ was behind the local church fell down. A. of which B. which C. whose D. whom 13. My nephew ______ chose a lot of toys at the Toy World store for his father, ______ is my elder brother, paid a large amount of money. A. which / whose B. whom / who C. which / who D. who / who 14. They need a teacher ______ native language is English. A. who B. whose C. whom D. that 15. The food ______ I like best of all is pie alamode. A. who B. whose C. whom D. that 16. The man ______ was in charge of the management didn't seem friendly to us at all. A. who B. whom C. where D. when 17. The physics teacher, ______ behaviour I don't like much, makes things harder for the students. A. who B. that C. whom D. whose 18. We’ll come in August ______ the schools are on holiday. A. that B. where C. in which D. when 19. Justine, ______ parents live in Christchurch, has gone to Southampton. A. whom B. whose C. to whom D. which. 20. The person with ______ she's been working is very friendly. A. who B. that C. which D. whom 21. I think the Chinese are the people ______ habits are the most peculiar to us. A. which B. whom C. whose D. when II. Chọn phương án (A hoặc B, C, D) được gạch dưới cần phải sửa để các câu sau trở thành chính xác. 1. The man for who the police are looking robbed the bank yesterday. A B C D 2. Today, the number of people whom enjoy winter sports is almost double that of twenty years ago. A B C D 3. We work with a person his name is Albert. A B C D 4. There’s the woman who she told me about the handbag. A B C D 5. The man that you are looking for living next door. A B C D 6. My father will fly to Ha Noi, that is the capital city of Vietnam. A B C D EXERCISES I: Combine these pairs of sentences using “so…that” : 1/ That woman was very tall. She could almost touch the ceiling. - That woman was so tall that she could almost touch the ceiling. 2/ This coat is very big. I can’t wear it. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ The coffee was so strong. She couldn’t go to sleep. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ That bag was very heavy. None of us could carry it. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ The stadium is very large. It can hold 60,000 people. ⇒………………………………………………………………. II: Combine these pairs of sentences using “too…to”: 1/ The bag was very heavy. She couldn’t carry it. = > The bag was too heavy for her to carry. 2/ He is very old. He can’t run. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ She is very young. She can’t go to school. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ Tom is very short. He can’t play volleyball. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ It’s very late. We can’t go to the movies. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 6/ The question was very hard. We couldn’t answer it. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 7/ The TV programme is very exciting. The children won’t miss it. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 8/ You’re very young. You can’t drive that car. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 9/ She was tired. She didn’t go anywhere. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 10/ These shoes are very small. I can’t wear them. ⇒………………………………………………………………. III: Combine these pairs of sentences using “such….that”: 1/ Tom was a tall man. He could almost touch the ceiling. => Tom was such a tall man that he could almost touch the ceiling. 2/ Mary is a good swimmer. She has won two gold medals. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ He drank strong coffee. He couldn’t go to sleep. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ It was a long walk. The children got tired. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ He told interesting stories. They all like him. ⇒………………………………………………………………. IV: Combine into a sentence using “so that”: 1/ The boys stood on the beach. They wanted to get a better view. => The boys stood on the beach so that they could get a better view. 2/ We lowered the volume of the radio. We didn’t want to bother our neighbours. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ I will write to you. I want you to know my decision soon. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ These men were whispering. They didn’t want anybody to hear their conversation. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ The lecturer spoke loudly. He wanted everyone to hear him clearly. ⇒………………………………………………………………. V: Rewrite the sentences using “enough” instead of “too…to”: 1/ He is too old to wear this colored shirt. => He is not young enough to wear this colored shirt. 2/ She is too weak to carry this box. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ This pen is too expensive for me to buy. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ This bag is too heavy for her to carry. ⇒………………………………………………………………. VI: Rewrite the sentences using “It takes / took…”: 1/ I go to school by bicycle in ten minutes. => It takes me ten minutes to go to school by bicycle. 2/ He did that exercise in an hour. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ I need fifteen minutes to get to the post office. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ He spent the whole morning writing the composition. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ We needed two days to paint the house. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 6/ He will need three hours to do this work. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 7/ They finished their work in three days. ⇒………………………………………………………………. VII: Rewrite the sentences using the causative form: 1/ The Smiths are going to build a new house. => The Smiths are going to have a new house built. 2/ Please tell someone to take my luggage to the station. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ We must find someone to add an extra room to the house. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ Order the porter to carry these boxes up to my room. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ She has just asked the dressmaker to make a new dress for her daughter. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 6/ I paid a man to sharpen these knives and scissors yesterday. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 7/ My mother is going to pay a doctor to test her eyesight. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 8/ Did you order the boys to plant some trees in the garden? ⇒………………………………………………………………. 9/ Bob doesn’t pay anyone to cook his meals. He cooks them himself. ⇒………………………………………………………………. VIII: Rewrite the sentences using “It + be + adj + to inf”: 1/ Learning English is not easy. - It is not easy to learn English. 2/ Knowing a foreign language is necessary. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 3/ Swimming in the river is dangerous. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 4/ Doing that exercise is not hard for us. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 5/ Seeing you again is very nice. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 6/ Practising morning exercise is good. ⇒………………………………………………………………. 7/ Finding out the answer to that question is not easy. ⇒………………………………………………………………. [...]... got keeps breaking down 10 Unfortunately her illness was we thought at first REVISION 1 I Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest in each group 1 A hundred B exhausted C however D heat 2 A choir B cheap C child D chair 3 A motion B question C mention D fiction 4 A cooks B loves C joins D spends 5 A naked B looked C booked D hooked II Choose the best answer 1... quỏ kh loi 3) = If she hadnt sat up late, she wouldnt have been ill Ghi chỳ : Vỡ theo sau Because of l mt cm danh t nờn ta phi bin i cm danh t ny thnh mnh trc khi a vo mnh If Vớ d : He doesnt go to school because of his illness (his illness = he is ill) = If he werent ill, he would go to school Bi tp I Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that needs correcting... last time I had visited the museum was three months ago D It is three months since I visited the museum 4 "John began playing the piano 10 years ago" A John started to play the piano for 10 years C John has played the piano for 10 years B John used to play the piano 10 years ago D John doesn't play the piano anymore 5 The last time I saw her was a week ago A I haven't seen her for a week C I haven't... in the car 5 Mt danh t tp hp cn 1 ng t s nhiu khi ta ng ý núi ti tng cỏ nhõn to nờn tp hp ny nhng ng t vn s ớt nu nu ta coi c tp hp nh 1 n v Eg: The family of this dead soldier is noble Eg: The family go to the movies every Sunday morning 6 Khi ch ng l danh t cú hỡnh thc s nhiu nhng ngha s ớt thỡ ng t chia s ớt Eg: No news is good news Eg: Physics is more difficult than chemistry Cỏc danh t thng gp... Thats why => p dng trong cõu iu kin : If + (nguyờn nhõn) , (kt qu) Lu ý : + Nu tỡnh hung c cho thỡ hin ti n, ta ỏp dng cõu iu kin loi 2 + Nu tỡnh hung c cho thỡ quỏ kh n, ta ỏp dng cõu iu kin loi 3 + Cõu iu kin loi 2, loi 3 l khụng cú tht hin ti nờn c hai mnh trong cõu iu kin phi dng ph nh ca cõu hoc mnh ban u Vớ d : He doesnt hurry, so he misses the train (tỡnh hung hin ti loi 2) = If he hurried,... children The children 6 The party ended earlier than I thought it would The party didnt 7 It isnt as warm in Canada as its in Mexico Mexico is 8 My school and hers arent the same My school 9 Nam is more intelligent than Tan Tan is not 10 There are fewer rainy days in Paris than in New York There arent 11 My homework is worse than yours Your homework is 12 He does the... +V 3) Ex : The little girl cleaned the floor carefully The floor was care fully cleaned by the little girl * AVERB OF PLACE + BY + O Ex : My daughter put the school-bag here The school- bag was put here by my daughter REVISION 2 I Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence 1 Either John or his children breakfast each morning A make B makes C making D to make 2 I dont... to knock B knock C knocked D knocking II Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting 1 When I arrived at the station, the train has already left A B C D 2 Ann and Susan have known each other during they were at school A B C D 3 its the first time I saw this film A B C D 4 The Vietnamese is hard-working, intelligent and brave A B C D III Choose one sentence that best rewrites the... addressing the envelopes A B C D 6 He seldom goes to the market, doesnt he? A B C D 7 They are doing plans for their picnic in the countryside A B C D 8 It was so good weather that we decided to go to the beach A B C D 9 One of the reasons why he was late for the meeting was because the bad weather A B C D 10 He drove enough slowly to stop just in front of the accident on the way home A B C D IV Choose the... meeting last night 9 Each student (has / have).answered the first three questions 10 Either John or his wife (make / makes) breakfast each morning 11 The army (has / have).eliminated this section of the training test 12 The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is / are) appalling 13 Every elementary school teacher (has / have).to take this examination 14 The police (come / comes)to . định) Đây là mệnh đề cần thiết vì danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là không xác định. Mệnh đề quan hệ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ trước nó, làm cho người đọc và người nghe hiểu được danh từ được đề cập là ai, là. sau danh từ chỉ người để làm chủ từ cho động từ đứng sau nó. The man who is standing over there is Mr. Pike Whom: whom là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người làm tân ngữ cho. đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu. Whose đứng sau danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật và thay cho tính từ sở hữu hoặc sở hữu cách trước danh từ. Whose luôn đi kèm với một danh từ. John found a cat whose leg was